Download Name: Date: Immune System and Infectious Disease Immune

Name: __________________________________________
Date: _________________________
Immune System and Infectious Disease
Immune System:
 The network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body against infectious invaders.
 The organs involved in the immune system are called the lymphatic system and consist of:
o Thymus
o Bone Marrow
o Spleen
o Lymph Nodes
 These are important parts of the immune system because they produce or store leukocytes
Leukocytes:
 Leukocytes circulate through the blood and lymphatic system and there are two types:
o Phagocytes
 Cells that engulf and break down the invading organism
 Most common is neutrophils, which fight bacteria
o Lymphocytes:
 cells that allow the body to remember and recognize previous invaders and help the body
destroy them
 B-cells and T-cells find organisms identified by antibodies and destroys them
Lymphocyte Response:
 When foreign organisms (antigens) are recognized by the body B-cells produce antibodies
 Antibodies are proteins that are developed to lock onto specific antigens
 These antibodies will be present in your body for life, so the next time that antigen enters your body it is
destroyed very quickly
 That is how immunizations work, they introduce a weakened antigen into your body, so your body can
produce antibodies in case a stronger antigen returns
 Antibodies cannot destroy these antigens on their own, the T-cells destroy the antigens
Types of Immunity:
 Humans have three different types of immunity:
o Innate – immunity you are born with
o Adaptive – immunity that develops throughout our lives
o Passive – immunity that is borrowed from another person or source
 Innate Immunity:
o This includes lots of our external barriers that prevent antigens from ever entering our bodies
o Our skin prevent germs from entering our blood stream
o If there is a break in the skin, it will try to heal and blood flows outward preventing the infection from
getting inside
o Our breathing passages are covered in hairs and mucus that are meant to trap foreign organisms and
expel them from our bodies
o Organisms that enter through our mouth will either be killed by the chemicals in our saliva or the acid
in our stomach
 Adaptive Immunity:
o Adaptive immunity includes the antibodies we develop by being exposed to different diseases
throughout our lives and the vaccinations we receive
 Passive Immunity
o Sometimes we can borrow immunity from another source, but this does not usually last for very long
o The most common example of this is when babies get antibodies from the mother’s breast milk, which
is one reason breast feeding is beneficial for babies
Inflammatory Response:
 Inflammatory response is when fluid and white blood cells leak out of the blood vessels and into the tissues.
 The white blood cells fight the pathogens
 During an inflammatory response, the blood vessel get wider to increase the flow of blood to that area
 Because of the increase blood flow and the fluid leaking into the tissue, an inflamed area will look red and
swollen. Also, the inflamed area will feel warn to the touch.
 In some cases, the inflammatory response will result in you having a temperature. This high temperature
keeps pathogens from reproducing.
Infectious Diseases:
 a disease that can be passed from one organism to another (called antigens or pathogens)
 When you have an infectious disease, a pathogen has gotten into your body and harmed it
 Pathogens make you sick by damaging individual cells
 There are four major groups of pathogens
Bacteria:
 Bacteria are single cell organisms
 Bacteria are classified as PROKARYOTES
 Most bacteria cannot make their own food; they have to break down, or decompose, other living things to
obtain their energy
 Most bacteria do not cause diseases
 Bacteria are almost everywhere: air, food, water, soil.
 Example: Strep throat
Viruses:
 Virus – a nonliving particle consisting of a core of hereditary material surrounded by a protein coat.
 Viruses can reproduce ONLY inside a living cell.
 Examples: Flu, common cold
Fungi:
 Most fungi are multicellular
 Fungi obtain food by secreting enzymes onto the dead material outside of their bodies (external digestion).
The fungi then absorb the nutrients into their cells. Organisms that feed this way are called SAPROPHYTES
 Example: Athlete’s foot
Protists:
 One cell organisms (unicellular) that have organelles
 Example: Malaria
Man-Made Defenses:
 PASTERUIZATION – a heating process that is used today to kill microorganisms in food products such as
milk
 ANTIBIOTICS – a chemical that is used to kill bacteria or slow their growth without harming your body
cells. Unfortunately, there is no way to cure viral diseases.
Spread of Disease:
 PERSON-TO-PERSON TRANSFER
o Diseases can be transferred by direct contact such as kissing and shaking hands
o Diseases can be transferred by indirect contact such as sneezing and coughing
 CONTAMINATED OBJECTS
o Food and water can become contaminated
o You can get ill by using contaminated objects such as towels and silverware
 ANIMAL BITES
o An infected animal can pass on pathogens through their bite
o Examples: rabies (dog, raccoon), Lyme disease (tick), malaria (mosquitoes in tropical areas)
 PATHOGENS FROM THE ENVIRONMENT
o Some pathogens live naturally in the soil and water
o Example: tetanus, botulism (causes food poisoning)
Name: __________________________________________
Date: _________________________
Immune System and Infectious Disease
Immune System:
 The network of ______________, tissues, and _________________ that work together to protect the body
against ________________________ invaders.
 The _____________ involved in the immune system are called the _____________________ system and
consist of:
o __________________
o Spleen
o Bone ______________________
o _______________ Nodes
 These are important parts of the immune system because they ___________________ or ____________
leukocytes
Leukocytes:

Leukocytes circulate through the ______________ and ___________________ system and there are two
types:
o Phagocytes

Cells that __________________ and _____________ ______________ the invading organism

Most common is _____________________, which fight ____________________
o Lymphocytes:

cells that allow the body to ____________________ and _______________________ previous
invaders and help the body _____________________ them

_______________ and ________________ find organisms identified by
______________________ and destroys them
Lymphocyte Response:
 When foreign organisms (_________________) are recognized by the body _______________ produce
_______________________
 Antibodies are ___________________ that are developed to _____________ onto specific antigens
 These antibodies will be present in your body for _______________, so the next time that antigen enters your
body it is _____________________ very quickly
 That is how ______________________ work, they introduce a _____________________ antigen into your
body, so your body can produce _______________________ in case a stronger antigen returns
 Antibodies __________________ destroy these antigens on their own, the ________________ destroy the
antigens
Types of Immunity:
 Humans have __________ different types of immunity:
o Innate – immunity you are ___________ with
o Adaptive – immunity that ___________________ throughout our lives
o Passive – immunity that is _____________________ from another person or source
 Innate Immunity:
o This includes lots of our ____________________ barriers that prevent antigens from ever
___________________ our bodies
o Our ______________ prevents germs from entering our _____________ ________________
o If there is a _______________ in the skin, it will try to ___________ and ______________ flows
outward preventing the ____________________ from getting inside
o Our ____________________ passages are covered in _____________ and ________________ that are
meant to ___________ foreign organisms and ______________ them from our bodies
o Organisms that enter through our ______________ will either be killed by the chemicals in our
______________ or the acid in our ___________________
 Adaptive Immunity:
o Adaptive immunity includes the ______________________ we develop by being
_________________ to different diseases throughout our lives and the ____________________ we
receive
 Passive Immunity
o Sometimes we can __________________ immunity from another source, but this does not usually
____________ for very long
o The most common example of this is when _______________ get antibodies from the mother’s
_______________ ____________, which is one reason breast feeding is beneficial for babies
Inflammatory Response:
 Inflammatory response is when _________________ and ______________ blood cells leak out of the blood
__________________ and into the tissues.
 The white blood cells ______________ the pathogens
 During an inflammatory response, the blood vessel get _________________ to increase the __________ of
blood to that area
 Because of the _____________________ blood flow and the fluid leaking into the tissue, an
__________________ area will look red and swollen. Also, the inflamed area will feel ____________ to the
touch.
 In some cases, the inflammatory response will result in you having a ____________________. This high
temperature keeps ___________________ from _________________________.
Infectious Diseases:
 A __________________ that can be passed from one __________________ to another (called antigens or
pathogens)
 When you have an _____________________ disease, a ____________________ has gotten into your body
and __________________ it
 Pathogens make you ________________ by damaging individual _______________
 There are __________ major groups of pathogens
Bacteria:
 Bacteria are __________________ cell organisms
 Bacteria are classified as ____________________________
 Most bacteria _____________________ make their own food; they have to break down, or
___________________, other living things to obtain their _____________________
 Most bacteria do __________ cause diseases
 ____________________ are almost everywhere: air, ______________, water, ______________
 Example: ________________ _____________________
Viruses:
 Virus – a _________________________ particle consisting of a core of hereditary_________________
material surrounded by a __________________ coat.
 Viruses can _______________________ ONLY inside a living cell.
 Examples: Flu, common _______________
Fungi:
 Most fungi are __________________________
 Fungi obtain ________________ by secreting ____________________ onto the dead material outside of their
bodies (_________________ _____________________). The fungi then ________________ the nutrients
into their cells. Organisms that feed this way are called SAPROPHYTES
 Example: Athlete’s foot
Protists:
 One cell organisms (_____________________) that have organelles
 Example: _______________________
Man-Made Defenses:
 PASTERUIZATION – a ______________________ process that is used today to kill
_________________________ in food products such as ___________
 ANTIBIOTICS – a _____________________ that is used to kill ____________________ or slow their
growth without harming your body _____________. Unfortunately, there is no way to cure __________
diseases.

Spread of Disease:
 PERSON-TO-________________ TRANSFER
o Diseases can be transferred by _________________ contact such as __________________ and
shaking hands
o Diseases can be transferred by __________________ contact such as sneezing and
_____________________
 CONTAMINATED OBJECTS
o ______________ and __________________ can become contaminated
o You can get ______ by using ______________________ objects such as towels and silverware
 ANIMAL BITES
o An _____________________ animal can pass on pathogens through their _____________
o Examples: _____________ (dog, raccoon), Lyme disease (___________), malaria (mosquitoes in
tropical areas)
 PATHOGENS FROM THE ENVIRONMENT
o Some pathogens live naturally in the _____________ and __________________
o Example: tetanus, ______________________ (causes food poisoning)
Questions that you need to know the answers to:
1: What does the immune system do for you and how does it do it?
2: What is a Pathogen?
3: What is an Antigen?
4: What is an Antibody?
5: How are Antibiotics different from an Antibody? (You NEED to know this)
6: Why do we drink Pasteurized milk instead of milk right from a cow?
7: What is the difference between a Bacteria and Virus?