Download Organic Reactions Note – Student

☰





Search
Explore
Log in
Create new account
Upload
×
Organic Reactions
Complete combustion reactions:
Hydrocarbon or Alcohol + O2  CO2 + H2O
Substitution reaction:
alkane + halogen → haloalkane +hydrogen halide
CH4+ Cl2 →CH3Cl + HCl
CH3Cl + Cl2 → CH2Cl2+ HCl
Addition Reactions
A) Halogenation (adding halides)
alkene + halogen  haloalkane
B) Hydrogenation (adding hydrogen)
alkene + hydrogen  alkane
C) Hydrohalogenation (adding hydrogen halides)
alkene + hydrogen halide  haloalkane
D) Hydration (adding water)
alkene + water  alcohol
Hydrohalogenation and hydration follow Marknovnikov’s Rule which states that the
hydrogen is added
to the carbon with the most hydrogen atoms originally bonded to it.
Elimination Reactions * not included in summary table / not in textbook

Alkyl halides can become alkenes by elimination of a hydrogen and a halide ion
from adjacent
carbon atoms and in presence of OH- ion (basic solution)
Dehydration Reactions


The removal of a hydrogen atom and a hydroxyl group (ROH) producing a smaller
molecule and
water
Alcohols can be dehydrated to alkenes using sulfuric acid
Condensation Reactions



The combination of two molecules to form a larger molecule by the removal of
water
Alcohols can be condensed to ethers using sulfuric acid
A carboxylic acid and an amine can condense to from an amide
Esterification

This is also a type of condensation reaction
carboxylic acid + alcohol  ester + water
Oxidation Reactions




Oxidizing agents and oxidation reactions will be discussed in more detail later
in this course
In inorganic chemistry an oxidizing agent accepts electrons during a chemical
reaction
In organic chemistry an oxidizing agent increases the number of carbon to oxygen
bonds in an
organic molecule
The symbol (O) represents oxidizing agents. Common oxidizing agents include:
o Potassium dichromate K2Cr2O4
o Hydrogen peroxide
H2O2
o Potassium permanganate K2MnO4

Oxidation of a primary (1°) alcohol produces an aldehyde

Further oxidation of an aldehyde produces a carboxylic acid

Oxidation of a secondary (2°) alcohol produces a ketone

Tertiary (3°) alcohols cannot be readily oxidized due to a lack of hydrogen on
the adjacent carbon.
This prevents the formation of water
Hydrolysis Reactions


The splitting of a molecule by the addition of water or its elements (oxygen and
hydrogen)
As an example, a hydrolysis reaction is used to reverse an esterification
O
H3C C
O
O
CH2 CH2
CH3
+
Na OH
H3C C
O
+
HO
CH2 CH2
Reactions with Amines

Alkyl halides will react can react with ammonia (NH3), to produce amines

Reacting a 1° amine with an alkyl halide will result in the formation of a 2°
amine

Reacting a 2° amine with an alkyl halide will result in the formation of a 3°
amine
CH3
Download
1. Science
2. Chemistry
Organic Reactions Note – Student.DOC
Goal 5 and 6 Review Worksheet
Electron Transfer Reactions Chapter 9.1
Oxidation and Reduction 1/4/2010 Concepts In Oxidation-Reduction
Sample Responses Q3 - AP Central
PowerPoint
OXIDATION STATES OF MANGANESE
Solutions
chem 1 - kcse online
LAB_The Periodic Table
Alkyne Reactions I. Reduction of Alkynes R
WS_Redox_Reaction
Review Day Ch 13 - Gas Laws - Daigneault (vachon) chemistry
class xi autumn break home work 2015-16
Mole Concept and Stoichiometry (A) (Solved)
Define each
Answer
Organic Reactions - Rosebank Progress College
PREPARATION OF GASES
PowerPoint
Molecular Structure and Hybridization Test #4
studylib © 2017
DMCA Report