Download 1. Basic Elements

Anatomy - study of the structure of an organism
Gross - visible without a microscope
Microscopic - not visible to unaided eye
Physiology - study of the function of a living organism and its parts, as well as
the chemical processes involved
1!
Cytology - studies the structure and function of cells
2!
Tissues
Histology - microscopic study of cells and tissues
Epithelial - superficial layer of mucous membranes and the cells of the skin
Myology - examines muscle form and function
lines nearly all cavities as well as connecting tubes as well as skin
Arthrology - studies joints that join bones
Connective - specialized for purpose of support, includes cartilage, bone
Osteology - study of the structure and function of bones
and blood (supporting matrix for blood cells)
Neurology - study of the nervous system
Muscle - striated/skeletal (striped appearance) also known as voluntary,
somatic
or skeletal ( muscle used for rapid “voluntary” movement of
skeletal structures);
unstraited/visceral (smooth (sheetlike) muscles producing
slow “involuntary”
contractions of digestive tract, blood vessels, etc. and cardiac
(interconnect
in net like structure) capable of quick, rhythmic contractions and very
prolonged
periods of activity. Smooth and Cardiac muscles are generally
controlled by the
autonomic nervous system
Nervous - highly specialized communicative tissue
3!
4!
Fascia - surrounds organs
Joints - joining of bone and/or cartilage
Ligaments - binds organ to organ and bone to bone
fibrous - suture (as in the skull)
Tendons - attaches muscle to bone
cartilaginous - cartilage provides union of two bones (as in spinal column)
Bones - begins as cartilage and provides support
synovial - joint cavity filled with fluid and vary in complexity)
Joints - joining of bone and/or cartilage
simple
Muscles - comprised of muscle fibers, epimysium [Ep](fascia covering), and
hinge
tendon (for attaching to bone), nerve supply, and blood supply.
ellipsod
5!
Muscles - comprised of muscle fibers, epimysium [upon or over muscle]
(fascia
covering), and tendon (for
attaching to bone), nerve supply, and blood supply.
6!
Muscular
Skeletal - bones and cartilages
Respiratory - passageways, tissues, etc. involves in breathing
Origin - point of attachment to least mobile element
Digestive - eating and digestion
Insertion - point of attachment that moves as result of contraction
Reproductive - organs involved with reproduction
Innervation - nerve supply
Urinary - urinary tract
Afferent (sensory)
Endocrine- production and dissemination of hormones
Efferent (motor or excitatory)
Nervous- nerve tissues and structures of the central and peripheral nervous
system
7!
8!
Planes
sagittal-vertical cut from front to back
coronal/frontal-vertical cut from side to side
transverse-horizontal cut at any level
General terms of Location
ventral-away from the backbone
dorsal-toward the backbone
anterior-toward the front
posterior-toward the back
rostral-toward the head
caudal-toward the tail
superior-upper (toward the top)
inferior-lower (toward the bottom)
superficial-toward the surface
deep-away from the surface
external-toward the outside
internal-toward the inside
medial-toward the axis, or near the midline
proximal-toward the axis or midline
9!
peripheral (distal)-away from the axis or midline
lateral-toward the side
proximal-
10!