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Weather: Chapter 3 NOTES NAME: ____________________ Section 3.1 A. Types of air masses air mass:_______________________________________________________________________________ classified according to ___________________________________________________________________ during the time the air mass is over an area, __________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ Classified according to two characteristics: _______________________and _______________________. The maritime tropical, continental tropical, maritime polar and continental polar influence the weather in North America 1. Maritime tropical • humid air mass (m) Originates over the ___________________ • Form over the _____________________ and _____________ Ocean and move into the southeastern U.S. • Form over the Pacific and affect the ___________________ • In summer they bring ________,___________ weather and in winter ___________________________ • Originates in _______________ air warm air mass (T) (Tropical) 2. Maritime Polar _________________________ form over the icy cold North Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans • Affect west coast bringing fog, rain, and cool temperatures 3. Continental tropical dry air mass (c) Originates over the ______________________ 4. Continental Polar cool air mass (P) Originates in________________ air Form over central and northern Canada and Alaska In winter continental polar masses bring ___________________________ air to much of North America ___________________ occur with the CP ______________ with the MT Which one affects us? ____________________________________________________ moves northward across eastern US brings ________________ winters and_____ humid summers with hurricanes and thunderstorms B. How air masses move • In the United States, air masses are moved by: • prevailing _________________________-pushes air masses west to east • jet stream-bands of _____________________________ 10km above earth’s surface that carry air masses C. fronts: ____________________________________________________________________ Types of fronts: 1. Warm front 1 o (symbol) When a warm humid air mass moves over a cold one showers or light snow will form 2. Cold front Since warm air holds more moisture than cool air, once the air reaches the ____________ heavy rain or snow will form. brings strong storms (_______________) with clear, cooler days once it passes (symbol) 3. Occluded front Two cold masses_______________________ a warm mass o Warm air rises between them brings __________________________ and ________________ o (symbol) 4. Stationary front does ________________________ These can bring many days of clouds and _________________________ until it moves. (symbol) D. Cyclones and Anticyclones • Occur when boundaries between fronts get distorted by physical features or jet streams and air begins to swirl. • Cyclone- (L) ____________________________________________________________ • These play a large part of the weather in the United States and winds spin ____________________ • Cyclones and decreased air pressure are associated with clouds, wind, and precipitation • Anticlone- ______________________________________, winds __________________, these cause dry, clear weather Section 3.2 Storms Storm- A ___________________________ in the atmosphere A. thunderstorms: ____________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ always accompanied by ____________________, __________________, and usually __________________ 2 1. How they form • formed from cumulonimbus clouds known as_______________________________ • Form on hot humid afternoons or when _____________________________________ along a cold front. • Warm, humid air rises ____________________, the ___________________ forming dense thunderheads All thunderstorms produce ________________________! lightning:______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ -temperature inside lightning flash can reach _____________________________ -at this temperature, ___________________________________________- sudden expansion makes ______________________! 2. Thunderstorm damage • Lightning can cause_____________, __________________ tree trunks • Shock people, cause burns, and heart failure • __________________________________ 3. Thunderstorm safety • Remain indoors away from phones, electrical appliances, and plumbing fixtures which can conduct electricity. • Avoid ____________________________________________________________. • If you are stuck outside find a _______________ away from trees, poles, and fences and crouch down B. tornado: __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ strongest winds between ____________________________________________ funnel less than _____________________ across always travel with a ______________________________ at speeds ranging from ____________________________________ funnel is a mixture of __________________ and __________________________ __________________________________- 800 tornadoes occur in the US each year Tornadoes can occur everywhere in the country but are most likely to occur in tornado alley waterspout:____________________________________________________________ tornados usually occur during _________________ and ___________________ and most likely occur in ____________________________ • Tornadoes are ranked on the ________________ by the amount of the danger they cause. • The scale goes from _______________________ 3 C. Hurricanes 1. Tropical depression: ______________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. Tropical storm: ____________________________________________________________________ ______ ___________________________________________________________________________ 3. Hurricane: _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 4. How Hurricanes Form • Form in the _______________, ______________________, and Indian Ocean. • Forms in the Atlantic north of the equator in August, September, or October • • It begins over warm ocean water as a _____________________ area, or a ________________ disturbance It draws energy for the warm, humid air at the ocean’s surface • Winds _______________________________ toward the area of lowest pressure at the __________. • The lower the air pressure at the center of a storm the faster the winds blow toward the center • Winds are ____________________ in a _______________________ around the center of the storm. • At the center is a ring of clouds called the ______________________. • Inside the eyewall is the “_____________” which is characterized by calm air and possible clear skies • After the eye passes the storm resumes in the _________________________ 5. How Hurricanes Move • Hurricanes that form in the Atlantic are steered by ______________________________ toward the Caribbean islands and the south eastern United States • Once overland they gradually ________________________________. 6. Hurricane damage __________________: currents formed when hurricanes pile water up along the shore and blow it inland most damaging part of a hurricane because it can wash away _____________, destroy ________________ and ___________________coastlines Section 3.3 Predicting the Weather • _______________________________- scientists who study the causes of weather and try to predict it • Meteorologists interpret weather information from: • Satellites-__________________________ in the____________________ and take images of earth’s surface, clouds, storms, and snow cover. A. Weather Forecasting Meteorologists interpret weather information from: 1. 2. Weather balloons- stay in the troposphere and lower stratosphere. They measure _____________________________________________________________________ 4 3. _______________________ forecasts- instruments gather large amounts of data 4. Weather ______________________ around the world radar:_________________________________________________________________ data is collected and put into a central computer at the __________________________ data includes:______________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ makes a ________________________(a copy of the atmosphere in a computer) maps are made and forecasts are reported to local stations across the country weather forecasts are issued by the Weather Service at _________________________ forecasts are updated more often ___________________________________________ severe weather watch:___________________________________________________ severe weather warning:_________________________________________________ B. Reading weather maps Isobar: _______________________________________________________________ Isotherm: ______________________________________________________________ 5 6