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Biology- Chapter 36 Review
1. List the functions of the skeletal system.
a. Protect organs
b. Site of mineral deposit
c. Structure and support
d. Attachment for muscle and allows mov’t
e. Blood formation
2. What is the anatomical position?
Face forward, feet slightly apart, thumbs up
3. What are the three planes of the body and explain each.
a. Sagittal – rt vs left
b. Frontal- front vs. back
c. Transverse- top vs. bottom
4. What makes up the skeletal system?
a. bones
b. cartilage
c. tendons
d. ligaments
5. What are two types of marrow? Give one characteristic of each.
Red- blood cells yellow- fat, nerve cells
6. Describe the structure of bone. (hint…there are four components)
Periosteum-outer protective covering
Spongy-on ends, add strength without mass
Compact-dense, has vessels run through it
Haversian Canal-goes throughout bone to give blood and nerves
Marrow-makes blood
7. What is a joint? List three types of joints and give one example of each.
Two bones meet and allows mov’t
Immovable-skull
Slightly moveable-vertebrae
Freely moveable- know the six: ball and socket, hinge, gliding, ellipsoid, saddle,
pivot
8. List three types of cartilage and give the location of each.
Elastic-ears
Hyaline-nose, ribs, between most joints
Fibro-toughest…found in the spine, pubis symphasis
9. What is replacement bone? What is ossification?
Cartilage model of what your bone will look like.
Cartilage that is eventually replaced by bone. (osteocytes replace cartilage)
10. List AND describe the three types of muscle.
Skeletal-striated, multinucleated (on bones)
Smooth-spindle, single nucleus (digestive system, eyes)
Cardiac-striated, single nucleus (heart)
11. Describe the sliding filament theory. (be specific)
Actin and myosin filaments slide past each other with the aide of cross bridges. ATP, is
used to pull it together and break it apart.
12. What do you think are some benefits (at least two) of being flexible?
Less prone to injury and better performance, overall wellness
13. What are the functions of the integumentary system?
Protect against foreign invaders, uv light
14. What are the three layers of the skin?
Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis (subcutaneous)
15. What is the difference between a sweat gland and a sebaceous gland?
Sweat gland produces water and salt. Nerve impulses are stimulated when the body temp
rises trying to cool us.
Sebaceous glands are oil glands. They create a substance called sebum. Helps to keep
our skin flexible and waterproof.
16. What attaches muscle to bone? Bone to bone?
Tendon, Ligament
17. What terms would refer to the frontal plane?
Ventral/dorsal
Anterior and posterior
18. The transverse plane cuts the body in what location? What is it comparing?
At the mid section. Top and bottom
19. What does Anterior and Posterior mean?
Front side, back side
20. What does Medial and Lateral mean?
Closest to midline, farthest from the midline
21. What is origin and insertion?
Origin is where the muscle is attached to a non-moveable bone and insertion is the part of
the muscle that is attached to a bone that is moveable.
22. What is muscle tone?
Muscles are in a partial contraction from a steady flow of nerve impulses.
23. What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic?
Aerobic-requires Oxygen
long term exercise, cross country, marathons, etc.
Anaerobic-does not require Oxygen power lifting
Also be sure to know terms like: appendicular (arms and legs) and axial (head, ribs, and
pelvic girdle)
Refresh yourself on the bones and know the muscles.