Download Conservation of Energy and Momentum

Name______________________________________________ Per_______ Date___________________
PRACTICE: CST REVIEW 2013
MOTION AND FORCES
1. Speed is the ______________________ at which an object moves.
a.
The unit for speed is ______________________________________
b.
If an object travels at a constant speed:
d = __________________
2. Average speed = _________________________________________________________________________.
3. Velocity (v) is a vector quantity: it has both _____________________ (the speed) and __________________.
4. If velocity does not remain constant but varies with time the
average velocity = _______________________________________________________________________
5. Acceleration occurs when an object’s _______________________ (v) changes with time.
b.  means “_______________________”
a.
a = ____________________________
c.
The unit for acceleration = _________________. Acceleration is a ( vector / scalar ) quantity.
6. A _______________________ needs to be applied to make an object accelerate.
Force is a ( vector / scalar ) quantity.
7. Net force can be calculated by ______________________ forces along a line algebraically and keeping track
of the direction and signs.
i.
If the forces point in the same direction, you ____________________________ their magnitudes
ii.
if the forces point in opposite directions, you ____________________________ their magnitudes
iii.
Unit for force is ____________________
8. Inertia is defined as ______________________________________________________________________.
9. Newton’s 1st Law: If net force is zero, object in motion continues to travel in a __________________ line
at a _________________ speed.
10. Newton’s 2nd Law:
An object at rest remains at ___________________.
Fnet = __________________, or
a = ______________________.
a.
If force is constant, acceleration is ______________________________.
b.
With constant acceleration:
v = __________________________
d or
x = _______________________
11. Newton’s 3rd Law: When one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object always exerts a
force of equal _______________________ and in the opposite _______________________.
12. All objects, when air resistance is neglected, accelerate toward the Earth at ____________m/s2
13. Weight is equal to ________________________________ and can be calculated by Fw = __________ .
14. Circular Motion: Applying a force to an object perpendicular to the direction of its motion causes the
object to change __________________ but not _______________________. (e.g., Earth’s gravitational force
causes a satellite in a circular orbit to change direction but not _____________________).
a. Component of force ( parallel / perpendicular ) to the motion changes the speed
b. Component of force ( parallel / perpendicular ) to the motion changes the direction.
15.
Circular motion requires the application of a constant force directed toward _______________ of the circle.
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16.
Uniform circular motion = constant speed in a circle.
a. A net force pointing towards the _______________ of a circular path is called the ____________________
force. Draw a diagram and label force, velocity, acceleration, radius:
b. Magnitude of centripetal force: Fc = ____________, where
17.
Centripetal force examples:
a. Pull of Earth on a satellite: ________________________.
b. ___________________________ provided by a string on a ball swinging in a circle.
c. Electrical force that deflects an __________________ (e-) in a TV tube.
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY AND MOMENTUM
18.
Equation for work: W = ___________________, where
.
Draw a diagram!
19.
Unit of work and energy is _______________________
20.
Kinetic energy is energy of an object due to its ____________________________________.
a. Equation for Kinetic Energy: KE = ______________________ , where
b. Equation for Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem: ____________________________
21.
Potential Energy is the energy due to ____________________________________.
a.
PE is equal to the _____________________ done lifting a mass to height (h).
b.
ΔPE = ___________________ , where
22.
The conservation of mechanical energy says that an object’s PE will be converted to
_________________________________ if it is allowed to fall and if air resistance is neglected.
23.
Use the equations for PE and KE and the conservation of mechanical energy to derive the velocity (v) of an
object just before it hits the ground after it has fallen (from rest) a distance h . Draw a diagram!
24.
Momentum is defined as: ________________________________________________________________
a.
p = ___________ , where
b.
Unit of momentum is ______________
25.
An unbalanced force on an object produces a change in its ___________________________ and therefore
a change in its __________________________.
26.
Impulse is defined in the following equation: ____________________________________________
27.
Impulse = change in momentum = _______________________________
28.
Momentum is ( sometimes / always / never ) conserved in all collisions.
a.
Elastic collisions: KE is (sometimes, always, or never) conserved.
b.
Inelastic collisions: KE is ( sometimes / always / never ) conserved.
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HEAT & THERMODYNAMICS
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, although in many processes energy is transferred to the
environment as heat.
29.
_____________ flow and ___________ are two forms of energy transfer between systems. Heat flow is
a form of energy transfer between systems due to difference in ___________________________________.
a. Conduction is: ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
b. Convection is: ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
c. Radiation is: _____________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
d. Mechanical work is a form of energy transfer between systems that can cause change in temperature due to
Friction and/or Compression of gas .
30. Heat (Q) added or taken away from a system Q = ____________________ , where (c) is the _____________.
31. Specific heat is amount of energy needed to increase ____________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
32. During phase transition (change), energy goes into change of phase instead of increase in ________________.
The heat needed to change the phase of a substance: Q = _____________
a. Latent heat of __________________________ = energy required to break bonds holding molecules of solid
together.
b. Latent heat of __________________________ = energy required to break bonds holding molecules of liquid
together.
33. Heat engine is a device for getting useful mechanical work from thermal energy. The work done by a heat
engine is the difference between ____________________________________________________ (QH) and
the heat flow out at a lower temperature ( _________ ). W = __________________________. This is an
example of the law of conservation of energy. Draw a diagram for heat engine:
34. Total energy of an isolated system is sum of: Kinetic energy, Potential energy and
___________________ energy
35. First law of thermodynamics: Change of internal energy (U) of a system is the sum of the heat added or
taken away (Q) and the work done by or on system (W): U = ____________________
36. ___________________________ is a quantity that measures the disorder of a system and this quantity is
larger for a more disordered system.
37. Most processes tend to decrease the order of a system over time. Energy levels are eventually distributed
uniformly and ( more ) / ( less ) energy is available to do work.
38. ΔS = __________________________.
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WAVES
Waves have characteristic properties that do not depend on the type of wave.
39. Waves carry _____________________ from one place to another. There is no net movement of matter.
40. Waves in mechanical media (mechanical waves), such as in springs and ropes, and on the earth (seismic
waves), can be identified as __________________________ and __________________________.
a. Longitudinal wave: Disturbance is ______________________________ to the direction of propagation of
the wave. Examples of longitudinal wave are sound and P-type earthquake (seismic) waves.
Diagram:
b. Transverse wave: Disturbance is __________________________ to the direction of the propagation of the
wave. Examples are: S-type earthquake (seismic) waves and Electromagnetic (light) waves.
Diagram:
41. Amplitude (A) is _________________________________________________________________________
and represents the __________________________ of the wave.
42. Wavelength () is the distance between _______________________________________________________
Diagram:
43. Frequency (f ) is the number of  that pass a point per ____________________________. It is also the
number of cycles per _________________________. The unit of frequency is the _________________ = s-1
44. Wave speed
v = ___________________
45. Sound is a _______________________________ wave whose speed depends on the properties of the
medium in which it propagates. It consists of regions of high pressure (_____________________________)
and low pressure (_________________________________).
a.
_________________________ translate vibrations into electrical current. Speakers do the reverse of this.
b.
Speed of sound is ( greater / lesser ) in solid than in liquid.
c.
Speed of sound is ( greater / lesser ) in liquid than in gas.
46. Electromagnetic (EM) waves (from low frequency to high frequency) are:
radio waves, ________________________, _________________________, ____________________________,
_________________________, x-rays and _______________________________. These are different
________________________ (or wavelength) bands in the spectrum of electromagnetic waves.
47. Speed of all electromagnetic waves in a vacuum is c = _______________________ m/s (186,000
miles/second).
48. Electromagnetic (EM) waves consist of changing electric and ______________________________ fields.
EM waves are ( transverse / longitudinal ) waves.
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49. Waves have the following characteristic properties: interference (beats), diffraction, refraction, Doppler
effect, and polarization.
a) Interference - ___________________________________________________________________________
Destructive interference _______________________________________________________________________
Constructive interference______________________________________________________________________
________________ frequencies occur when the two frequencies are slightly different. fbeat = _______________
________________________ wave occurs if two waves traveling in opposite direction have the same frequency.
Nodes are regions of no displacement. ____________________ are regions of large oscillating displacement.
b) Diffraction occurs around the edges of obstacles and means _________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________.
c) Refraction is where a wave passes through two media that have different indexes of refraction, the wave will
_______________________________ as it passes through the boundary between two media.
The index of refraction of a medium = c (speed in _________________) / v (speed in ________________).
d) Doppler effect is a shift in __________________________ when a wave source and an observer are in
motion relative to each other.
f
e) Polarization is when displacement of a transverse wave is always parallel to a particular direction. Unpolarized transverse waves have all orientations.
Diagram:
unpolarized:
polarized:
ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC PHENOMENON
Electricity and magnetism are now known to be two manifestations of a single phenomenon, the electromagnetic
force. Electromagnetic force is one of four fundamental forces: _____________________, _________________,
_________________, _____________________.
50.
There are two types of charges: ______________________________ and __________________________.
51.
Like charges _______________________________, opposite charges _____________________________.
52.
Electric potential is a measure of the tendency of a charged body to move from one point to another in an
electrostatic field. This is the same way that gravitational potential is a measure of a body with mass to move
from one point to another in a gravitational field.
53.
Unit of electric potential is the ___________________. This is 1 J/C.
54.
Electric ______________________________ (I ) is the rate of flow of net charge.
a.
I = _______________________
b.
Unit of current is an ___________________________ which is 1C/s.
55.
Ohm’s law: I = ______________________
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56.
Equivalent resistance in series connection: ___________________________________________________
Diagram:
57.
Equivalent resistance in parallel connection: _________________________________________________
Diagram:
58.
Electric power (P) is the rate of dissipation of electric energy. P = ________________________
Re-write using Ohm’s law ( V  IR ):
P  I IR 
P  I 2R
59.
The unit of power is the ___________________(W )
60.
Transistors are used to ___________________________________________________________________.
Common role of a transistor is an _____________________________________.
61.
Electric charges moving through a magnetic field experience a magnetic force. The direction of the
magnetic force is always __________________________ to the line of motion of the electric charges.
Diagram:
62.
The direction of a magnetic field is ____________________ from a north pole and inward to a south pole.
63.
Draw the right hand rule for a current carrying wire:
64.
Right hand rule for coils:
65.
Two current carrying wires apply force on each other. When currents are parallel and the same direction,
force is ______________________; when currents are opposite direction, force is _____________________.
Diagram:
66.
Induction: A changing magnetic field produces _________________________ field, thereby inducing a
___________________ in nearby conductors. Currents produce magnetic fields.
67.
________________ is the fourth state of matter and is a mixture of positive ions and free electrons. A
plasma can be created by very ____________ temperatures when molecules disassociate and their constituent
atoms further break up into ___________________ charged ions and_________________ charged electrons.
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