Download 4. World War II to 1959 review

World War II, Cold War and 1950's Review
STUDENT SUMMARY OF WORLD WAR II
1. Causes of the War:
 Problems unresolved after World War I, new treaties created
political and economic problems—Treaty of Versailles
 Forceful leaders took advantage and seized power causing
government instability. Examples are:
Hitler—Germany
Italy—Mussolini
Japan—General Tojo
USSR----Stalin
 Economic problems—German inflation and lack of
resources. Italy and Japan also lacked many resources
2. Steps taken moving the World toward War
 Neutrality act of 1935 & 1936—prevented Americans from
sending arms to nations at war.
 Neutrality Act of 1937—permitted trade with belligerent nations
only on a “cash and carry” basis. Munitions were embargoed.
This policy became known as the Cash & Carry Policy.
 Neutrality Act of 1939: this act provided that European
democracies might buy US war materials, but again on “cash &
carry” bas is.
3. War In Europe
 The Axis Powers in 1936 were Japan, Germany and Italy.
 The Munich Conference: was a meeting held between Germany,
France and Great Britain. At this conference, Hitler was given
part of Czechoslovakia in appeasement in return that he would
promise not to take any other lands in the future.
 Policy of Appeasement—when Great Britain and France
gave into Hitler’s demands to take Czech to avoid any
future conflicts.
 The Non-Aggression Pact: was between Russia (Stalin) and
Germany (Hitler). They agreed not to fight each other and to
invade Poland and split the land.
 Germany invades Poland—World War II begins!
1. September 1, 1939---Germany & USSR invade Poland.
2. September 3, 1939—Great Britain and France declare war
On Germany (WWII starts).
 “Phony War” –lull in fighting after war is declared.
 The Battle of Britain—after the fall of France in 1940,
Britain stood alone against Germany. During the summer
and fall of 1940, intense bombing of British cities took place.
4. America moves from isolationism to war
A. Neutrality Acts 1935-1939 attempted to keep the USA out
of the war.
B. The Selective Training & Service Act –Summer of 1940
men ages 21-35 had to register—later the age was raised from 18
to 45. In one year over 1.2 million men were drafted.
C. Lend-Lease Act—the United States decided to give weapons &
materials to Great Britain and later USSR and let them pay later.
If your neighbor's house is on fire put it out. FDR quote (March 1941).
D. Japan bombs Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on December 7, 1941.
Almost 20 warships and 200 planes were destroyed. 2,400
Americans were killed including 1,103 sailors entombed on the
USS Arizona. During a fireside chat, FDR said, “this is a day
that will live in infamy.”
Examine the impact of the media.
 Mobilization for the USA
1. War ended the Great Depression. Unemployment decreased
from 2.5 million to less than 700,000. People were earning
a paycheck.
2. There were large population shifts—people moved to find
work in factories.
3. Major Organizations in the War economy:
A. The War Production Board and Office of War
Mobilization supervised the conversion of factories to
war-time production. The War Production Board was
created to manage war industries. The Office of War
Mobilization set production priorities and managed raw
materials.
B. The National War Labor Board was created to arbitrate
disputes and stabilize wage rates. The War Labor
Disputes Act gave the president the power to take over
any was plant that threatened the USA by a strike.
4. The government controlled inflation by selling war bonds,
rationing, and wages and price controls. Victory Gardens
were planted to help supply goods for the war effort.
 The Homefront was changed.
1. Window banners—blue stars represented a family member in
the service
2. Rosie the Riveter—was a symbol of patriotic women defense
workers. This encouraged women to do their part in the war
effort.
3. African-Americans planned a march on Washington, DC in
1941 because they wanted to protest discrimination against their
race. They fought in segregated units and were usually restricted
to menial work such as cooks, etc. The Double V Campaign
was the African-American Campaign for victory in Europe and
victory over racism in America.
4. Zoot-Suit Riots—Several US Sailors attacked Mexican
Americans in Los Angeles. The Mexicans-Americans were named
for a clothing fad—Zoot Suits.
5. Japanese Americans living on the west coast were forced to move
to relocation camps established in the mid-section of the United
States. These locations were called interment camps. Over
110,000 Japanese Americans were placed in interment camps.
5. THE UNITED STATES IN COMBAT
Island Hopping Campaigns
A. Island Hopping Campaign—the USA would try to attack and
seize strategic islands in the Pacific Ocean.
B. The Philippines—MacArthur led the invasion to recapture the
Philippines. The Battle of Leyte Gulf was the last, largest and
most destructive naval battle. It was a disaster for Japan.
C. The Battle of Okinawa was the bloodiest battle in the Pacific. The
USA lost 49,000 soldiers. Kamikazes were used against the USA.
D. Battle of the Coral Sea—Japanese forces were spread in the
Pacific Ocean while American forces fought to stop them.
Northwest of Australia, the 2 forces were drawn into conflict.
This was the first naval battle carried out entirely by air.
E. Battle of Midway--- June 4, 1942 Japan v. USA . This battle
was also fought entirely by air. The Japanese were loading their
bombs and the USA attacked. The USA demolished 3 of 4
Japanese carriers causing the bombs on deck to explode. The 4th
carrier was destroyed trying to escape. The sinking of the carriers
plus the loss of 250 planes was a devastating blow to the Japanese.
F. Bataan Death March-over 11,000 USA soldiers were captured by
the Japanese in mid 1942. They were taken prisoner and placed in
camps without adequate food or medicine and over 10,000 men
died.
G. Battle of Guadacanal—August 1942—over 11,000 marines
landed on this island and some 2200 Japanese fled to the jungle.
By February 1943, Japanese forces fled the island.
H. Battle of Iwo Jima--- November 1944—American troops began
to pound Iwo Jima from the air. Over 11,000 American troops
were involved in this battle against 25,000 Japanese soldiers
defending the island. 216 Japanese were taken prisoner. US had
approximately 25,000 causalities from this battle.
I. Battle of Okinawa---June 1945— American and British forces
attacked Japanese forces who had vowed to fight until death. After
3 months of fighting, 7200 Japanese surrendered and the American
forces had over 50,000 causalities.
J. FDR organized the Manhatten Project to develop the bomb.
J. Robert Oppenheimer headed the project of building the
A-bomb. The Manhattan Project—this secret project was created
to develop the A-bomb. The bomb was dropped on August 6 & 9,
1945; against Japan.
VII. Politics & Leadership
A. WARTIME CONFERENCES
1. Casablanca Conference was held in January 1943. The Big
agreed to invade Italy and demand an unconditional
surrender.
2. Tehran Conference Big 3 meet in November 1943 and
Decided to liberate France in 1944 (D-Day) and join forces
to fight Japan.
'
3. Yalta Conference—the Big Three (FDR, Churchill and
Stalin) met to decide plans for post war peace. They decide to
divide Germany among the Allies when the war was over.
They made plans for the creation of the United Nations after
World War II. (Feb. 1945)
4. Potsdamn Conference—July 1945—only Stalin left of the
Big 3—FDR died and Harry Truman took over and Clement
Attlee was new Prime Minister in Great Britain. The
members agreed to: (1) only accept an unconditional surrender
of Japan, and (2) hold war-crime trails for members of the
Nazi party.
B. Presidential Election of 1944—FDR wins his 4th term as United
States President. He selected Harry Truman to be his VP.
On April 12, 1945—FDR died and Harry S. Truman
became the President of the United States after only serving as the
VP for less than 3 months. Truman was the President, the one,
who had to make the decision to drop the atomic bomb on
Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan.
Truman decides to drop the atomic bomb on Japan.
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1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
___________________________________________________________________
Potsdam
Taft-Hartley Act
NATO
passed
established
Truman Doctrine
Communists
North Korea
proposed
gain control
invades
of China
South Korea
Rosenbergs
executed
Conference
Nuremberg
Trials begin
Racial discrimination banned in
NSC and CIA
military and in federal hiring
UN charter
drafted
Korea divided
established
Marshall Plan passed
Berlin Airlift begins
into two zones
Dixiecrats formed
The Cold War
The Cold War: 1945-1991
“Cold War”- rivalry b/t the US and Soviet Union in politics, economics, and technology
Iron curtain- stated by Winston Churchill; said an “iron curtain has descended across eastern Europe” that
divides communist Europe from non-communist Europe
Soviet satellites- countries that were communist and looked to the USSR for leadership
United Nations/Security Council- world wide peace keeping organization formed at the end of WWII; it
replaced the League of Nations; the Sec. Council was made up of the US, USSR, China, France,
and Great Britain and other countries that rotated membership on the council
Containment Policy- George Kennan- belief that the US should and would fight to stop the spread of
Communism; this guided our actions from 1945 until 1991
Aid to Greece and Turkey- US gave these countries $400 million to stop the spread of communism
Marshall Plan- US gave western Europe $13 billion to stop the spread of communism
NATO- North Atlantic Treaty Organization; united non-communist countries with the US as its
leader b/c we were the only one with the a-bomb; an alliance of non-communist countries
Truman Doctrine- an informal declaration of war when Truman said we would help anyone who was
resisting communist aggression
Berlin blockade/airlift- The USSR blocked all traffic in and out of West Berlin in an effort to persuade the
US to leave East Germany; the US responded with an airlift of 2,500 tons of supplies daily; the
USSR finally withdrew their blockade
Warsaw Pact- Soviet version of NATO; an alliance of communist countries with the USSR as its leader
h-bomb- 800 to 1,000 times more powerful than the a-bomb; the US made this after the USSR got the
a-bomb
Civil War in China- Mao Zedong was the communist leader that led the peasants to revolt; Chiang Kai
Shek was the Nationalist leader who was not communist; Shek lost and he and his followers were
forced to move to Taiwan
Korean Conflict: June 1950, Pusan, Inchon, Gen. Douglas MacArthur, 38 th parallel, Yalu River, Chinese
involvement, Truman fires MacArthur, Ike ends the war with massive retaliation
Inflation- when demand exceeds supply; occurred after WWII b/c people had $ to spend but goods had not
been made during the war and so prices went up drastically
Fair Deal- Truman’s domestic program; his plan proposed to increase minimum wage, extend Social
Security, and begin public housing
GI Bill of Rights- gave returning WWII vets $ for college and homes
Impact of television- I Love Lucy, Mickey Mouse Club… contributed to the conformity of the 50s
Migration to suburbs- the auto allowed people to move out of the city; was seen as a “step up” in society
to move to the new houses in the suburbs
Interstate Highway Act- 1956; Ike’s greatest domestic achievement; tens of thousands of miles of roads
were built which impacted transportation of goods and people etc.
Baby Boom- when vets came home they settled down and started families; people could now afford to
have children; boom was from 1945-
1960
Taft Hartley Act- limited the power of labor unions; required a cooling off period before striking; allowed
the pres. the power to intervene and end a strike
Joseph McCarthy and McCarthyism- “second red scare”; people were concerned about communists in
our govt; Senator McCarthy led the hysteria and was later censured
The Rosenbergs- couple executed for selling atomic secrets to the Soviets; showed how scared we were
of communist taking over
Dixiecrats and Strom Thurmond- southern political party that believed in states’ rights and denying rights
to Af-Am; led by South Carolinian Strom Thurmond
Brinkmanship- threatening an all-out war in an attempt to confront communist aggression
Eisenhower Doctrine- Ike promised to help all countries in the Middle East that wanted our help in
stopping the spread of communism
Castro comes to power- Castro leads a revolution to overthrow Batista but then becomes communist;
1959
U-2 spy plane incident (1960)- Ike is president; the USSR shot down our spy plane and captured the pilot,
Gary Powers; it made our relationship with the USSR
worse
Sputnik- 1957; the USSR launched the first successful artificial earth satellite; it scared us to death!
Eisenhower funds- the govt started to pump more $ into education to help us catch up with the Soviets in
technology
NASA- space program established to help us win the space race
Automation- making things by machine; reduces the number of workers but increases productivity
“rock and roll”- new music of the 50s
Cold d War Chart Analysis
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
Soviet Union pressures Turkey for military bases
Soviet Union announces there will be no Eastern
Europe
Winston Churchill makes the “Iron Curtain speech
Great Britain pulls out of Greece
Great Britain pulls out of Turkey
Truman Doctrine issued
Marshall Plan helps Europe
Soviet Union takes over Czechoslovakia
Congress Approves Marshall Plan
United States, France & Great Britain
combine their sectors in Germany
Berlin Blockade & Airlift occur
Berlin Airlift brings blockade to an end
Federal Republic of Germany is formed
(West Germany)
Senate ratifies North Atlantic Treaty Organization
USSR explodes its first atomic bomb
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
____________________________________________________________________________________
Armistice
Signed in
Korea
Montgomery
Bus Boycott
ArmyMcCarthy
hearings
held
Supreme
Court
issues
ruling in
Brown vs.
Board of
Education
Suez Crisis
occurs
Interstate
Highway Act
passed
Explorer I
launched
Eisenhower
Doctrine
issued
U-2 Plane
Incident
Castro
comes to
power
Sputnik
launched
Federal
troops
ordered to
Little Rock
Key Terms for post World War II trough 1950's
“Cold War”- rivalry b/t the US and Soviet Union in politics, economics, and
technology
Iron curtain- stated by Winston Churchill; said an “iron curtain has descended
across eastern Europe” that divides communist Europe from non-communist
Europe
Soviet satellites- countries that were communist and looked to the USSR for
leadership
United Nations/Security Council- world-wide peace keeping organization formed
at the end of World War II; it replaced the League of Nations; the Sec. Council was
made up of the US, USSR, China, France, and
Great Britain and other
countries that rotated membership on the council
Containment Policy- George Kennan- belief that the US should and would fight to
stop the spread of Communism; this guided our actions from 1945 until 1991
Truman Doctrine- an informal declaration of war when Truman said we would
help anyone who was resisting communist aggression
h-bomb- 800 to 1,000 times more powerful than the a-bomb; the US made this
after the USSR got the a-bomb
Korean Conflict: June 1950, Pusan, Inchon, Gen. Douglas MacArthur, 38th parallel,
Yalu River, Chinese involvement, Truman fires MacArthur, Ike ends the war with
massive retaliation
Inflation- when demand exceeds supply; occurred after WWII b/c people had $ to
spend but goods had not been made during the war and so prices went up
drastically
Fair Deal- Truman’s domestic program; his plan proposed to increase minimum
wage, extend Social Security, and begin public housing
Taft Hartley Act- limited the power of labor unions; required a cooling off period
before striking; allowed the president the power to intervene and end a strike
Joseph McCarthy and McCarthyism- “second red scare”; people were concerned
about communists in our government; Senator McCarthy led the hysteria and was
later censured
The Rosenbergs- couple executed for selling atomic secrets to the Soviets;
showed how scared we were of communist taking over; they were executed
Alger Hiss- a government worker who was accused of stealing government
documents
Dixiecrats and Strom Thurmond- southern political party that believed in states’
rights and denying rights to African Americans led by South Carolinian Strom
Thurmond
Brinkmanship- threatening an all-out war in an attempt to confront communist
aggression
Eisenhower Doctrine- Ike promised to help all countries in the Middle East that
wanted our help in stopping the spread of communism
Castro comes to power- Castro leads a revolution to overthrow Batista but then
becomes communist; 1959
U-2 spy plane incident (1960)- Ike is president; the USSR shot down our spy plane
and captured the pilot,
Gary Powers; it made our relationship with the USSR worse
Sputnik- 1957; the USSR launched the first successful artificial earth satellite; it
scared us to death!
Eisenhower funds- the government started to pump more $ into education to
help us catch up with the Soviets in technology
NASA- space program established to help us win the space race
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)- was created in 1947 by Congress as an
intelligence-gathering organization to protect American interest in other
countries.
Civil Defense Administration- was a government organization that taught
Americans how to survive a nuclear attack.
Second Red Scare-This was a fear that communist both inside and outside the
United States were working to destroy the American way of life and the United
States government.
The Smith Act-this legislation was used by Harry Truman to cripple the
Communist party within the United States. This act made it unlawful to teach or
advocate a violent overthrow of the United States government.
The House on Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)- was an organization
created by the US House of Representatives to investigate possible subversive
activities by fascists, Nazis and communists.
Blacklist- a do not hire list that actors, artists, etc. were placed on if they were
believed to have association with the Communist Party
Automation- making things by machine; reduces the number of workers but
increases productivity
GI Bill of Rights- gave returning WWII vets $ for college and homes..... new home
building sprang up under the FHA
Baby Boom- when vets came home they settled down and started families;
people could now afford to have children; boom was from 1945-1960
Impact of television- I Love Lucy, Mickey Mouse Club… contributed to the
conformity of the 1950s
Migration to suburbs- the auto allowed people to move out of the city; was seen
as a “step up” in society to move to the new houses in the suburbs
Levittown-the first suburb built to fill a need for homes for returning veterans.
Theses homes were affordable and were mass produced.
Car Culture-car ownership sprang from 26 million in 1945 to 60 million in 1960.
The automobile industry thrived and this led to more businesses.
Interstate Highway Act- 1956; Ike’s greatest domestic achievement; tens of
thousands of miles of roads were built which impacted transportation of goods
and people etc.
Sunbelt- this was a name given to the southern and western states. The coastal
areas along the southernmost United States are part of the Sunbelt. The
invention of the air-conditioner made their climates attractive, as well as, the
development of the Interstate Highway System caused migration into the areas to
increase.
Information industries-individuals who built and operated the first computer
White-Collar jobs-professional/semi-professional jobs such as office workers. This
type of work increased during the 1950's.
Service Sector-businesses where people provide services; such as banks,
healthcare, lawyers, , insurance, manufacturing, etc. These type of businesses
grew in the 1950's.
Franchise businesses-this allows a company to distribute its products or services
through retail outlets owned by independent operators. Ex. McDonalds, BEST
Buy, Wendy's
Multinational Companies-this is when American businesses produced and osold
their goods all over the world.
consumerism-buying as much as you could...usually on credit.
Median family income-this is an average of a family's income over a year.
Median income increased from $3,319 to $5417 during the 1950's.
Nuclear Family- the 1950's embraced the ideology that the "ideal" family would
consist of a mother, father and their children.
bought and read this book because they wanted expert advice on how to raise
their children. Spock emphasized the importance of nurturing children in the
early years.
The 1950's was a time of religious revival. In God We Trust was added to the
American dollar during the 1950's. Under God was added to the Pledge of
Allegiance during the 1950's. More churches were built in the 1950's than ever
before. Billy Graham was a famous preacher from the 1950's.
“rock and roll”- new music of the 1950s. Chuck Berry was a rock and roll artist
from the 1950's. Elvis Presley is the most noted rock-n-roller from the 1950's.
Dick Clark started American Bandstand. Parents were horrified by rock-n-roll and
teenagers loved it.
Beatniks-a small group of writers and artist who refused to dress the way society
said was "the norm." They wore "careless dress" with "Colorful jargon."
Urban renewal-were projects where federal, state and local governments tried to
reverse the downward trend in some American cities. Urban renewal government
projects cleared large tracts of older houses and built freeways and developments
which in hopes would "revitalize" the area.
Termination Policies-these were laws that sought to end Native American tribal
governments
and to support relocation of Native Americans to our nation's cities.
Brown vs. Board of Education 1954- this Supreme Court case reversed the Plessy
decision stating that "separate but equal was constitution." The Brown decision
stated "separate but equal facilities" for different races was "inherently unequal
and unconstitutional."
Rosa Parks launched the start of the Civil Rights Movement in 1955 when she
refused to give up her seat to a white citizens. As a result, the Montgomery Bus
Boycott started where African Americans boycotted the public busing system in
Montgomery Alabama for over a year.
Martin L. King Jr. was the father of the Civil Rights Movement starting in the late
1950's. He worked with the Southern Christian Leadership Council to get civil
rights legislation passed.
Academic Vocabulary:
Evaluate
Migration
Mass Media
Push/Pull Factors
urbanization
Analyze
Diversity
Federal Powers
Retaliation
natural rights
Argument
Traditionalism
National Security
Arms Race
Civil rights
Ideology
Domestic
Economics
Productivity