Download 7th Grade Health Outline - Council Rock School District

Council Rock School District
7th Grade Health Outline
Developed 2009
Patricia Toner, District Coordinator
Ryan Brainard, Jason Carr, Tom Cunningham, Vic D’Angelo, Larry Hess, Chris Hoerger, Mike Kochler,
Colleen Leh, Chad Lonergan, Denise Noseworthy, Lynn Petersen, Liz Potash, Yvonne Puryear, Nicole
Salome, Carol Wilson, Carolyn Woloshyn, Marian Ziemba
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7th Grade Health Outline
Council Rock School District
Developed 2009
OVERVIEW
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Your Health, Your Responsibility
Integumentary System
Skeletal System
Muscular System
Nervous System
Cardiovascular System
Respiratory System
Digestive System
Urinary System
Endocrine System
Male Reproductive System
Female Reproductive System
Nutrition & Fitness
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7th Grade Health Outline
Council Rock School District
Developed 2009
Your Health, Your Responsibility
7th Grade Health
(GLENCOE: Chapter 1)
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KEY POINTS – You are responsible for your own health.
Understand the health triangle:
o Physical health
o Social health
o Mental/Emotional health
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KEY POINTS – Emotionally healthy people:
o Set realistic goals and work to achieve them
o Have coping skills
o Have self-respect
o Know when and who to ask for help
o Are capable of asking for help
o Understand emotions
o Can resolve conflicts
o Are responsible
o Manage stress in a healthy manner
o Can communicate with others
o Have refusal skills
o Are resilient
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KEY POINTS – Resiliency is the ability to work through life’s problems.
Resilient people are able to move forward after experiencing a setback.
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KEY POINTS – If a person discusses or has intentions of harming themselves,
it is not a betrayal of trust to tell a parent, trusted teacher, counselor, doctor,
member of the clergy, or other adult immediately.
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KEY POINTS – It is important to recognize when you need help. It is important
to know where to get help.
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KEY POINTS – Healthful behaviors will promote your wellness.
Complete an assessment:
o Present Personal Health Awareness
Understand the influences on your health:
o Heredity
o Environment
o Attitude
o Behavior
o Media & technology
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7th Grade Health Outline
Council Rock School District
Developed 2009
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KEY POINTS – Engaging in risk behaviors can harm your health.
Know the definition of risk:
o Risk – behaviors or actions that can potentially threaten your health or the
health of others.
Know that risk behaviors can lead to heart disease, cancer, and serious illness
later in life.
Know examples of risk behavior:
o Tobacco use
o Unhealthy diet
o Alcohol and other drug use
o Unprotected sexual behavior
 Take action to reduce exposure to STIs and STDs
 Abstinence
 Prevention
Know that lifestyle factors are personal habits or behaviors related to the way a
person lives.
KEY POINTS – Regularly participating in health promoting behaviors will help
you reach a high level of wellness.
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7th Grade Health Outline
Council Rock School District
Developed 2009
Integumentary System
7th Grade Health
(GLENCOE: Chapter 13)
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KEY POINTS – The integumentary system covers and protects the body and
consists of skin, glands associated with the skin, hair, and nails.
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KEY POINTS – The skin performs several functions that are necessary for
survival.
Understand the structure and function of the integumentary system:
o Skin
 Functions of the skin:
 Largest organ in the body
 Contains nerve cells that help detect pain, pressure, heat,
cold, and touch
 Protects some body parts against injury
 Serves as a protective layer to keep microorganisms from
entering the body
 Helps maintain a healthful body temperature
 Helps with removal of wastes from the body
 Helps protect you from ultraviolet radiation because of the
presence of melanin
o Melanin – pigment that gives skin its color
 Two layers of skin
 Epidermis – outer layer which is constantly shed and
replaced
 Dermis – thick layer below the epidermis that contains
sweat glands, hair follicles, sebaceous (oil) glands, blood
vessels, and nerves
o Glands
 Sweat gland – help rid the body of salt and help cool the body by
releasing sweat through pores
 Sebaceous gland – oil-producing gland that helps protect the skin
 Sebum – oil produced by the sebaceous gland
o Nails
 Composed of dead cells and keratin, a tough protein
o Hair
 Threadlike structure consisting of dead cells filled with keratin
 Protects skin from harmful sun rays and helps maintain body
temperature
 Each hair grows in a hair follicle
 Hair follicle – a depression on the surface of the dermis
that contains nutrients hair needs in order to grow
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7th Grade Health Outline
Council Rock School District
Developed 2009
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Understand several conditions that affect the integumentary system:
o Birthmarks- discolored skin present at birth
o Scars – a mark left on damaged tissue after the tissue has healed
o Warts – contagious growth caused by a virus that forms on the top layer
of skin
o Acne – a skin disorder in which hair follicles or pores become clogged
with sebum (oil)
o Ringworm – small, red, ring-shaped marks caused by fungal infection.
Ringworm is contagious.
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Identify ways to keep the integumentary system healthy:
o Wear a sunscreen with an SPF of at least 15 when exposed to the sun
o Examine skin monthly for any changes in moles, warts, or freckles
o Follow directions when using makeup
o Shower or bathe daily
o Eat foods containing vitamin A
o Seek proper medical care for skin rashes
o Wash hair regularly
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7th Grade Health Outline
Council Rock School District
Developed 2009
Skeletal System
7th Grade Health
(GLENCOE: Chapter 14)
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KEY POINTS – The skeletal system consists of 206 bones and connective tissue.
Understand the structures of the skeletal system.
o Bones are living tissue with a hard outer layer and a spongy inner layer.
 Types of bones – long, short, flat, irregular.
o Connective tissues
 There are three (3) types of connective tissue:
 Cartilage – strong, flexible cushion between bones (knees,
hips, etc.) and also acts as a flexible structure for soft parts
of the body (tip of nose, ears, etc.)
 Ligaments – attach bone to bone
 Tendons – attach muscle to bone
o Joints
 Types of joints
 Immovable
 Slightly Moveable
 Moveable
o Hinge
o Ball and socket
o Gliding
o Pivot
Know the major bones of the skeletal system
o Skull
o Vertebrae
o Ribs
o Sternum
o Clavicle
o Scapula
o Humerus
o Radius
o Ulna
o Carpals, Metacarpals, Phalanges
o Mandible
o Pelvis
o Femur
o Patella
o Tibia
o Fibula
o Tarsals, Metatarsals, Phalanges
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7th Grade Health Outline
Council Rock School District
Developed 2009
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Understand the functions of the skeletal system
o Supports the body
o Protects the internal organs
o Acts as a frameworks for muscle attachment
o Allows movement of limbs
o Produces new red and white blood cells
o Stores fat and minerals such as calcium and phosphorus
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KEY POINTS – A healthy diet, exercise, protective gear, and regular checkups
are ways to care for your skeletal system.
Know weight bearing exercises.
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KEY POINTS – Injuries and disorders can harm the skeletal system.
Know the causes of skeletal problems:
o Poor nutrition
o Infections
o Sports and other injuries
 Fractures
 Dislocation of joints
 Tears and inflammation of connective tissue
o Poor posture
o Repetitive motion injuries
o Degenerative disorders – scoliosis, osteoporosis
Discuss
o How does the skeletal system affect the other body systems?
o How can you avoid or prevent injury to your bones and joints?
o How could behaviors that you practice as a teen affect your skeletal
system later in life?
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7th Grade Health Outline
Council Rock School District
Developed 2009
Muscular System
7th Grade Health
(GLENCOE: Chapter 14)
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KEY POINTS – The muscular system allows for voluntary and involuntary
movements.
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KEY POINTS – Muscles consist of long, fibrous cells that can shorten and
stretch to make muscles move.
Understand the difference between involuntary and voluntary muscle movement.
Understand the structure and function of the muscular system.
o Three (3) types of muscles
 Smooth muscles – act on the lining of the body’s passageways
 Digestive tract, urinary bladder, blood vessels, etc.
 Skeletal muscles – attached to a bone and cause movement
 Flexors – closes a joint (biceps, etc.)
 Extensors – opens a joint (triceps, etc.)
 Cardiac muscle – striated muscle that forms the wall of the heart
Identify the location of major muscles:
o Pectoralis Major
o Deltoids
o Latissimus Dorsi
o Trapezius
o Biceps
o Triceps
o Abdominals
o Gluteus Maximus
o Quadriceps
o Hamstrings
o Gastrocnemius
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KEY POINTS – Eating a healthy diet and getting regular exercise will help you
care for your muscular system.
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KEY POINTS – Caring for your muscular system can help prevent health
problems and injuries.
Identify various muscular system problems:
o Bruises – areas of discolored skin after an injury
o Muscle strains or sprains – muscles are stretched or partially torn
o Tendinitis – inflammation of a tendon
o Hernia – an organ or tissue protrudes through an area of weak muscle
o Muscular dystrophy – an inherited disorder in which skeletal muscle
fibers are progressively destroyed
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7th Grade Health Outline
Council Rock School District
Developed 2009
Nervous System
7th Grade Health
(GLENCOE: Chapter 14)
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KEY POINTS – The nervous system coordinates all of the activities in the body.
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KEY POINTS – Neurons, or nerve cells, transmit messages to and from the
brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body.
Know the three (3) types of neurons:
o Sensory – carry impulses to the brain and spinal cord
o Motor – carry messages from the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the
body
o Interneurons – communicate with and connect other neurons
Understand the structure of a neuron
o Cell body – contains the nucleus
o Dendrites – branched structures that receive information and transmit
impulses
o Axons – transmit impulses away from the cell body
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KEY POINTS - Neurons, unlike other cells in the body, have limited ability to
repair damage or replace destroyed cells.
Understand the two (2) main divisions of the nervous system:
o Central Nervous System (CNS)
 Receives messages from the nerves, interprets them, and sends out
a response
 Consists of the brain and spinal cord
 Brain
o An adult human brain weighs about 3 pounds
o The brain has two halves or hemispheres
 The right side or hemisphere controls the
left side of the body
 Processes music and art and
comprehends spatial relationships
 The left side or hemisphere controls the
right side of the body
 Controls language, reasoning, and
critical thinking skills
o Made up of three (3) main sections:
 Cerebrum – largest, most complex part of
the brain
 Cerebellum – coordinates the movement of
the skeletal muscles
 Maintains the body’s posture and
balance
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7th Grade Health Outline
Council Rock School District
Developed 2009
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Brain Stem – 3 inch long stalk of nerve
cells and fibers that connect the spinal cord
to the brain. The medulla is part of the brain
stem.
o Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
 Made up of the nerves that are not in the brain and spinal cord
 Gathers information from inside and outside the body
 Made up of the autonomic nervous system and the somatic nervous
system:
 Autonomic Nervous System – controls involuntary
functions such as digestion and heart rate
o Has two (2) parts:
 Sympathetic Nervous System – controls
reflexes, fight or flight response
 Parasympathetic Nervous System – opposes
the action of the sympathetic nervous system
by slowing body systems
 Somatic Nervous System – involves voluntary responses
that are under your control
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KEY POINTS – Making healthful choices can protect your nervous system
from injury.
Identify ways to protect the nervous system from injury:
o Eat a well-balanced diet
o Exercise regularly
o Get enough sleep
o Wear protective devices
 Safety belt when in a motor vehicle
 Helmet while riding a bicycle or motorcycle
 Protective gear for contact sports
 Check the depth of the water before diving and never dive head
first into shallow water
 Avoid drugs and alcohol which can permanently damage nerve
cells
Understand problems of the nervous system:
o Headaches
o Head injuries
o Concussion
o Spinal Cord Injuries – movement and sensation damaged below injury
o Spinal injuries
o Meningitis – an inflammation of the spinal and cranial meninges caused
by bacterial or viral infection
o Degenerative diseases
 Multiple sclerosis (MS)
 Parkinson’s disease
 Alzheimer’s disease
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7th Grade Health Outline
Council Rock School District
Developed 2009
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o Injury or brain damage related diseases
 Epilepsy – characterized by seizures (sudden episodes of
uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain)
 Cerebral palsy
Discuss
o What happens during the flight or fight response?
o Why do you think people continue to use alcohol and other drugs when
they know those substances can permanently damage brain cells?
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7th Grade Health Outline
Council Rock School District
Developed 2009
Cardiovascular System
7th Grade Health
(GLENCOE: Chapter 15)
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KEY POINTS – The cardiovascular system provides nutrients and oxygen,
carries away waste, and helps fight disease.
Understand the purpose of the cardiovascular system.
o The heart pumps blood to your body’s cells 24 hours a day
o The cardiovascular system has many jobs:
 Carries oxygen from the lungs to the body cells
 Absorbs nutrients from food and delivers the nutrients to the
body’s cells
 Carries carbon dioxide (waste gas) from your cells back to the
lungs to be exhaled
 Delivers other waste products to the kidneys for removal from the
body
 Helps white blood cells fight disease by attacking infectious
organisms
KEY POINTS – The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood, and
blood vessels.
Understand the structure of the cardiovascular system:
o Heart – muscle that makes the cardiovascular system work
 Consists of 4 chambers:
 Atria – two top chambers
 Ventricles – two lower chambers
 Valves between the chambers allow blood to flow through the
chambers
o Blood – the fluid that delivers oxygen, hormones, and nutrients to the cells
and carries away wastes
 Blood is composed of:
 Plasma – 55% of blood is composed of this watery fluid
 Red blood cells – contain hemoglobin which carries
oxygen
 White blood cells – cells that protect the body against
infection
 Platelets – types of cells that cause blood clots to form
 Blood types – determined by the presence of antigens
 A, B, AB, O
 Type O is the universal donor
o Blood Vessels – a network of passageways that carry blood throughout the
body
 Three (3) types:
 Arteries - carry oxygenated blood AWAY from the heart
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7th Grade Health Outline
Council Rock School District
Developed 2009
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Veins - return blood TO the heart
Capillaries - very small vessels that connect arteries to
veins
o Pathway of blood through the circulatory system
 Blood in need of oxygen leaves the body tissues through VEINS
and enters the VENA CAVA
 Vena cava to RIGHT ATRIUM
 Through tricuspid valve to RIGHT VENTRICLE
 To pulmonary vein
 To the LUNGS for oxygen
 From lungs to pulmonary artery
 To LEFT ATRIUM
 Through bicuspid valve
 To LEFT VENTRICLE
 To AORTA
 To ARTERIES
 Oxygen-rich blood now enters the body tissues
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KEY POINTS – Healthy habits can help protect the health of the
cardiovascular and lymphatic systems.
Identify ways to protect the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems:
o Eat a well-balanced diet
o Maintain a healthy weight
o Exercise regularly
o Avoid secondhand smoke and using tobacco products
o Avoid illegal drug use
o Get regular medical checkups
Understand the importance of maintaining Blood Pressure:
o Blood Pressure – the measure of the amount of force that the blood places
on the walls of the blood vessels as it is pumped through the body
 Reading blood pressure includes two numbers:
 Systolic pressure (first number) – pressure at it’s highest
point
 Diastolic pressure (second number) – pressure at it’s
lowest point or at rest
 Healthy blood pressure – approximately 120/80
 High blood pressure – above 140/90
o High blood pressure places a strain on the heart and can cause
cardiovascular disease.
KEY POINTS – Healthy habits can help protect the health of the
cardiovascular and lymphatic systems.
Understand problems of the cardiovascular system:
o Congenital heart defects – present at birth
 Hole in the septum or wall of the heart
o Heart murmurs – abnormal sounds as blood flows through the heart
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7th Grade Health Outline
Council Rock School District
Developed 2009
o Varicose veins – valves in the veins do not close properly and blood
backflows
o Anemia – the ability of the blood to carry oxygen is reduced; usually
caused by iron deficiency
o Hemophilia – inherited disorder where the blood does not clot properly
o Leukemia – a form of cancer where an excessive amount of white blood
cells are produced
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7th Grade Health Outline
Council Rock School District
Developed 2009
Respiratory System
7th Grade Health
(GLENCOE: Chapter 15)
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KEY POINTS – The respiratory system provides oxygen to the blood and
removes carbon dioxide from the body.
Understand the function of the respiratory system:
o The main function is respiration
 Respiration is the exchange of gases between the body and the
environment
KEY POINTS – The respiratory system consists of the lungs, trachea, and
diaphragm.
Understand the structure of the respiratory system:
o Lungs – two (2) large structures that fill with air and are emptied in a
rhythmic way. This rhythm changes with the level of your activity.
 Trachea – windpipe that brings air into the lungs
 Bronchi – the trachea branches into the bronchi which are the
main airways that reach into each lung
 Bronchioles – a network of smaller tubes that are attached to
alveoli
 Alveoli – thin walled air sacs covered in capillaries. Oxygen and
carbon dioxide exchange takes place in the alveoli.
o Diaphragm – a muscle that separates the chest from the abdominal cavity.
This muscle is responsible for contracting and relaxing and pulling air into
the lungs.
o Nose and mouth – air enters and exits the body through the nose and
mouth.
 Cilia – tiny hairlike structures that line the membranes of the nose
 Mucus – thick, sticky substance that traps foreign particles like
dust, bacteria, and viruses and prevents them from moving deeper
into the respiratory system
o Pharynx – throat
o Larynx – voice box
o Epiglottis – flap of tissue located above the larynx. Closes off the
entrance to the larynx and trachea when you swallow
KEY POINTS – Caring for your lungs can prevent many respiratory disorders.
Identify ways to protect the respiratory system:
o Avoid secondhand smoke and all tobacco products!
o Limit your exposure to pollutants in the air
o Exercise regularly
o Wash your hands regularly to help prevent infection as bacteria and
viruses can be easily transmitted to the mouth and nose.
o Get regular medical checkups
7th Grade Health Outline
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Council Rock School District
Developed 2009
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KEY POINTS – Problems of the respiratory system can range from mild, such
as a cold, to serious and even life-threatening.
Understand problems of the respiratory system:
o Sinusitis – inflammation of the tissues that line the sinuses
o Bronchitis – inflammation of the bronchi
o Asthma – inflammation and narrowing of the trachea, bronchi, and
bronchioles causing difficulty breathing
o Pneumonia – inflammation of the lungs due to bacterial or viral infection
o Tuberculosis – a contagious bacterial infection that usually affects the
lungs
o Emphysema – a disease that progressively destroys the walls of the
alveoli
Discuss:
o What is the single most important thing you can do to protect your
respiratory system? (Avoid secondhand smoke and tobacco products.)
o Why do people smoke even though they know it is dangerous?
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7th Grade Health Outline
Council Rock School District
Developed 2009
Digestive System
7th Grade Health
(GLENCOE: Chapter 15)
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KEY POINTS – In digestion, foods are broken down and absorbed as
nourishment or eliminated as waste.
The digestive functions are divided into three (3) main processes.
o Digestion
 The mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods within the
stomach and intestines
o Absorption
 The passage of digested food from the digestive tract into the
cardiovascular system
o Elimination
 The body’s expulsion of undigested foods or body waste
KEY POINTS – The digestive system consists of the mouth, esophagus,
stomach, and intestines.
Understand that digestion includes a mechanical process and a chemical process:
o Mechanical process – involves chewing, mashing, and breaking food
down
o Chemical process – involves secretions produced by the digestive organs
Knows the structures of the digestive system:
o Teeth
 Break the food into smaller pieces
 Mastication is the process of chewing
o Salivary glands
 Produce digestive juices
 Saliva contains an enzyme that begins to break down the starches
and sugars in foods
o Tongue
 Prepares food for swallowing
 Uvula – small flap of tissue at the back of the mouth that
prevents food from entering the nasal passages
 Epiglottis – small flap of tissue at the back of the throat
that prevents food from entering the respiratory system
o Esophagus
 10 inch long muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach
 Food moves along the tube by a series of involuntary contractions.
This process is called peristalsis.
o Stomach
 Hollow, sac-like organ enclosed in a wall of muscles
 The stomach has three (3) purposes:
 Mixes food with gastric juices
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7th Grade Health Outline
Council Rock School District
Developed 2009
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Stores partially digested food and liquid
Moves food into the small intestine
o Pancreas
 Adds juices to the small intestine that break down carbohydrates,
fats, and proteins in food
o Liver
 Produces bile, a yellow-green, bitter fluid important in the
breakdown and absorption of fats
o Gallbladder
 Stores bile
o Small Intestine
 20-23 feet long and 1 inch in diameter
 About 90% of all nutrients are absorbed through the small intestine
 Inner wall contains small, fingerlike projections called villi
 Villi are lined with capillaries that absorb nutrients into the
bloodstream
o Large Intestine
 Also called the colon
 Undigested parts of the food – fiber, or roughage – pass into the
colon, or large intestine
 5-6 feet long and about 2.5 inches in diameter
 Functions of large intestine:
 Absorb water
 Absorb vitamins and salts
 Eliminate waste
o Rectum
 8 inch long end portion of the large intestine
o Anus
 External opening of the rectum controlled by sphincter muscles
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KEY POINTS – Digestive problems range from indigestion to acute conditions
that require immediate medical attention.
Understand problems of the digestive system:
o Functional problems:
 Indigestion – feeling of discomfort in the upper abdomen
 Constipation – difficult bowel movements
 Heartburn – burning sensation in the center of the chest
 Gas – produced from the breakdown of food; excessive gas can
cause discomfort
 Nausea – feeling of discomfort that can produce vomiting
 Diarrhea – frequent passage of watery feces
 Hepatitis – inflammation of the liver
o Structural problems:
 Tooth decay
 Gastritis – inflammation of the lining of the stomach
 Peptic ulcer – a sore in the lining of the digestive tract
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7th Grade Health Outline
Council Rock School District
Developed 2009
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Gallstones – form when cholesterol in bile crystallizes
Lactose intolerance – inability to digest lactose, a type of sugar
found in milk and dairy products
Appendicitis – inflammation of the appendix
Colitis – inflammation of the large intestine, or colon
Colon cancer
Hemmorrhoids - veins in the rectum or anus that become
inflamed
Crohn’s disease – inflammation of the lining of the digestive
system
Cirrhosis – scarring of the liver tissue caused by prolonged heavy
alcohol use
Discuss:
o Describe a time when the food you ate affected the way you felt afterward.
o Describe how your energy level was affected.
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7th Grade Health Outline
Council Rock School District
Developed 2009
Urinary System
7th Grade Health
(GLENCOE: Chapter 15)
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KEY POINTS – The excretory system uses several organs to remove all types of
wastes from the body.
Know the purpose, structures, and functions of the urinary system:
o Urinary system – filters waste and extra fluid from the blood in the form
of urine
 Composed of three (3) parts:
 Kidneys
o Two (2) bean-shaped organs about the size of a fist
o Contain nephrons which are tiny filtering units
o Monitor and maintain the body’s acid-base and
water balances by adjusting the amount of salts,
water, and other materials excreted according to the
body’s needs
 Ureters
o Two (2) tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to
the bladder
o Each is about 8-10 inches long
 Bladder
o Hollow, muscular organ located in the pelvic cavity
o Stores urine
 Urethra
o Tube that leads from the bladder to the outside of
the body
KEY POINTS – Healthful behaviors will help keep your urinary system
healthy.
Understand ways to keep your urinary system healthy:
 Drink at least eight 8-ounce glasses of water each day
 Limit your intake of caffeine and soft drinks which can increase
the amount of water lost through urination
 Follow a well-balanced eating plan
 Practice good hygiene to prevent harmful bacteria from causing
infection
 Get regular medical check-ups
 Report changes in bowel habits and in the frequency, color, or odor
of urine
 Immediately report blood in the urine
KEY POINTS – Urinary system problems commonly result from infection or
blockage.
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7th Grade Health Outline
Council Rock School District
Developed 2009
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Understand excretory system problems:
o Cystitis – inflammation of the bladder
o Urethritis – inflammation of the urethra
o Kidney problems
 Nephritis – inflammation of the nephrons
 Kidney stones – form when salts in the urine crystallize into solid
stones
 Uremia – a serious condition when the kidneys do not filter the
blood properly
o Kidney failure
Discuss:
o Why is it better to drink water rather than soft drinks when you are
dehydrated?
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7th Grade Health Outline
Council Rock School District
Developed 2009
Endocrine System
7th Grade Health
(GLENCOE: Chapter 16)
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KEY POINTS – The endocrine system includes various organs that work
together to regulate body functions.
Understand that endocrine glands are ductless or tubeless organs or groups of
cells that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.
o Hormones – chemical substances that help regulate many bodily
functions.
Knows major glands of the endocrine system:
o Pituitary Gland (Master Gland)
o Adrenal Glands
 Help the body deal with stress and respond to emergencies
 Maintains body’s water balance
 Maintain body’s sodium balance
 Secretes epinephrine (adrenaline) – increases heartbeat,
respiration, raises blood pressure, suppresses the digestive
system during periods of high emotion
 Secretes norepinephrine
KEY POINTS – To keep your endocrine working at it’s peak, you need to follow
sound health practices.
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7th Grade Health Outline
Council Rock School District
Developed 2009
Male Reproductive System
7th Grade Health
(GLENCOE: Chapter 16)
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KEY POINTS – The male reproductive system includes both external and
internal organs that, with the help of hormones, allow physically mature males
to produce children.
Understand the two main functions of the male reproductive system:
o Produce and store sperm
o Transfer sperm to the female’s body during sexual intercourse
Know that sperm is the male reproductive cell.
Know that testosterone is the hormone responsible for the following physical
changes during puberty:
o Broadening of the shoulders
o Development of muscles
o Development of facial and body hair
o Deepening of the voice
o Production of sperm
Understand that there are internal and external male reproductive organs:
o External Organs
 Testes - two glands that secrete testosterone and produce sperm
 Epididymis – coiled tube on each testicle where sperm are stored
 Scrotum – sac around the testes that regulates temperature of the
sperm
 Penis – male organ of intercourse
 Foreskin – skin covering the tip of the penis at birth
o Circumcision – surgical removal of the foreskin
o Internal Organs
 Vas deferens – tubes from the epididymis to the urethra
 Urethra – passageway for both semen and urine to leave the body
 Seminal vesicles – produces a fluid to nourish sperm
 Prostate gland – produces a neutralizing fluid to protect the sperm
 Cowper’s gland – produces fluid to aid sperm
Understand the following terms:
o Erection – blood fills the spongy tissue inside the penis causing it to
become hard and erect
o Semen – thick fluid composed of sperm, fluid from the seminal vesicles,
fluid from the prostate gland, and fluid from the Cowper’s glands
o Ejaculation – the release of semen from the penis
o Fertilization – joining of the sperm (male) and the egg (female) during
sexual intercourse
24
7th Grade Health Outline
Council Rock School District
Developed 2009
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KEY POINTS – Male reproductive health involves care and monitoring
throughout a male’s lifetime.
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Care of the male reproductive system:
o Bathe regularly
o Wear protective equipment
o Practice abstinence to avoid contracting STDs
o Perform regular self-examinations
 TSE (explain)
o Get regular checkups
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KEY POINTS – The organs of the male reproductive system can be affected by
both functional and structural problems.
Understand several problems of the male reproductive system:
o Inguinal hernia – part of the intestine pushes through a tear in the
abdominal wall
o Sterility – inability to reproduce due to too few sperm or poor quality
sperm
o Testicular cancer – cancer of the testicle. With early detection, most
testicular cancer is treatable.
o Prostate problems and prostate cancer – enlarged prostate due to
infection, tumor or age or cancer of the prostate. Early detection of
prostate cancer increases survival rate.
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25
7th Grade Health Outline
Council Rock School District
Developed 2009
Female Reproductive System
7th Grade Health
(GLENCOE: Chapter 16)
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KEY POINTS – The organs of the female reproductive system enable
pregnancy to occur with the first monthly ovulation.
Understand the functions of the female reproductive system:
o Produce female sex hormones
 Estrogen
 Progesterone
o Produce egg cells (ova)
o Store egg cells (ova)
Know the organs of the female reproductive system:
o Ovaries
o Fallopian Tubes
o Uterus
 Cervix
o Vagina
Understand the following terms:
o Ovulation
o Menstruation – the shedding of the uterine lining
KEY POINTS – Good hygiene, breast self-exams, and abstinence form sexual
activity help female reproductive system health.
Care of the female reproductive system:
o Bathe regularly
o Have regular medical exams
 Pap smear
 Mammogram
 Report any pain, discharge, or other signs of infection to your
health care provider as soon as possible.
o Practice abstinence to avoid contracting STDs
o Perform regular self-examinations
 BSE (explain)
KEY POINTS – Several disorders can affect the female reproductive system,
and some can lead to infertility.
Understand the menstrual cycle
o After puberty, the uterus prepares each month for a possible pregnancy
o If pregnancy doesn’t occur, the lining of the uterus, called the
endometrium, breaks down into blood, tissue, and fluids
o Menstruation is the shedding of the uterine lining that occurs each month
Understand ovulation
26
7th Grade Health Outline
Council Rock School District
Developed 2009
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o When the female egg is released from the ovary and enters the fallopian
tube
Understand several problems of the female reproductive system:
o Menstrual cramps
o Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) - disorder caused by hormonal changes
 Symptoms include – anxiety, irritability, bloating, weight gain,
depression, mood swings, and fatigue
o Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS) – rare but serious bacterial infection that
affects the immune system and the liver. To reduce the risk of TSS, use
low absorbency tampons and change them often.
o Endometriosis – uterine tissue grows outside the uterus
o STDs - diseases that are spread during sexual contact. Gonorrhea and
chlamydia are associated with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and may
cause infertility.
o Vaginitis – inflammation of the tissue in the vagina that may result in
pain, itching, burning, odor, or discharge
o Ovarian cysts – fluid-filled sacs on the ovaries
o Cervical cancer – early sexual activity and STDs such as human
pappillomavirus (HPV) increase the risk of cancer of the cervix
 HPV vaccine
o Uterine and ovarian cancers
27
7th Grade Health Outline
Council Rock School District
Developed 2009
Nutrition and Fitness
7th Grade Health
(GLENCOE: Chapters 10 and 12)
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KEY POINTS – The food you eat affects your health and quality of life.
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KEY POINTS – There are 6 nutrients that have the important job of keeping
you healthy.
Know the 6 nutrients and their jobs:
o Carbohydrates
 Energy
 Types of carbohydrates:
 Simple
 Complex
 Fiber
o Proteins
 Building blocks of muscle and body tissue
o Fats
 Warmth
 Cushion
 Energy
 Types of fats:
 Unsaturated
 Saturated
 Trans fat
o Vitamins
 Tissue repair and growth
o Minerals
 Tissue repair and growth
o Water
 Controls body temperature
 Carries nutrients and waste products to and from cells
Understand the food guide pyramid
Understand the 5 components of fitness:
o Cardiorespiratory endurance
o Muscular strength
o Muscular endurance
o Flexibility
o Body composition
Understand aerobic and anaerobic exercise.
o Aerobic exercise – use of large muscle groups for an extended period of
time (Uses oxygen)
o Anaerobic exercise – intense short bursts of energy in which the muscles
work so hard that they produce energy without using oxygen
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28
7th Grade Health Outline
Council Rock School District
Developed 2009