Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Lesson 3 Ukraine during the World War II. Ukraine during the after-war period (1945-1986). Plan 1.The Second World War in Ukraine. 2. Post-war reconstruction of Ukraine. 3. Destalinization. 4. Dissident movement. 5. Social and economic development in 60-80th years. 6. Chornobyl. 1. The Second World War in Ukraine Ukrainian SSR in 1940, after the Soviet invasions of Poland and Romania and before the German invasion of Soviet Union. Second World War for Ukraine actually started on September 1 1939, when Germans attacked Poland, and Soviet Union a short time later occupied its eastern territories. The most cruel and tragic stage of the war began with the attack of Germany on the USSR on June 22 1941 and continued till the autumn of 1944, when German forces were turned out from Ukraine. After that Ukrainians consisting of Soviet army fought with the armies of fascist Germany and its allies half a year more – till May 8 1945, reaching Prague and Berlin. They also actively participated in the defeat of Japanese Quantune army in the Far East, releasing Manchjuriya and Korea, where the battle finished on September 2 1945. Having guarantee of neutrality of the Soviet Union and being sure that allies of Poland – France and England – were not going to provide real help, Gitler attacked Poland, initiating the start of the Second World War. On September 17 1939 the Soviet army went to eastern Poland and occupied almost all territory, settled by Ukrainians and Belorusians. In June 1940 the USSR forced Rumania to give back Bessarabiya and Bukovyna. Such way to the Ukrainian Soviet Republic it was jointed over 7 millions inhabitants of the Western Ukraine. Punitive bodies of the USSR arrested and deported Ukrainian political leaders to the East of Russia. Ukrainian political parties had to be dismissed. From 20 to 30 thousand Ukrainian activists run away to Poland, occupied by the Germans. It was declared that lands, expropriated from Polish landowners and “given” to the poorest peasants, were subject to collectivization, about 13 percent really were collectivized. After that the great majority of peasants finally turned away from new regime. At the beginning many representatives of intelligence were impressed, as they received job in soviet educational and cultural establishments, but they quickly understood, that became strictly controlled by organization men of regime, and in case of violation of directions arose threaten of arrest and deportation. Local communists, which went out from underground and came useful to new regime, helping to expose of Ukrainian nationalists, supported soviet authorities. Representatives of Soviet Ukraine, which almost everywhere used Russian language quickly destroyed illusions concerning their vaunted “Ukrainian”. In the spring of 1940 the regime opened the mask of democracy and began wileranging repressions – as against the Ukrainians, as against Poles. The most popular and awful their type was deportation to Siberia and Kazakhstan, where people died by the whole families. Ukrainians under the fascist occupation. Movement of Opposition Flag of Nazi Germany Nazi Germany to 1943. In 1939 about 550 thousand of Ukrainians from Lemkivshina and Holemshina turned out in German occupation zone in the eastern remote area of Poland. Governorgeneral Gans Frank received special order from Hitler to consider this territory German colony and to give its people only minimum rights. Adolf Hitler Ukrainians being deported to Nazi Germany for forced labor, 1942 After the capture of the Carpathian Ukraine and breaking down its government by Hungarian army, Zacarpathian with 550 thousand Ukrainians formed a part of Hungary. Hundreds of Ukrainophiles were shot, thousands were arrested, near 30 thousand run away to the neighboring Galychina. Soon after coming of Germans, in Ukraine appeared the national movement of opposition. There also existed underground organizational system of Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) and the Bolsheviks in the northern west – Poles, each of them had own partisan forces. As the large part of Ukraine is steppe, it was not suitable for partisan war, so partisans were mainly collected in northern west part of the country – in the forests of Volyn, bogs of Polissya and Carpathians. Partisans take on the village to drive away a German punitive expedition. According to the official data, in the beginning of 1944 on the occupied lands of Ukraine in general 47 thousand 800 people in the form of partisan detachments and underground formations struggled with fascist conquers. Detachments of S. Kovpak and O. Saburov since Novenmber 1942 to March 1943 raided through Northern Ukraine – from Bryansk forests to Polissya. In May-October 1943 the detachment of Kovpak executed raid from Putivel through Volyn to Carpathians with the task to cut route of retreat for fascist, as well as for creation political and psychological effect in Volyn, where were developing the Ukrainian opposite army and in Galychina. The first partisan detachments of Ukrainian nationalists arose in Polissay and Volyn. Local Ukrainian figure Taras Bulba-Borovets formed irregular detachment, called Polisska Sych (later renamed to Ukrainian revolt Army) with the purpose of clearing their region from the rests of the Red army. When at the end of 1942 Germans tried to dismiss his detachment, he led his fighters to forests to struggle with Germans and with Bolsheviks. In 1942 members of different branches of Organization of Ukrainian nationalists (OUN) created small elements in Volyn. Execution of partisans by German soldiers, September 1941 At the end of 1942 OUN decided to form large partisan forces, initiating the beginning of regular Ukrainian army, which as was considered, would be useful when Nazi soviet war ended. It was induced by such reasons: first of all, with growing of German repressions the peasants demanded from OUN to take measures for their defense, secondly, when at the end of 1942 the soviet partisans began to penetrate from Belorussia to Western Ukraine, it was necessary that OUN played the role of nation’s army before it would be done by Bolsheviks. Due to wide and efficient underground system of OUN, Ukrainian revolt army (URA) quickly grew in the big, well-organized partisan army, which took control under the significant parts of Valyn, Polissya and finally Galychina. After releasing the Ukraine from the fascists, URA till 1956 continued partisan war with soviet regime on the territory of Western Ukraine. Return of the soviet power to Ukraine The decisive crisis arose in the war in 1943: the soviet army began the gigantic counter-offensive, the main purpose of which was in liberation of the left-bank Ukraine. During the end of the summer-autumn of 1943 the soviet army under the command of Ivan Konyev, Mykola Vatutin and Radion Malynovskiy occupied left-bank and Donbas. On August 23 in result of desperate fight Kharkiv was liberated. In September-October the Red army broke powerful line of German defense at the Dnieper and on November 6 entered to Kyiv. In January 1944 after the short stop almost 2,3 million of Red army began clearing from Germans right-bank and Crimea. In July 1944 the soviet army surrounded and broke under the Broad eight German divisions in the number of 60 thousand people. Among them there were 10 thousand fighters of Galychina divisions, formed with Ukrainians, which were unlucky to receive christening with fire in that catastrophic condition. After that victory the soviet forces quickly passed through Galychina, occupied Lviv and Peremishl, and on Julay 27 Stanislav (now Ivano-Frankivsk city). In September they crossed the Carpathians and till the October 1944 all ethnic Ukrainian territory appeared in soviet hands. After liberation of Ukraine for impression of sovereignty of the Ukrainian Soviet Republic, there were created additional Ukrainian ministries of foreign affairs and defense. On the high positions in the government were assigned known Ukrainian figures. In particular, Oleksandr Korniychuk became the minister of foreign affairs, and sown by the government honors of the commander of the soviet partisans Sidor Kovpak was assigned the minister of defense. Sensibly weakened control under the cultural activity of Ukrainians, and the patriotic poem of Volodymir Sosyura “Love Ukraine” was even rewarded with premium. Second World War took the lives at least 5,3 million Ukrainians, or one from every six citizen of Ukraine died in the struggle. 2,3 million Ukrainians were taken out fro the forced labor in Germany. Completely or partly it were destroyed over 700 big and small cities and 28 thousand villages, in result of what 10 million people became homeless. As the war caused in Ukraine more damage, than in any country in Europe, losses in the economy gained huge measures. Complete or part destruction of over 16 thousand industrial enterprises meant, the loss of the most part of that Ukraine took with so high price in 1930. It was estimated, that Ukraine lost over 40 percent of its economy. In the second part of XX century more and more facts indicated about secret agreement between the Kremlin and Kyiv, according to which the Ukrainian elite for support and collaboration was offered the role of junior partner in the government of soviet empire. For the Kremlin to get the support of Ukrainians had fundamental meaning, because they were not only the second large nation, but the only nation in the USSR, which could be serious opponent of the Russian hegemony. 2. Post-war reconstruction of Ukraine Over the next decades the Ukrainian republic not only surpassed pre-war levels of industry and production but also was the spearhead of Soviet power. Ukraine became the centre of Soviet arms industry and high-tech research. The republic was also turned into a Soviet military outpost in the cold war, a territory crowded by military bases packed with the most up-to-date weapons systems. Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev The Khrushchev era saw increased construction of rapidly built, prefabricated apartment complexes. Such an important role resulted in a major influence of the local elite. Many members of the Soviet leadership came from Ukraine, most notably Nikita Khrushchev(a Soviet leader from1953 to 1964) and Leonid Brezhnev (a Soviet leader from 1964 to 1982), as well as many prominent Soviet sportsmen, scientists and artists. In 1954, the Russian-populated oblast of Crimea was transferred from the Russian to the Ukrainian Soviet Republic. Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev The products of the rapidly developed high-tech industry in Ukraine were largely directed for military consumption, similarly to the much of the Soviet economy, and the supply and quality of consumer goods remained low compared even to the neighboring countries of the Eastern bloc. A state-regulated system of production and consumption lead to gradual decreasing of life level and growing “shadowisation” of retail infrastructure as well as of corruption. Four years of war had a harmful effect on the Ukrainian economy. Industrial production of the first post-war year 1945 accounted only a quarter from the level of 1940. Reconstruction of the hard industry swallowed up 85 percent of all investments, but it was successful: in 1950 industrial production in Ukraine by 15 percent exceeded the level of 1940. In Western Ukraine, where before war the hard industry had not existed, the progress impressed especially: industrial production grew 2,3 times. In 1950 Ukraine again became one from the leading industrial countries in Europe. It melted more iron per man, than Great Britain, Western Germany or France, and according to coal mining it almost was equal to Western Germany. But the life level of people improved very slowly. Light industry slightly reached 80 percent of the pre-war level. Currency reform of 1947 devaluated carbovanets and depreciated personal savings of citizens. The position was complicated by catastrophic drought and starvation of 1946. The yield of 1950 corresponded only to 60 percent of 1940-year level. At the same time peasants were deprived the land and inventory, obtained during the war. Nourishing nutrition for a long time remained rare profusion for Ukrainians. Started in 1954, project on development the virgin lands of Kazakhstan required the use of huge labor and material resources, and the big part of those expenses took Ukraine. Before 1956 thousand tractors and 80 thousand experienced farm hands were taken from here. Many of them settled there forever. At the same time, every spring hundred thousand students voluntarily came from Ukraine on season work. Though this program gave some positive results, it exhausted resources of Ukraine and weakened agricultural production of the republic. In spite of drastic changes and grandiose experiments the government did not manage to reach so quick growing of agricultural production as it was planned. The Kremlin later on refused to give the peasants sufficient incentives for better labor, officials in the far Moscow continued to decide, what cultures should cultivate collective farms, how to sow them, and the peasants were punished by duties for the tillage of their tiny (but incredibly productive) farm lands. 3. Destalinization After the death of the dictator Stalin in 1953 new government of the country tried to receive wider support among the nonrussian nations and especially among Ukrainians. At the beginning the Ukrainians reacted on these changes very carefully. It was sounded one of the first and then repeated several times the accusation of the regime for the terrible state of the Ukrainian language. Intelligentsia, students, workers and even partial officials – all repeated the same refrain: special status of the Russian language in the USSR did not mean, than the Ukrainian language should be discriminated. Such slogans as: “Let’s protect the Ukrainian language!” and “Let’s speak Ukrainian!”, more often sounded throughout the republic, especially in the field of the universities’ students. Making attempts to raise the Ukrainian science and to raise the prestige of the Ukrainian culture, the intelligentsia suggested to create possibilities in the republic for the development of such modern branches of knowledge as nuclear investigation and cybernetic. In 1957 in Kyiv it was established the computer center, which in 1962 became the Institute of cybernetic and led Ukraine out to the leading position in this field in the USSR. Many million of Ukrainians jailed in the Siberian camps of forced labor, received amnesty and the permission to come back home. This partly liquidation of gigantic system of concentration camp was precipitated by the row of camp revolts, in particular in Vokrut in Novorylsk (1953), Karaganda (1954), where the leading role plaid members of Organization of Ukrainian nationalists and Ukrainian revolt army. Among the Ukrainian youth expressively grew spirits to be guided in the life by the rights of individualism. For youth became unbearable the monotone of the soviet life, old-fashioned manner to dress and very ideological system of studying. In Ukraine began to appear materialistic and egocentric “Me”- generation (already formed in the West), very differed from the previous, that gave birth of so violent communists and nationalists. 4. Dissident movement During 1960 the part of Ukrainians, living in cities, reached 55 percent. In Ukraine also grew the quantity of specialists with higher education. Between 1960 and 1970 their quantity doubled from 700 thousands to 1,4 million. In Ukraine the cultural elite and especially writers made new attempts to wider measures of creative self-expression. They again wrote about losses, caused by the soviet regime of Stalin to Ukrainian culture. Censorship continued strictly regulation of all, that were allowed to read, to see and to hear. Communist party retained absolute monopoly on the politic power. Increasing of Ukraine’s meaning of in the USSR and the political success of separate Ukrainians did not change the fact that interests of Ukraine remained completely subordinated to the interests of the soviet empire in general. In 1960-70th years in the USSR arose noticeable occurrence, when the policy of the government was subject to the open criticism of not large but later on larger quantity of people, who usually were called dissidents and who demanded wider social, religious and national rights. At the beginning the heart of Ukrainian dissidents consisted of so-called “men of the sixtieth” – new productive generation of writers, who got the acknowledgement. It included: Lina Kostenko, Vasyl Symonenko, Ivan Drach, Ivan Svitlycnniy, Evgen Sverstyuk, Mykola Vyngranovskiy, Alla Gorska and Ivan Dzyuba. Later on Vasyl Stus, Myhaylo Osadchiy, Igor and Irina Kalinets, Ivan Gel and brothers Goryny jointed to them. Distinctive feature of this group was that its members were exemplary products of the soviet education and quickly made promising career. Some of them were convinced communists. Though the dissidents acted mostly in Kyiv and Lviv, they originated from different parts of Ukraine. Vasyl Symonenko Vasyl Stus The first demonstration of this movement took place at the end 1950th – the beginning of 1960th, when in the Western Ukraine it was organized several small secret groups. So-called “group of jurists” at the head of a lawyer Levko Lukyanenko was distinguished among them. It called to execution of the legal right of Ukraine on going out of the Soviet Union. After disclosure of these groups their participants were sentenced to the long period imprisonment. Levko Lukyanenko Open dissidents, suspected in “unreliable” views, were dismissed. This wave of chase, resembling Stalin’s time, traumatized the whole generation of the Ukrainian intelligentsia and forced many of them to confess and leave the dissident activity. In November 1976 in Kyiv appeared the Ukrainian Helsinki group. It was led by the writer Mykola Rudenko – the political commissar in the years of the Second World War and previous political official. Mykola Rudenko His close comrade was the general of the Soviet army Petro Grygorenko – cavalier of many government honors, who was dismissed and chased for the active social activity. This group accounted 37 members, different by birth. They supposed resolving of social problems in following the law in general and respecting personal rights in particular. 5. Social and economic development in 60-80th In 1965 in the USSR was performed an attempt of economic reform implementation, first of all improvement of production management. But in the condition of production super centralization the execution of this reform was braked. Only in 1976-1980 five-year plan, in Ukraine real income per man increased by 15 %. Wages of workers and officials rose by 75 %. Putting in order the automate machines and equipment lines promoted intensive development of hard industry, building, transport field, agriculture and power industry. Actively developed airplane building and motor-car industry. In general in Ukraine were accounted over 150 industrial branches. Overall development was executed in newly created instrument-making industry and space field. Ukrainian RSU in that period launched in space 400 satellites. Agriculture like before plaid leading role in the economy of Republic. Ukraine became food donor for all the USSR, the area plough land in those years accounted 80 % from the total area of republic. At the low level was social development of villages, and in consequences labor sources significantly decreased in result of urbanization. On the map of Ukraine were appearing new and growing old industrial centers, increased the house-building tare. During 1966-1985 years 4,6 people, mostly youth left Ukrainian villages. Social structure of republic’s population was changed. If in 1960 peasants accounted a half of republic’ s population, then in 1985 – it was 1/3. Implementation of compulsory general secondary education, enlargement of the system of secondary-special and higher educational institutions in Ukraine assisted to raising the authority of studying and education and further their development. The percent of specialists with higher education in Ukraine rapidly grew. Between 1960 and 1970 their quantity doubled – from 700 thousand to 1,4 million and reached the level of Western Europe countries. The field of functioning of the Ukrainian language greatly narrowed. Between 1969 and 1980 the share of magazines, issued in Ukrainian, decreased from 46 % to 19 %. Repertory of cinemas was Russian in 99 %. All kinds of art and culture were ideologized. Artists were accustomed to think not only in artistic manner, but also in political categories for the image of “developed socialism” achievements. But in spite of all Ukrainian culture became firmly established. The world got to know about talented actors: A. Rogovtseva, B. Stupka, A. Gashinskiy, I. Mykolaychuk, singers D. Gnatyuk, A. Solovyanenko, E. Myrashnichenko. Significant development was gained by cinematography. Annually in Ukraine released 20 feature films. Among the most famous films were “Shadows of forgotten ancestors” of S. Poradganov (28 international awards, in particular in 1965 the award of the British academy for the best foreign film), “White bird with black mark”, author of which – Y. Illyenko – included to the quantity of a hundred outstanding producers of the world. It also was developing Ukrainian theatre art. Also impressed the achievements of the Ukrainian sportsmen, who appeared on the international arena under the soviet flag. Olympic champions and heroes of the country were weight-lifter Leonid Dzabotynskiy, gymnasts Polina Astahova and Larisa Latynina, runner Valeriy Borzov, fighter Oleksander Kolchynskiy. In 1975 under the management of one of the best trainers in the planet Valeriy Lobanovskiy, the football club “Dynamo Kyiv” gained a victory in Cup of Cups and playing off Supercup UEFA , becoming the strongest football team in the continent. And Ukrainian forward Oleg Blohin was acknowledged the best football-player in Europe, receiving “Golden ball”. “Dynamo Kyiv” -- the Cup Winners. Oleh Blokhin -- the Best European player 1975. In 1978 it was passed the Constitution of URSR, in which were declared principles of widening and deepening of the “social democracy” by the means of energization of the activity of Rada of national deputies, involving the mass to the participation in state government. It was officially declared that in the USSR was built “developed socialism”, but the life level of people was much more lower, then in European countries. 6. Chornobyl The Chernobyl disaster was a nuclear reactor accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine, then part of the Soviet Union. It is considered to be the worst nuclear power plant disaster in history and the only level 7 instance on the International Nuclear Event Scale. It resulted in a severe release of radioactivity following a massive power excursion which destroyed the reactor. Two people died in the initial steam explosion, but most deaths from the accident were attributed to radiation.On 26 April 1986 01:23:45 a.m. (UTC+3) reactor number four at the Chernobyl plant, near Pripyat in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, exploded. Further explosions and the resulting fire sent a plume of highly radioactive fallout into the atmosphere and over an extensive geographical area. Four hundred times more fallout was released than had been by the atomic bombing of Hiroshima. The nuclear reactor after the disaster. Reactor 4 (image centre). Turbine building (image lower left). Reactor 3 (centre right) The plume drifted over extensive parts of the western Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, Western Europe,and Northern Europe, with light nuclear rain falling as far as Ireland. Large areas in Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia were badly contaminated, resulting in the evacuation and resettlement of over 336,000 people. According to official postSoviet data, about 60% of the radioactive fallout landed in Belarus. Location of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant. The accident raised concerns about the safety of the Soviet nuclear power industry as well as nuclear power at all, slowing its expansion for a number of years, while forcing the Soviet government to become less secretive. The countries of Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus have been burdened with the continuing and substantial decontamination and health care costs of the Chernobyl accident. It is difficult to accurately quantify the number of deaths caused by the events at Chernobyl as over time it becomes difficult to determine whether a decease was caused by exposure to radiation. Zone of Allienation The 2005 report prepared by the Chernobyl Forum, led by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and World Health Organization (WHO), attributed 56 direct deaths (47 accident workers, and nine children with thyroid cancer), and estimated that there may be 4,000 extra cancer deaths among the approximately 600,000 most highly exposed people.Although the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone and certain limited areas remain off limits, the majority of affected areas are now considered safe for settlement and economic activity. The Sarcophagus, the concrete block surrounding reactor #4 Percentage of people with Ukrainian as their native language according to 2001 census (in regions). Ukraine produces the fourth largest number of post-secondary graduates in Europe, while being ranked seventh in population. Ethnic Ukrainians in Ukraine (2001) Ukrainian administrative divisions by monthly salary About number and composition population of UKRAINE by data All-Ukrainian population census'2001 data The peculiarity of the national structure of the population of Ukraine is its multinational composition. According to All-Ukrainian population census data, the representatives of more than 130 nationalities and ethnic groups live on the territory of the country. The data about the most numerous nationalities of Ukraine are mentioned below: Total (thousand persons) as % to the result 2001 as % to 1989 2001 1989 37541.7 77.8 72.7 100.3 8334.1 17.3 22.1 73.4 Belarussians 275.8 0.6 0.9 62.7 Moldavians 258.6 0.5 0.6 79.7 Ukrainians Russians Crimean Tatars 248.2 0.5 0.0 in 5.3 times more Bulgarians 204.6 0.4 0.5 87.5 Hungarians 156.6 0.3 0.4 96.0 Romanians 151.0 0.3 0.3 112.0 Poles 144.1 0.3 0.4 65.8 Jews 103.6 0.2 0.9 21.3 Armenians 99.9 0.2 0.1 in 1.8 times more Greeks 91.5 0.2 0.2 92.9 Tatars 73.3 0.2 0.2 84.4 Gipsies 47.6 0.1 0.1 99.3 Azerbaijanians 45.2 0.1 0.0 122.2 Georgians 34.2 0.1 0.0 145.3 Germans 33.3 0.1 0.1 88.0 Gagausians 31.9 0.1 0.1 99.9 177.1 0.4 0.4 83.9 Other The part of Ukrainians in the national structure of population of region is the largest. it accounts for 3.754.700 people. or 77.8% of the population. During the years that have passed since the census of the population ‘1989. the number of Ukrainians has increased by 0.3% and their part among other citizens of Ukraine has increased by 5.1 percentage points. Russians are the second numerous nation of Ukraine. Since 1989 their number has decreased by 26.6% and at the date of the census it accounted for 8.334.100 people. The part of Russians in total population has decreased by 4.8 percentage points and accounted for 17.3%. Ukrainian History: Chronological Table Year/Ce ntury 839 Event More info MAP: Mention of Rus' in the Bertynsky chronicles Eastern associated with the mission to Ludwig I of the Europe, 250Frankish kingdom. 800 840 Magyars and khazars attacking Kyiv. 853 Askold becomes Kyiv's Prince. 877 Novgorod's Prince Oleh annexes Kyiv, kills Askold and brings the capital of Rus' from Novgorod to Kyiv. 890 Pechenegs advancing to Black Sea steppe. Ugrians (Hungarians) move to Danube. Prince Oleh travels to Byzantine's capital 907-911 Constantinopol (Ukrainian "Czarhorod") with a big army and demands an annuity to Kyiv. 945 Prince Ihor signs a treaty with Byzantine Empire - ready to accept Orthodox Christianity. 957 Princess Olha (Ihor's wife) becomes a ruler of Kyiv. Svyatoslav (Olha's son) becomes a Prince of 960-972 Kyiv. He confrontates with Khazars, then attacks Bulgaria and fights with Byzantine Empire. At the time Svjatoslav is in the offensive on Bulgaria, Khazars attack Kyiv. He returns but gets killed in a skirmish with Pechenegs. 980 Volodymyr The Great becomes a Prince. 988 Official Christianization of Kyiv Rus'. Volodymyr accepts Orthodoxy and marries Byzantine Princess Anna. 1015 Death of Volodymyr The Great. Sons are struggling to rule the country until 1019. 1019 MAP: Yaroslav The Wise - one of Volodymyr's sons Kyivan Rus is becomes a Prince. 11th century 1027 Construction of Svyata Sofia (St. Sophia) Cathedral. 1054 Death of Prince Yaroslav. Polovtsi army attack Kyiv state for the first time. 1068 1098 1099 - 1111 Magyars attack Halychyna. Kyiv Princes conquer Polovtsi. 1113 Volodymyr Monomakh - the last of great princes of Kyiv. 1152 Yaroslav Osmomysl becomes a Prince of Halychyna. 1155 1157 - 1155 1169 - Suzdal (Russian) Prince Yuriy Dovgoruky (founder of Moscow) attacks Kyiv and becomes a prince for a short period of time. Destruction of Kyiv by Andrey Bogoliubsky, the Vldimir-Suzdal prince 1187 The word Ukraine (Ukrayina) first used to describe Kyiv and Halychyna lands. 1223 Ukrainians first battle Tatars in a battle near Kalko River in treaty with Polovetz - Tatars win. 1238 Danylo Halytsky becomes a Prince of Halychyna. Next year he unites Halychyna with Kyiv. MAP: Southern Rus 1250. 1240 Tatars capture Kyiv. 1256 Lviv is founded by King Lev. 1320 Yuriy becomes a King of Halychyna. 1330 Yuriy marries Lithuanian Princess, daughter of Gedymin. 1360s Lithuanian Prince Olgerd frees Kyivschyna and Podillya from Tatars. They fell under Lithuanian control. 1378 Last Halychyna King Volodyslav dies. 1387 XVIII century 1414 1475 1774 Poland rules Halychyna. Prince Fedir Koryatovych of Mukachevo. - 1490 Crimea (Krym) Empire's rule. under Turkish (Osman) First mentioning of cossacks (kozaks). (More) 1550 Dmytro Vyshnyvetsky establishes a fortress of Zaporizhzhya (Zaporizhia). 1569 Lyublinska Uniya (Lublin Union) - All Ukrainian territory under Lithuanian rule (except Polissia and Beresteyshchyna) transfers to Poland. 1576 Foundation of Ostroh Academy University-like school in Eastern Europe. - MAP: Ukrainian lands after 1569 first 1590 First Kozak uprisings (Kostynsky, Mazyvako). 1596 Union of Brest (Beresti) - beginning of religious struggles. 1608 MAP: Ukrainian lands 1400 Fall of Ostroh Academy. MAP: 1610 1622 - Het'man Sahaydachny is a het'man (the arch) of Zaporizka Sich. Zaporizka Sich 1630 Kozak uprising against Poland. Petro Mohyla establishes a Collegium in Kyiv. 1637 Beginning of liberation of Ukraine from Polish rule headed by kozak het'man Bohdan Khmelnytsky 1648 Bohdan Khmel'nytsky signs Pereyaslav treaty with Muscovy 1654 1657 - Het'man Petro Doroshenko. Establishment of Russian control under the right-bank kozaks. 1685 Kyiv Orthodox Church Metropolitan (Patriarkhat) becomes a division of Muscovite Metropolitan. - Het'man Ivan Mazepa - period of palingenecy of Kozak state. 1708 Treaty had been signed between Ukraine and Sweden. 1709 Battle in Poltava (Ukraine). Russians defeat Swedish-Ukrainian army and execute Kozak troops after the surrender of Swede army 1709 Death of Ivan Mazepa. 1710 Pylyp Orlyk becomes a het'man. Russians prohibit the use of Ukrainian language - still preferred by Ukrainians. 1720 1722 (more) Two het'mans in Ukraine. Het'man of the Left bank of Dnipro - in coalition with Russia; het'man from right bank - against Russia. 1670 1687 1709 (more info) Swedish-Ukrainian coalition against Russia. 1663 1665 1676 MAP: Kozak state after 1649 - First het'man of Ukraine appointed by MAP: Ukrainian lands after 1667 1727 1734 1744 1745 Russian Czar. Het'man Danylo Apostol's uprising on the Right Bank (Haydamaky). Construction of St. George Cathedral in Lviv. Oleksa Dovbush - legendary Ukrainian hero. 1764 Abolition of (Zapiriz'ka Sich). 1765 Slobodzhanschyna control. 1772 Russian, German and Austrian empires divide parts of Poland among themselves.(First division) Halychyna falls under Austrian control. 1775 Second division of Poland. Austria annexes Bukovyna 1775 1787 Zaporizhzhya falls Het'manate under Russian Zaporizka Sich destroyed by Russians. Russians rebuild a village of Kodak into a city and name it after queen Ekaterina II (Katerynoslav). During Ukrainian Republic of 1917 - 1920 the city was renamed into Sicheslav ("In Honour of Sich"). In 1924 communists gave it a present name - Dnipropetrovsk (Combination of words "Dnipro" (main Ukrainian river) and "Petrovskij" (The last name of major of city, a Stalinist)). 1789 Establishment of Mykolayiv (Nikolayev) 1780 End of Het'manate. 1794 Establishment of Odesa (Odessa). 1793 1798 Transfer of lands on the Right Bank to Russia from Poland excluding Halychyna, Bukovyna, Volyn and a part of Polissya, already annexed by Austria. Ivan Kotlyarevsky publishes "Eneyida". MAP: Ukrainian lands around 1750 MAP: 1831 Repnev attempts to renew kozak army. 1834 Establishment of The University of Kyiv. 1840 Taras Shevchenko's first publication of "Kobzar", probably the most popular book in Ukrainian. 1861 First railroad (Peremyshl - Lviv). 1861 1863 1890 on Ukrainian Dnipro Ukraine around 1850 territory Abolition of slavery in Russia. Ukrainian language is officially prohibited to use by Russian government. First Ukrainian Political Party (Halytska) 1905 Annulment of restrictions on the usage of Ukrainian language in Russian empire. 1917 Revolution in Russia. Ukrainian writer and historian Mykhaylo Hrushevsky becomes the president of newly proclaimed Ukrainian state (Ukrayinska Narodna Respublika). The power of the new government is very weak, Russian czarists, communists and Germans try to conquer Ukraine again. Symon Petlyura becomes a commanders of Ukrainian armed forces. President signs a treaty with Germans, but it was annulled in 1919 in Brest, Belorussia, where Germany signed a treaty with Communist Russia. Ukrainian lands are united after Western Ukrainian Republic and Ukrainian republic unite. 1918 MAP: Austrian empire breaks up. Newly Western established West-Ukrainian Republic is annexed Ukraine 1772by Czechoslovakia and Romania. 1914 1921 Formation of Soviet Socialist Republic of Ukraine. 1929 Collectivization starts. All lands that belonged to Ukrainian farmers are taken away and put into MAP: Ukrainian lands 19141919 MAP: Ukraine in a large "kolhosps" (co-operative farms.) People, interwar years who didn't want to give their land away are (more) arrested and murdered. 19331934 Artificial Famine in Ukraine, caused by Stalin's policy. At least three million people die in result. 19391940 Annexation of Western Ukraine by Soviet Union according to a secret treaty with Nazi Germany. (more) MAP: Ukraine during WW2 19411944 19431944 German occupation of Ukraine. Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA). SS Division "Galizien". (more on UPA) (Ukrainian Russians return. Massive immigration to the s in west (England, France, Canada, USA.) Saskatchewan, Canada) 19451947 Discrimination and murders of Ukrainian population in Poland by Polish army and police. 19451955 Continued fight for liberation of Ukraine in the western regions. 1950's Illegal anti-communist literature begins to appear. 1986 Nuclear reactor explosion in Chernobyl, Ukraine. 1980's National movement for the liberation of Ukraine "Rukh" is formed. 1990 Human chain independence. 1990 1991 (more on division "Galizien") protests for Ukrainian Ukrainian sovereignty is proclaimed. Ukrainian independence is proclaimed. Elections of Parliament (Verkhovna Rada) and (picture) (more) the President Leonid Kravchuk. 1994 Ukraine signs an treaty with NATO 1996 Constitution is proclaimed. (the text of constitution) References: 1. Декларація про державний суверенітет України. Прийнята Верховною Радою Української РСР 16 липня 1990 року. - К. 1991. 2. Акт проголошення незалежності України, прийнятий Верховною Радою України 24 серпня 1991 року. - К. 1991. 3. Конституція України. Прийнята на п'ятій сесії Верховної Ради України 28 червня 1996 року. - К. 1996. 4. Крип'якевич І. П. Історія України. - Львів, 1990. 5. Полонська-Василенко Н. Історія України. Т. 1-2.-К. 1992. 6. Andrew Wilson. The Ukrainians: Unexpected Nation. Yale University Press; 2nd edition (2002). 7. Anna Reid. Borderland: A Journey Through the History of Ukraine. London, Orion Books; 4th impression (1998, preface 2003). 8. Mykhailo Hrushevsky. History of Ukraine-Rus’ in 9 volumes. 9. Orest Subtelny. Ukraine: A History. Toronto: University of Toronto Press (1988). 10. Paul Robert Magocsi. A History of Ukraine. Toronto: University of Toronto Press (1996).