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VOCABULARY TERMS CHAPTER 4 ( SEC. 1) AND CHAPTER 9 Directions: Read Chapter 4 (section 1) and Chapter 9. Copy these terms into your notebook. Do not write on this sheet. 1. Alpha particle – a positively charged atom that is released in the disintegration of radioactive elements and that consists of two protons and two neutrons 2. Background radiation – the nuclear radiation that arises naturally from cosmic rays and from radioactive isotopes in the soil and air 3. Beta particle – a charged electron emitted during certain types of radioactive decay, such as beta decay 4. Critical mass – the minimum mass of a fissionable isotope that provides the number Of neutrons needed to sustain a chain reaction 5. Electron – a subatomic particle that has a negative electric charge 6. Fission – the process by which a nucleus splits into two or more fragments and releases neutrons and energy 7. Fusion – the process in which light nuclei combine at extremely high temperatures, forming heavier nuclei and releasing energy 8. Gamma ray – the high-energy photon emitted by a nucleus during fission and radioactive decay 9. Half-life – the time required for half of a sample of a radioactive substance to disintegrate by radioactive decay or natural processes 10. Neutron – a subatomic particle that has no charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom 11. Nuclear chain reaction – a continuous series of nuclear fission reactions 12. Nuclear radiation – the particles that are released from the nucleus during Radioactive decay, such as neutrons, electrons, and photons 13. Nucleus – an atom’s central region, which is made up of protons and neutrons 14. Orbital – a region in an atom where there is a high probability of finding electrons 15. Proton – a subatomic particle that has a positive charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom 16. Radioactivity – the process by which an unstable nucleus emits one or more particles or energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation 17. Radioactive tracer – a radioactive material that is added to a substance so that its distribution can be detected later 18. Rem – the quantity of ionizing radiation that does as much damage to human tissue as 1 roentgen of high voltage X rays does 19. Valence electron – an electron that is found in the outermost shell of an atom and that determines the atom’s chemical properties