Download Review Sheet for Final Examination, Micro 20, Fall 2010, Dr

Review Sheet for Final Examination, Micro 20, Fall 2010, Dr. Sanchez: Part2
Know the definitions of the following:
Pathogen
Pathology
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Disease Outcome
Infection vs Disease
Normal Flora vs Normal microbiota
Transient microbiota
Microbiome
Microbial antagonism
Symbiosis
Commensalism
Mutualism
Probiotic
Parasitism
Opportunistic pathogen
Vasodilation
Phagocytosis
Febrile
Understand the Germ Theory of Disease and how Koch’s postulates and the Molecular Koch’s
postulates fit in the theory.
Under Griffith’s Experiment and transformation.
When looking at disease properties, be able to distinguish the signs from the symptoms and the
syndrome.
What is the difference between a Communicable diseases and Noncommunicable disease.
With that said, know the causes of the following clinical correlates, you do not need to knoew
more about the disease except if it is communicable or noncommunicable: Syphilis, Black Plague,
Pneumonococcoal, Tuberculosis (know that TB is Acid Fast +), Anthrax (Know that Anthrax is
Endospore +), AIDS and Diabettes
Be able to distinguish between Incidence and Prevalence
What is a nosocomial infections, how are they transmitted and what are the three most common
types of nosocomial infections and their causes.
What are the differences between the innate and adaptive immune systems in primary and
repeat response to infections?
What is the purpose of the skin and mucosal lining in protecting a person from infection?
What is a granulocyte versus a phagocyte? How do they accomplish their jobs differently?
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Know the following types of cells and whether they are part of an adaptive or innate immune
response? Know what they produce specially and if they are granulocytes or phagocytes:
B Cell
T Cell
Dendritic Cell
Macrophage
Basophil
Mast Cell
NK Cell
Eosinophil
Neutrophil
Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell
How are PRR, DAMP and PAMP related? How do they lead to innate immune system “knowing”
an infectious agent is present? What is a TLR? What does a TLR2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9 recognize in terms
of molecules and microorganisms?
Know the 4 classical signs of inflammation and how they are produced during the inflammation
process. What is the purpose of histamine in this process? What is the purpose of Bradykinin
and prostoglandins in this process? How would Aspirin help this process?
What is pus made of and what type of microorganism is it indicative of?
What type of microorganism infection is fever indicative of? How is fever induced? What is a
endogenous and exogenous pyrogen and how do prostoglandins induce change? Why is the
hypothalamus involved? How does Aspirin stop fever (remember similar to inflammation)
What are the normal body temperatures and how does fever change them in terms of the
“thermostat” model I presented in class.
Know local response is inflammation, and systemic response is fever. What are the functions of
inflammation versus fever?
What is autoimmunity? What are three examples and causes of different autoimmune diseases.
What is Molecular Mimicry? What bacteria uses that?
What is SLE? What are the symptoms? What is the Saporro scale? What is APS (Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome) and Glomerular Nephritis ? How do they cause disease?
What does a B cell do versus a T cell. What is an antibody do? What types of microorganisms
does B cells and T cells target?
What is the thymus for and why does atrophy of a thymus matter for older individuals?
What is a CD4+ Tcell’s function versus a CD8+ T cell?
What is so special about hematopoietic stem cells? Where are they normally located?
What is an immunodeficiency
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What does AIDS and HIV stand for? How is a HIV+ and AIDS patient similar and different?
Where and when were the first cases of AIDS? What are the signs of AIDS? What is the tropism
of HIV? What bodily fluids most have HIV in them? How is HIV most spread as an STI?
What are the different types of anti-HIV drugs? What are the major processes they stop?
(Reverse Transcription, Maturation, Integration, Fusion).
What is HAART therapy and what does the acronym stand for?
Is there a cure for HIV?
Final Exam Review Sheet 2 Page 3 of 5
Homework For Midterm Review Part 2
Names: _____________________________
Section I: Syphilis levels have reached all time lows in the early 2000s. It is hoped that eradication of the
disease can happen soon. Most cases of syphilis are spread through sexual intercourse. During intercourse,
the syphilis causing bacteria gets access to the tissue right below the top layers of skin by entering through a
mucosal lining or small tears in the skin (small tears are very common during sexual intercourse).
_____ 1. What is the name of the infectious cause of syphilis? (A) Yersenia pestis, (B) Treponema
pallidum, (C) Staphylococcus aureus, (D) Pneumococcal syphilis, (E) None of the above
_____ 2. When syphilis enters the skin through sexual intercourse this could lead to a local
reddening/swelling of the area. What is that change called? (A) Infection, (B) Inflammation, (C)
Febrile, (D) Systemic, (E) None of these
_____ 3. After entry into skin area, what is the major event that must occur to start the process in #2
above? (A) Microorganism growth, (B) Fever, (C) Cell damage, (D) Prostoglandin production, (E)
None of these
_____ 4. The types of cells that are first activated in that process in #2 include (A) Eosinophils, (B)
Basophils, (C) Mast Cells, (D) None of the above, (E) B and C
_____ 5. Cells that are activated in this process release a chemical from small packets in the inside of
themselves. The inside of any cell is called (A) Periplasm, (B) Nucleoplasm, (C) Matrix, (D)
Cytoplasm, (E) None of the above
_____ 6. Because there are small granules inside each of these cells, we call them (A) Intracellular killers,
(B) Extracellular killers, (C) Granulocytes, (D) Lymphocytes, (E) None of the above
_____ 7. The chemical that is released from these cells is called (A) Antibody, (B) Histamine, (C)
Bradykinin, (D) Prostoglandin, (E) None of the above
_____ 8. This chemical released by the cells above makes the blood vessels undergo a change called: (A)
Electron transport, (B) Fermentation, (C) Glycolysis, (D) Aerobic respiration, (E) None of the above
(Vasodilation)
_____ 9. This process above allows more cells to enter the area. Especially important are phagocytes like
macrophages. Phagocytosis is most related to what (A) Extracellular killing, (B) Intracellular killing,
(C) Chemical Release, (D) Chemotaxis, (E) None of the above
_____ 10.
The head of the molecule that makes up a membrane is (A) Hydrophobic, (B) Hydrophilic,
(C) Hydroscopic, (D) None of the above, (E) A and B
_____ 11.
What do you call a molecule that can associate with water (A) Hydrophobic, (B)
Hydrophilic, (C) Hydroscopic, (D) None of the above, (E) A and B
_____ 12.
What allows something to move across a membrane? (A) Enzyme, (B) Sugars, (C) Lipid,
(D) Protein Channels, (E) None of the above
_____ 13.
An enzyme is a (A) protein, (B) sugar, (C) lipid, (D) nucleic acid, (E) None of the above
_____ 14.
Enzymes lower what about a reaction? (A) activation energy, (B) product energy, (C)
reactant energy, (D) free energy change, (E) None of the above
_____ 15.
Breakdown of H2O2 is done via this enzyme in syphilis. What is the breakdown of a
molecule called? (A) Anabolism, (B) Metabolism, (C) Catabolism, (D) Synthetase, (E) None of the
above
_____ 16.
Breakdown of the molecule is associated with energy (A) Storage, (B) Release, (C) Input,
(D) Recycling, (E) None of the above
_____ 17.
Other bacteria can avoid the acid. What is an example of a bacteria family that can avoid
acid? (A) Mycoplasma, (B) Treponema, (C) Staphylococcus, (D) Mycobacteria, (E) None of the above
_____ 18.
What layer of a bacteria helps them avoid acid? (A) cell well, (B) cell membrane, (C)
periplasm, (D) periplasmic space, (E) None of the above (lipid layer)
_____ 19.
One other type of bacteria structure is resistant to all things during intracellular killing.
What is resistant to everything? (A) Acid fast, (B) Granule, (C) L-form, (D) Endospore, (E) None of
the above
_____ 20.
What species has this structure that is resistant to all things? (A) Yersenia, (B) Treponema,
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(C) Staphylococcus, (D) Mycobacteria, (E) None of the above (Bacillus)
Section II: Hepatitis E is a viral hepatitis caused by infection with a virus called hepatitis E virus (HEV). The
incidence of hepatitis E is highest in adults between the ages of 15 and 40. Mortality rates are generally low,
as Hepatitis E is a “self-limiting” disease, in that it usually goes away by itself and the patient recovers.
Hepatitis E occasionally develops into an acute severe liver disease, and is fatal in about 2% of all cases.
_____ 21.
Clinically, HEV infection is comparable to Hepatitis A Virus (HAV). HAV is part of what
virus family (A) Picorna, (B) Flavi, (C) Filo, (D) Adeno, (E) None of the above
_____ 22.
Acute means it is (A) Quick, (B) Chronic, (C) Long term, (D) Lifelong, (E) None of the
above
_____ 23.
HEV is composed of RNA genetic information. HEV does not have which nucleic acid base
in its genetic information? (A) A, (B) T, (C) C, (D) G, (E) None of the above
_____ 24.
For the HEV to make more RNA, it must use (A) RNA Polymerase, (B) DNA polymerase, (C)
Ribosome, (D) Reverse transcriptase, (E) None of the above RdRP
_____ 25.
What is the word that is used to tell use where a virus replicates (A) Tropism, (B)
Transcription, (C) Translation, (D) Activation, (E) None of the above
_____ 26.
HEV replicates by using positive RNA, that means it is the same as (A) rRNA, (B) tRNA, (C)
mRNA, (D) sRNA, (E) None of the above
_____ 27.
For HEV to make proteins it must do what to the +RNA to turn it to protein? (A) replicate,
(B) transcribe, (C) translate, (D) expand, (E) None of the above
_____ 28.
Turning RNA to proteins involves what thing in the cell? (A) DNA polymerase, (B) RNA
polymerase, (C) Amino acid polymerase, (D) RNA Dependent RNA polymerase, (E) None of the above
(Ribosome)
_____ 29.
Codons are made of how many nucleotides? (A) 20, (B) 2, (C) 3, (D) 4, (E) None of the
above
_____ 30.
Which is the start codon in RNA? (A) AGC, (B) CCG, (C) ATG, (D) AGG, (E) None of the
above (AUG!)
_____ 31.
What type of syndrome would make the person more susceptible to death from HEV
infection? (A) Warner-Maize Syndrome, (B) Alscot-Beijing Syndrome, (C) Impetigo, (D) ChediakHigashi Syndrome, (E) None of the above
_____ 32.
The syndrome in above question is missing what cell primarily in the body? (A)
Eosinophil, (B) Neutrophil, (C) B cell, (D) T cell, (E) None of the above NK Cells
_____ 33.
Vaccination against HEV is currently being tested. Vaccines work on the immune system’s
ability to respond quickly to the (A) First infection, (B) Subclinical Infection, (C) Acute infection, (D)
Second Infection, (E) None of the above
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