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HISTORICAL METHOD AND THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST Use the questions in the text and on the question sheets to check your basic comprehension. Be able to: Analyze the importance of location and resources in the development of cultures. Discuss issues of evidence and interpretation in studying ancient history and prehistory. What do people argue about? Why does it matter? Describe and evaluate different theories about the development of cities and farming. Identify and evaluate the thesis and evidence of supplemental articles. Identify common features as well as the distinctive characteristics and unique development of each culture we have studied. Apply and analyze key concepts such as cultural diffusion, technological developments, values and attitudes, etc, to a variety of cultures. Locate significant places on maps. Place events in chronological order. In order to understand the development of these cultures and our discussions of important questions, you should know the following key terms. Be sure to focus on understanding—don’t just memorize disconnected words. If you need more discussion to understand the meaning and importance of terms, don’t hesitate to ask in class. As you read, making note cards is often a good way to keep track of key vocabulary. Terms to Know History/Prehistory Oral traditions Artifacts Fossils Invidious language Point of view/Bias Primary/secondary source Data/Evidence Disinterested scholarship Symbolization Authoritarian Conservative Cultural diffusion Agriculture Culture/Civilization Fact/Value Theory Thesis Hunter gatherer Pastoral nomad Neanderthal Cro-Magnon Aborigine Adaptation/Change City Economic surplus Specialization Public Works Political Organization Trade and empires Social class/Hierarchy Writing Laws and Literature Dead Sea Scrolls Nubia Fertile Crescent Jarmo New Obsidian Jane Jacobs/Her Theory John Pfeiffer/His Theory Carl Sagan/ “Cosmic Calendar” Paleolithic Neolithic Ice Age Barter Artisan Catal Huyuk Technology Bronze Age Tigris Euphrates Nile Archaeology Sumer Mesopotamia Cuneiform City State Polytheism/Monotheism Code of Hammurabi Negative Confession Ziggurat Upper/Lower Egypt Akkad Sargon the Great Gilgamesh Hammurabi Babylon/New Babylon Henry Rawlinson/Behistun rock Delta Menes Old /Middle/New Kingdoms Dynasty Pharaoh Bureaucracy Pyramid Khufu Hyksos Tribute Thutmose II Hatshepsut Thutmose III Akhenaton Rameses II Hittites Hieroglyphics Rosetta Stone/Champollion Scribes Peasants Tutankhamen Aryans Lydians/Croesus Phoenicians Hebrews Exodus Abraham Moses Philistines Canaan Kings David/Soloman Assyrians Tiglath-Pileser Assurbanipal Ninevah Chaldeans Persians Cyrus Darius Xerxes Aramaic Royal Road Zoroaster Ahura Mazda Zend-Avesta
