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Anglais Technique 2014/2015 ANGLAIS TECHNIQUE Objectives: The course will enable the students to: Master English language as their second language - To be able to express themselves - Confront any test in English - To face the realities of the world today The course will be divided into four parts: Grammar, vocabulary, comprehension and Essay writing/ letter writing. There will equally be oral drill. SPEECH DRILL (Prise de parole) SPEECH MAKING Before you even make a speech, you should draft it. There are few gifted persons who just get up and make a speech. HOW TO PREPARE A SPEECH Some people have the habit of writing and reciting Get in touch all the information required by your audience and put it down on paper. You can read directly from the paper or summarize the speech and explain it to the audience. Always practice reading it over well ahead of time. HOW TO TALK IN THE PUBLIC (How to address a crowd) Each one of us can be called up to address a crowd. FOR EXAMPLE: - A students' gathering or manifestation. A political gathering or campaign. A family meeting. A mob action, strike action. Ceremony etc. 1 Anglais Technique 2014/2015 The greatest l problem with some people who find themselves in a position to address others lies on the fact that they are not prepared. That is, their ideas are either scattered or they have organized ideas but they don't know how to voice them out. NOTE: To address a crowd is a matter of conviction; you should be able to convince, to charm the people listening to you. You must also take note that the audience has a pre – knowledge of what you what to say, thus are not expected to tell lies or make mistakes. METHODES 1) For short speeches you can have a piece of paper where very important points (ideas) are jotted in a chronological order. From it you select the points one after the other and explain it out. 2) For long speeches covering several pages ,you are advised to write it down. N. B Avoid big words, don’t be short of words, don’t suspend your audience, don’t go off topic, talk simply and calmly, don’t insult, don’t provoke, VERY IMPORTANT Ask yourself why is it that when I discuss with people on a daily basis I don’t panic, I speak fluently ,but when I am called up in a multitude , I find myself wanting and deprived of ideas. Naturally the answers to these questions vary from one person to another but in the general regard, they have the same origin and they tilt towards the same direction. That is these persons have the same problem. CAUSES OF MISTAKES AND FEAR. IN SPEECHES. 1) The fear to be criticized when we make errors. 2) The fear to break a relationship when we make errors. 3) The fear reduce one's personality when we make errors 4) Empty pride. N. B You must note that we learn every day, and by learning everyday we are intend correcting our mistakes .Therefore we are bound to make mistakes. When I ask some of you why up till this level you can't speak English, you could give other related reasons but the most appropriate is the fear to be criticized or laughed at. And which is wrong. SOLUTION You must be prepared to remedy failures if any ( correct your mistakes without fear) Have a positive mental attitude ( I must always succeed.) overcome fear and you will succeed 2 Anglais Technique 2014/2015 NB Some audiences judge their speakers from their voices - You must have a clear voice, no accent, be audible; - Don’t be too fast nor too slow. - Don’t concentrate on a particular section of the listeners, - Don’t look at people into their eyes - Don’t recognize any person when making a speech. - Handle your objective very well. - Use you nature voice. CYBER CAFÉ AND INTERNET. a) Definition : A cyber cafe is a place where Internet services are sold. Activities : At times documents can be scanned or printed. Some people chat while others send text messages. Chatting is done with the use of a microphone and a casquette. Some people play games while others search for information using various web sites ORIGIN. CYBER CAFÉ (Santa Monica) was opened in Los Angeles (U S A). the first CYBER CAFE opened to the world was the CYBERNIA Which is now known As BTR internet café in London. Opened in 1994. The orbital CYBER CAFÉ is the first opened in Paris (France) in 1995. 1) INTERNET: Brief history: internet is a computer network which links the computers of the world and that enable them to share information. - To communicate, these computers use a common language known as protocol and are equipped with program WORKSHOP - Partition the students in small groups and give them a topic for them to expose - The topic should be related to the specialty. III Different strategies to approach written and oral documents. ORAL DRILL listening comprehension. Selected passages be read and questions follow. ( related to the specialty) Written comprehension; How to tackle comprehension question. 3 Anglais Technique 2014/2015 METHODE SCAN – Read the whole. Text (first reading ) - Read the questions - Read each paragraph and bring out the main idea. - Read questions and try to situate the answers in the text. - Write the answers in you own words. ORAL / Written how to take down note s - Listen carefully and write in your own words, ( get the main idea). - Avoid long and compound sentences - Avoid “big " words How to use dates and data in English. Dates: There are many ways to read and write dates In English; - January 1st 2012 is read in principle "January the first two thousand and twelve. - 1st of January two thousand and twelve. - But you can hear people say; " January first" The abbreviations are in principle 01/ 1/ 2012 for the united kingdom and 1/ 01 2012. for united states of America Also, we can have 01 Jan 2012 Below is a list of months with their current abbreviation ( Note, Name and month start with a capital letter in English, January Jan June - Jun February Feb July - Jul March Mar August - Aug April Apr September – Sep October - Oct May May November – Nov. December – Dec 4 Anglais Technique 2014/2015 GRAMMTICAL REMINDER. We place the preposition “On " before a date. Example: he will arrive on Monday He arrived on Christmas Day “In " before month or year (in January, in 2012) “at " before time He left at twenty past five . Numbers and figures a) Figures and cardinal number 5, 000, 000 0 1 2 Zero One Two 101 4, 050 6, 000 000 000 100 175 3, 000 - In English, we separate decimal points with a comma 12, 5 while a point separates them in French 12.5 et se prononcera twelve point five. En anglais une virgule sépare les millier alors qu'en français, un utilise un espace a) ordinal numbers 1 One half ,a half 2 1 a third, one third 3 1 on tenth 10 1st 2nd 3rd PHONETICS a ei b Bi Apple m en Bike n en O Ou 5 Anglais Technique c d e f g h i j k si di I ef dji eitch ai djei kei l el Ceremony drive 2014/2015 P Pi q Kju r a (r) s e s: t ti w double u u u: v vi w double u x ex y wai z zi : or ze COMMUNICATION It is essential for a business to inform clients and wouldd-be clients (potentials) about services and to get informed about competition; therefore communication has become a key word of the 1990s. With the advance of technology, people can’t imagine being isolated and the inability to communicate has become a fault both in individuals and businesses. Another aspect of the nineties is the important role of oral communication probably due to the increasing use of telephones. Mobile phones The way they work is illustrated in the following document from the times, 27 October, 1995. All newspapers and magazines are covered with large size advertisements from mobile phone companies. In the following pages you will fine examples illustrating the three main aspects on which advertisers insist: technological advance (Ericsson), low cost (Nokia), and user friendly functions (Nortel). You’ll get more information about mobile phones in further sections of this unit. The Internet A brief history: 1969: The American Department of Defense decided to build a network called ARPANET in order to face a possible nuclear war by connecting the different sites together but independently, so that if any site happened to be destroyed the others would still communicate. The first use was electronic mail. 1979: A civil network (USENET) was built. It was used for forums and news groups. 1982: Access to the network was free of charge. 1983: 60 American and 3 European universities were connected. 1986: ARPANET divided into MILNET (Military network) and INTERNET. The internet was connected to public phone lines. 6 Anglais Technique 2014/2015 1991: Service providers appeared. 1992: The World Wide Web was developed in Geneva. 1996: More and more individuals and companies get connected to the internet. Main services You need specific software to connect to the network and start on the web. Then network providers offer different services. E-mail (electrical mail) enables you to exchange mails and other electronic information with a correspondent identified with a “address” sometimes as complicated as [email protected]. (Don’t try it, it’s fake) Newsgroups, or News, or forums to exchange ideas, take part in discussions worldwide on chosen subjects. WWW: the World Wide Web, the global network that offers many sites to “surf” through. They too are identified by addresses beginning with http://. These sites offer access to various databases. FTP: the file Transfer Protocol enables users to download information from distant computers for example. HTML: Assistants that help make pages for the Web. COMPREHENSION Trouble on the line over charges Across Europe, the average price of a phone call is falling. But the way it is being done – raising local rates and cutting long – distance and international tariffs – is causing widespread resentment, particularly in Germany and Italy. Monopoly telecom operators are reluctant to accept competition, and governments are worry of the political fallout of raising prices for local calls. As a result the process of “rebalancing” tariffs to reflect the cost of providing services has been slow to start in some countries. The later the start, the more drastic the impact and the louder the protests, especially in Italy. Francesco Chirichigno, head of Telecom Italia said: “Tariffs which are not based on real costs can be absorbed as long as Telecom Italia holds a monopoly in Italy, but they will not work in an open, competitive environment.” Those costs remain high in many countries. (…) The charge to cut prices has been led by the UK, the first country in Europe to introduce competition, and Sweden, since 1992 the only other European countries to have competing telephone services. In Germany, Deutsche Telekom is sticking to its new year’s tariff package, despite protests from customers who face higher charges for local calls, telephone information services and connection charges. Telekom has also created new peak and off-peak times, including a cheap rate for insomniacs between 2 a.m. and 5 a.m. Long-distance and international calls are cheaper and Telekom said that later this year it will discount calls made to frequently dialed numbers of friends and family. By the end of January, France Telecom will have cut international rates by 8.9 per cent, increased monthly subscriptions and cut long-distance calls rates. Any changes to local call rates are still under discussion. 7 Anglais Technique 2014/2015 WORDBANK resentment: ressentiment, reluctant: peu enthousiaste, to be wary of: se méfier de, fallout: retombée(s), rebalance: ré-équilibrer, the charge…has been led: l’attaque…fut conduit, stick to: conserver,maintenir, dial: composer (un numéro) sur un cadran, subscription: abonnement. Classer les idées d’un texte selon certains critères est une maniére de montrer que l’on a compris le texte, mais aussi parfois une aide à la comprehension elle-même, dans la mesure où l’exercice intellectuel que ce classement suppose nous améne à nous poser d’autres questions sur le texte. Classer des idées est d’ailleurs un exercice possible de l’examen toutes sections confondues. Alors entrainez- vous ici avec le texte court et sans grande difficulté que vous venez de lire, en faisant les exercices ci-dessous. Practice 7.1 First, answer the following questions and check your answers with the correction (fascicule auto corrections) before you start on exercise 7.2. 1. What geographical part of the world is concerned in this text? 2. What is the problem? 3. Who has opposing interests? 4. What was the consequence of this opposition in the past few years? 7.2 Faites un bilan comparatif de la situation dans les différents pays concernés. Vous pouvez utiliser le tableau ci-dessous. country Situation (Monopoly ? Tariffs…) 7.3 Can you now associate the countries whose policy is nearly the same? You could write down the current situation in France in the text box below, because it may have changed by the time you do this exercise. 8 Anglais Technique 2014/2015 GRAMMAIRE EXPRIMER LE BUT Dans une entreprise, tout est organisé en fonction d’objectifs et de buts à atteindre. Donc il est souhaitable de maitriser les structures qui permettent de les exprimer. Lisez le texte ci-dessous en repérant dans quel but les personnes mentionnées ont adopté le téléphone mobile. Puis passerons en revue les différentes façons d’exprimer le but en anglais. Vous pourriez ensuite vous entrainer en faisant les deux exercices de cette séquence. Stay in touch on the move. Eveline Fotso first acquired a mobile phone when she works a s an export manager, but it was after the birth of her son Alex, three years ago that she really began to appreciate its use. “Lying in the hospital, it was very nice being able to phone people from bed. “She says. She now finds the phone a great comfort when she drives alone with Alex. “If I broke down on the motor way, I wouldn’t be able to leave Alex alone while I walked to an emergency phone, but I couldn’t carry along the hard shoulder either.” she says. “Now I can ring for help from the car.” Now that Alex is older, Mrs Fotso takes the phone with her when she is out so that her babysitter can call her if there are any queries or emergencies. The phone also allows her to let people know if she would be late for a meeting. “It takes all the stress out of being late if you can let people know what has happened” Mrs Fotso uses per second’s Low Cost tariffs and is careful not to make too many calls, so her bills are fairly low. She particularly appreciates her phones 1 800 number memory which means he can leave her address book at home. “There are some parts of the country where the signal simply goes badly.” She says. Jumles Ewane, a builder from Bafoussam uses a mercury one to one mobile phone, and because most of his jobs are within the Douala area, he is not concerned that one to one coverage is still restricted. What frustrates him, however, is the poor quality of reception when he makes calls indoors in the evening. “I have to stand by the window to talk, and if I need to move back into the room to check something, the conversation starts breaking up.” He says. Because Mr. Ewane is constantly on the move, the phone is ideal for keeping in touch with clients and suppliers. “I don’t like asking clients if I can use their phone when I am on a site, and I don’t need to hunt for call boxes any more, I take the mobile very where and I would be lost without it. 9 Anglais Technique 2014/2015 Mr. Ewane’s main complaint is the relatively cost of the mercury service. His bills are around 4500frs per month. Another problem is cloning. Using radio scanners, thieves can copy identification codes of the legitimate users. Mr. Essoh who uses a Motorola car phone on the Cellnet recently received a huge bill for calls he had ’t made. His phone is voice activated and he can make and receive calls while driving. “it makes my job easier and customers appreciate being able to get in touch at any time. “He can also pick up voice messages from his office voice-mail system and make international calls at preferential rates via MTN’s worldwide network.0 Mr. Essoh will son exchange the car phone for a full mobile phone and admits: “initially I was worried about being available 24 hours a day. But if I don’t want to be disturbed, I can switch the phone off or use the call forward option to pass calls onto my office line. “And like most mobile phones users, he reckons that the benefits still outweigh the disadvantages. Word bank Hard shoulder : la bande d’arrêt d’urgence Queries : questions Let people klnow : faire savoir à quelqu’un Fairly low : assez bas Gap : intervall To go dead : s’arrêter, s’eteindre, cesser de fonctioner Builder : maçon Break up : (s’)interompre On the move : en déplacement On site : sur place Voice-mail : méssagerie vocal Call forward option : tranfert d’appels Pass calls onto …: transferer des appels sur.. Reckon : estimer Outweigh : l’emporter sur EXPRIME LE BUT TO ou IN ORDER ou encore SO AS TO + infinitif 10 Anglais Technique 2014/2015 Eveline Carr used her mobile to communicate with her friends while she was in hospital in order to communicate ….. so as to communicate … C’est la manière la plus simple et de loin la plus courante d’exprimer le but. La seconde et la troisième forme (in order to / So as to) montrent plus l’intention que la première, qui est tout à fait banale. SO THAT + proposition Mrs Carn does not make too many calls do that she can her bill fairly low. Cette forme n’est pas si fréquente que les précédents car elle est plus difficile à construire. Elle s’emploie cependant quant le sujet de la préposition subordonnée (her babysitter) est différent de celui de la proposition principale (Mrs Carn) comme ci-après. Mrs Carn bought a mobile so that her babysitter could call her at any time. WITH A VIEW TO + gérondif She later bought a mobile with a view of keeping in touch with her babysitter. Cette expression est plus formelle, donc plus rare emploi. Elle insiste nettement sur l’intention. FOR + proposition infinitive Mr Wooster uses a mobile for his clients to reach him wherever he is. Cette manière d’exprimer, le but est très utilisée parce que plus simple. Elle est nécessaire quand le sujet n’est pas le même dans la préposition principale. (Mr. Wooster) et dans la proposition infinitive (his clients) et que vous ne souhaitez pas employer la forme avec so that. Practice Répondez aux questions suivantes pour exprimer dans quel but Mrs Carn, Mr Wooster ou Mr Ayres utilisent un téléphone mobile, d’après le texte qui nous sert de support pour cette séquence « stay in touch on the move ». Efforcez-vous d’utiliser les expressions révisées ci-dessous. Vous trouverez une correction dans le fascicule autocorrections. 1. Why would Mrs Fotso have to walk along the hard shoulder of the motorway? 2. Why would her babysitter need to phone her? 3. Why does she use her phone when she is late? 4. Why is she careful not to make many calls from her mobile? 5. Why would Mr. Ewane need to go away from the window when on the phone? 6. Why does he need a mobile phone for his job? 7. Why do the thieves mentioned in the text use radio scanners? 8. Why did Mr. Essoh change to a mobile? 11 Anglais Technique 2014/2015 9. Why did he choose the call forward option? 10. Why would he switch off the phone? Construisez des phrases en prenant un élément dans chacune des trois colonnes. Attention cependant que les construction soient grammaticalement correctes et aient bien entendu un sens. Un exemple est mis en caractères gras. Ecrivez vos réponses et puis comparez-les avec les corrections. 1. Our company has an e-mail address a) Getting connected to the internet 2. I bought a modem b) Encourage client to call 3. European countries will have to accept competition c) Be able to face the development of telecommunications 4. I’d like to surf on the web d) Join in news groups and share ideas 5. Companies offer a free phone service e) Customers and suppliers / find contact easier 6. I choose the call forward option f) Show off 7. Some people have a mobile g) Customers find it more comfortable to get in touch 8. I use the internet h) People have only one number to dial to contact me wherever I am 9. Phone numbers changed in France on the 10th i) Travel worldwide, virtually, of course. j) Lowering and uniformising tariffs October 1996 10. Our company adopted the voice- mail system 1. . 2. . 3. . 4. I’d like to surf on the web so as to travel worldwide, virtually, of course. 5. . 6. . 7. . 8. . 9. . 10. . SEQUENCE 3 : VOCABUALIRE. Certaines expressions en anglais sont difficiles à traduire en français même si on comprend le sens. De même certaines expressions françaises sont difficiles a traduire en anglais. Lisez le texte ci-après. Ne soyez pas étonné€ de ne pas avoir de mots expliqués à droite du texte puisque justement nous travaillons sur la traduction de ces mots dans cette séquence. 12 Anglais Technique 2014/2015 Satisfying Customers everywhere If revenue figures are any guide, the pus to interconnect the world is making a large market truly massive with carriers selling more than an estimated 600billion dollar in hardware and services worldwide this year. But so far it is more advanced countries that are getting the largest portion of the telecommunications pie. The industrialized countries are communicating in an ever increasing volume –by- voice, fax, computer network, video conferencing and other multimedia systems. Only making up only 15% of the world population, they have possession of around 75% of the all phone lines, according to ITU. While private and corporate customers in the USA and Europe – for example – seek for more sophisticated services, whole regions of the world only demand basic phone services. It’s a stark challenge for telecommunications carriers. Conscious of the inadequacies of their infrastructures – a deiced negative when it comes to attracting foreign investment – less advanced countries are focusing on the acquisition of new telecommunications technologies. A classic case is India, a huge subcontinent of some 850 million people. Right now phone line penetration is 20% of the global average and half as much in China. India’s department of Telecommunications wants to triple capacity over the next five years by letting major corporate conglomerates (…) operate 20 million phone lines. Amongst the eager applicants are AT&T, Bell Atlantic, Nynex and U.S. West. You can find dozens of other situations like India in the current globalized Telecommunications. Will today’s technology be absolute tomorrow? Who is going to finance the world’s extraordinary rush to interconnect billions of people and thousands of companies? “The world of telecommunication is in constant evolution”, as the show’s sponsors put it, “ and its no exaggerating to say that we are now at a vital crossroads where telecommunications industry is increasingly converging with the computer and broadcasting industries”. Practice Voici les désordres des expressions du texte que vous venez de lire, traduites en français. Voudriezvous inscrire leurs traductions en anglais, telle que vous l’avez reconnue dans le texte ? 1. Dans les cinq prochaines années . 2. C’est un défi total pour les transporteurs de télécommunications 3. A peine 1% 4. La plus grosse partie du gâteau. 5. L’actuel course à l’universalisation des communications. 6. Résolution négatives quand il s’agit d’attirer… 13 Anglais Technique 2014/2015 7. Si les chiffres du Revenu peuvent servir de guide 8. Réclament un service téléphonique de base 9. A ce moment précis, 10. 10% et la moitié en Chine, Six extra phrases (des expression en plus) for « AST » students only. Other students are welcome though! 1. Transforme en gigantesque un marché déjà immense. 2. Les insuffisances de leurs infrastructures 3. Les plus en voie d’industrialisation mettent l’accent sur.. 4. Parmi les candidats impatients. 5. Qui font plus de £600 milliards de vents de matériels et services dans le mon de entier. 6. Fabriqué sur commande. Vous êtes maintenait invité(e)s a relire les textes des séquences 1 et 2 des cette unité et à noter dans le cadre ci-dessous les diverses expressions intéressantes dont vous aimerez garder trace de al traduction. SEQUENCE 4 : PRODUCTION ECRITE Communication Dans l’unité 5, nous avons vu comment passer une commande. Vous trouverez ici comment annuler une commande ou la modifier. La présentation de la lettre sera la même que pour la commande lais il faudra faire très attention de ne pas oublier les références exactes attachées à la commande en question. Les étapes à respecter : 1. Annoncer le changement ou l’annulation et rappelez les articles concernés pour qu’il n’y ait pas d’ambigüité. 2. Expliquer les raisons de la modification 3. Exprimer vos regrets … 4. Donnez l’assurance que vous continuerais à faire affaire avec la compagnie (si c’est la cas), sinon ne dite rien à ce propos. 14 Anglais Technique 2014/2015 Voici quelques expressions utiles Cancel / modify an order :annuler/modifier une commande We wish to cancel our order no.625 for mobile handsets : nous aimerions annuler notre commande no. 625 de telephones mobiles. We would like to postpone our order : remettre à plus tard Wa are sorry to have to modify our order. Concerning our order for 5 telephones, would you be so kind to replace the colour black by offwhite? Voudriez –vous avoir l’amabilité de remplacer la couleur noir par blac-cassé ? Very much to our regret, we shall have to cancel our order We expect that we shall be able to give you a substantial order to make up for this modification / cancelling. Une commande importante pour compenser … We trust this modification will not cause you any inconvenience : nous espéronsque cette modification ‘entraînera pas de désagrément pour vous. We have every reason to … nous avons tout lieu de ….. To call off a deal : annuler une afire To forward : expédier Faulty : défectueux A hidden defect : un vice caché To refund : rembouser To send the wrong order : se tromper de commande To delay delivery : retarder la livraison à plus tard. Hope sincerely : souhaiter vivement Practice Vous avez commandé 5 téléphones mobiles Nokia 2110 le 15 Janvier dernier sous le numéro de commande de 514/BJ. Il se trouve que les ventes ont chuté pour ce produit à cause de la sortie d’un modèle plus performant et vous souhaiteriez annuler la commande. Cependant vous passerez sans doute une autre commande dans les semaines qui viennent. Rédigez la lettre de modification auprès de la société Techno export, 15 High Street, Northampton, GB. Choisissez vous-même la nom de la société pour laquelle vous travaillez. Une lettre est donnée en exemple dans la fascicule autocorrections. Etudiez-la bien et tâchez d’en retenir les grandes lignes. Traduisez en français pour votre directeur des vents, sous forme de note de service ou mémo, la lettre suivante que vous venez de recevoir. Vous verrez un exemple de correction dans le fascicule autocorrections 15 Anglais Technique 2014/2015 GRAMMAR A / TYPES OF PRONOUNS 1) Personal Pronouns A personal pronoun replaces a proper noun in a sentence. It refers to a specific person or thing and changes its form to indicate person, number, gender, and case. It can either be used as the subject or objects in a sentence. The subject form of a personal pronoun is used in the conjugation of verbs. SINGULAR PLURAL e.g. Subject 1st per. 2nd per. 3rd per. 1st per. 2nd per. 3rd per. I You He / She / It We You They Object Me You Him / Her / It Us You Them 1) The teacher has two children. 2) He has two children. In this sentence the word He replaces the noun teacher which is the subject of the sentence. 3) Those two children belong to him. Here the word him serves as the object of the sentence. 2) Possessive Pronouns A possessive pronoun replaces a personal noun in a sentence. It indicates ownership. SINGULAR PLURAL Subject 1st per. 2nd per. 3rd per. 1st per. 2nd per. 3rd per. My Your His / Her / Its Our Your Their Object Mine Yours His / Her / Its Ours Yours Theirs The biggest bag is mine. 3) Demonstrative Pronouns A demonstrative Pronoun identifies a noun or a pronoun. It exists in the singular and plural forms. Singular Plural This (near) These That( (far) Those This is my brother Those are my cars 16 Anglais Technique 2014/2015 4)-Reflexive Pronouns A reflexive pronoun shows that the action being talked of was carried out by the subject on its own. It ends with the suffixes – self or – selves depending on whether it is in the singular or plural form. e.g. 1st per. Myself nd SINGULAR 2 per. Yourself 3rd per. Himself / Herself / Itself 1st per. Ourselves nd PLURAL 2 per. Yourselves 3rd per. Themselves 1) The students prepared the sketches themselves. 2) The president went to the construction site herself to see what was being done 3) After the party, I drove home myself. 5)Interrogative Pronouns An interrogative pronoun is used to formulate questions. That is they are used at the beginning of questions. These include Question word Who? Whom? What? Whatever? When? Whenever? How long? Where? Why? How? How much / many? e.g. Information Requested Person or people Person or people Thing Thing Time Time Length of time Place Reason Manner Quantity and amount. Which of these bags do you want? Who is the owner of this school? Whom did you ask to report to this office? The husband or his wife? Exercise: 1) Q. When did you start studying English language? A. I started studying English language fifteen years ago 2) Q. A. I started working as a safety officer in 2008. 3) Q. A. I go to work by taxi. 4) Q. A. I studied disaster management and prevention. 5) Q. A. I have rescued people from plane crashes twice. 6) Q. A. Africa is yet to have to operate recue missions and teams. 17 Anglais Technique 2014/2015 6) Indefinite Pronouns An indefinite pronoun refers to a person or thing without refering to a specified person or thing. The most common indefinite pronouns are. Singular Plural Another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, each, everybody, All, few, many, everyone, everything, nobody, none, one, somebody, several, some. someone, much, most, either, neither, something, other Exercise 1) Replace the nouns in the sentences below with appropriate pronouns 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Nicolas and Harriet went to Limbe yesterday. Mrs. Mbah is the most intelligent person I have meet. Virginity is a pride to Muslims. Virginie, Marie and Anne are romantic girls. What can the wife of Mr. Sone do for all of you? B / VERBS A verb expresses an action, event, or state of being. That is any word that talks of an action is a verb. Which words in the sentences below express action? -My English teacher is a gentleman/gentle lady -I dance in the garden every evening. -My father welds gates and doors with metal. 1)Verb Types There are three main types of verbs – action, liking and auxiliary verbs. In English they are further reduced to two main types – regular and irregular verbs. An Action Verb talks of a physical or mental activity. Linking Verbs connect the qualities of a noun to that noun. E.g. my dictionary weighs 5 kilograms. Here the word weighs is the linking verb. All the forms of “to be” (be, is, am, are, was, were, been, being) are examples of common linking verbs. Other auxiliary verbs include have, may, might, will, would, could, should, shall, must …etc.(modal auxillary) 18 Anglais Technique 2014/2015 2) Verb forms Verbs in English Language take four forms – the infinitive, present participle, the past tense and the past participle as shown below: Verb Infinitive Present Participle Past Tense Past Participle To learn Learn Learning Learned / Learnt Learned / Learnt To read Read Reading Read Read To eat Eat Eating Ate Eaten 3) Verb Tense A tense is the form that a verb takes for the purpose of telling the time of an action. Time is divided into three – the present, the past and the future. These form the three primary tenses in English. Thus all tense forms subject themselves to an examination in terms of the present, the past and the future. Tense Forms There are four main tenses in English – the simple of indefinite tense, the continues or the progressive tense, the perfect tense, the perfect continues tense. THE SIMPLE OR INDEFINITE TENSE The simple or indefinite tense talks of an action but it does not indicate if the action is finished or not. It can be examined in the present, the past and future using the positive, negative and interrogative forms. a) The Simple Present Tense (habitual) is used to talk of thoughts and feelings, repeated action or things that remained the same for a long time. E.g. I like fufu and eru. The Simple present tense can be written in three forms – affirmative/positive, negative and interrogative forms. Affirmative Negative I eat breakfast at 7 O’clock We dance every Saturday I do not (don’t) eat breakfast at 7O’ clock. We do not (don’t) dance every Saturday. Interrogative Do I eat breakfast at 7O’clock? Do we dance every Saturday? 19 Anglais Technique My family lives in Douala 2014/2015 My family does not (doesn’t) live in Douala. Does my family live in Douala? Conjugation of the verb “to read” in the Simple present tense. 1st person singular I read 2nd person singular You read 3rd person singular He / She / It reads 1st person plural We read 2nd person plural You read 3rd person plural They read Complete the exercise below putting the verbs in Brackets in the Simple Present Tense. 1. My sister is finding life in Buea difficult. She ………… (to speak) English. 2. Most students live around the University. They ………… (to walk) there. 3. No lunch for the teacher. He ……….. (to eat) lunch. 4. ……………. (to do) I have any choice other than to study English Language? 5. …………… (to be) there any students in class at this hour? b) The Simple Past Tense It is used to talk of something in the past which is finished. It is used in the positive, negative and interrogation forms. E.g. Positive Negative Interrogative I ate beans yesterday. I didn’t eat beans yesterday. Did I eat beans yesterday? I slept at five. I didn’t sleep at five. Did I sleep at five? I studied English I didn’t study English. Did I study Englis? Conjugation of the verb “to learn” in the simple Past tense 1st person Singular I learned 2nd person Singular You learned 3rd person Singular He / She / It learned 1st person Plural We learned 2nd person Plural You learned 20 Anglais Technique 2014/2015 3rd person Plural They learned c)The Simple Future Tense The simple future tense is used to talk of an action that is yet to take place. It is formed by combining an auxiliary verb with the infinitive form of the main verb. E.g. Positive Negative Interrogative I will travel to Britain. I will not (won’t) travel to Britain Will I travel to Britain? I will buy a car. I will not (won’t) buy a car. Will I buy a car? I will pass my exams I will not (won’t) pass my exams Will I pass my exams? Conjugation “To pass” 1st person Singular I will pass 2nd person Singular You will pass 3rd person Singular He / She / It will pass 1st person Plural We will pass 2nd person Plural You will pass 3rd person Plural They will pass Exercise: change the verbs in brackets into the simple future tense. 1) We (ate) roasted fish tonight 2) When I (finished) school, I (worked) for the American Army 3) I (married) my husband by the time I (had) the bachelor’s degree. 4) One (needs) to work hard as time waits for no one. 5) Cameroon (had) a new president in twenty two year. THE CONTINUES TENSE The continues or progressive tense is used to talk of actions that are still going on. It is formed by combining an auxiliary verb with the present participle form of the main verb. The progressive tense is used in the present, past and future forms 1) the present continues tense 21 Anglais Technique 2014/2015 The present continues tense shows that one is in the middle of an action. It is also used when things are changing over a long period of time. It is formed by using the simple present tense of “to be” + an ing form thus. Positive Negative Interrogative We are leaning English We are not learning English Are we learning English language language language? I am waiting for my friend. I am not (ain’t) waiting for my Am I waiting for my friend. friend? He isn’t doing his homework Is he doing his homework He is doing his homework This is how verbs in the present Continues tense are conjugated. 1st person Singular I am reading 2nd person Singular You are reading 3rd person Singular He / She / It is reading 1st person Plural We are reading 2nd person Plural You are reading 3rd person Plural They are reading Exercise: Put the verbs in the present continues tense. 1) I ……………… (to write) a letter to a friend who’s a Disc Jockey. 2) Stephen and I …….. (to read) today because she ………… (to help) to organize a disco. 3) That is a lot of work. How …………. (you/find) time for your lessons? 4) ………………. (we/ to go) on well. We …………… (to be/to spend) mush time on it. 5) It ……………. (to be/to take) me away from my studies. 2) the past continues tense. The past continues tense is used to show that sometime in the past, we were in the middle of an action. Positive You were talking in class It was raining. Negative Interrogative You were not (weren’t) talking in class Were you talking in class? It was not (wasn’t) raining Was it raining? 22 Anglais Technique 2014/2015 I was sitting in a park I was not(wasn’t) sitting in the his homework park Was I sitting in the park? Verbs are conjugated in the Past Continues Tense thus: The verb “to read” 1st person Singular I was reading 2nd person Singular You were reading 3rd person Singular He / She / It was reading 1st person Plural We were reading 2nd person Plural You were reading 3rd person Plural They were reading Exercise: put the verbs in the sentences below in the past continues tense 1) I ……………… (to look) for you Mum. I’m afraid I have broken this bowl. 2) Om y God! Where …………….. to look)? 3) I ……………….(to take) it to the house when I hit my foot on the steps and fell. 4) I expect it was your fault. You ………………(to look) where you …………to go) 5) Sorry. I ……………. (to go) to buy you another one as soon as I had my. 3) the future continues tense The future contentious tense is used to show that sometime in the future, we will be in the middle of an action. Positive Negative Interrogative You will be building a house. The dog will be barking at it. America will be installing Obama next January. You won’t be building a house. The do won’t be barking at it America won’t be installing Obama next January Will you be building a house? Will the dog be barking at it? Will America be installing Obama next January? This is how verbs are conjugated in the Future Continues Tense. 1st person Singular I will be sleeping 2nd person Singular You will be sleeping 3rd person Singular He / She / It will be sleeping 1st person Plural We will be sleeping 23 Anglais Technique 2014/2015 2nd person Plural You will be sleeping 3rd person Plural They will be sleeping Exercise: put the verbs in the future continues tense 1) I………….. (to go) into business as soon as I leave school. 2) In five years from now, I …………. (to study) again. I …………. (to run) a big company instead. I expect I …………. (to earn) lots of money. What about you Beteck? 3) That’s beautiful dream Nafissatou. I don’t know what I …………. (to do. What about you Ndinken? What …………….. (you/to be/to do)? 4) I am lazy to do any kind of work. I ………….. (to marry) a rich man. I …………. To give) dinner parties all the time. 5) You are joking Ndinken. Aren’t you? I expect you ……………… (to act) THE PERFECT TENSE The perfect tense talks of action that is already finished. Whether in the present, past, or future the action referred to by the perfect tense shows completion. It is formed by combining the auxiliary verb to have + the past participle of the verb used in the sentence. E.g. I have eaten some food. 1) the present perfect tense The present perfect tense expresses an action that is still going on or that stopped recently, but the action has an influence on the present. This shows that the action is finished. It is formed by combining the auxiliary verb conjugated in the simple present tense + the past participle of the main verb. The perfect tense ... 1) Puts emphasis on results. E.g. He has eaten two plates of food. 2) Action that is still going on. E.g. Ebai has not danced yet 3) Action that stopped recently. E.g. My mother has cooked dinner. 4) Finished action that has an influence on the present. E.g. I have bought a car 5) Action that has taken place once, never or several times before the moment of speaking. E.g. I have never seen an elephant. Positive We have cleared the farm Negative We haven’t cleared the farm. Interrogative Have we cleared the farm? 24 Anglais Technique They have finished their food. I have studied computer maintenance. 2014/2015 They haven’t finished their food. I haven’t studied computer maintenance. Have they finished their food? Have I studied computer maintenance? Conjugation “to break” 1st person Singular I have broken 2nd person Singular You have broken 3rd person Singular He / She / It has broken 1st person Plural We have broken 2nd person Plural You have broken 3rd person Plural They have broken Already, ever, just, never, not yet, so far, till now, up to now are words that signal the use of the present perfect tense. Put the verbs into the correct form of the present perfect tense. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) I ………….. (not / sleep) before 10 p.m. last night. We …………… (buy) a new house. We ……………… (not/plan) our wedding yet. He ……………….. (write) five articles. She ………………. (not/touch) the piano for a long time. 2) the past perfect tense This tense is used to talk of an action or a state which was finished sometime ago. Positive The shops had just closed Manchester united had won. The sea had washed away the soil Negative The shops hadn’t just closed. Manchester hadn’t won. Interrogative Had the shops just closed? Had Manchester won? The sea hadn’t washed away Had the sea washed the soil. away the soil? Conjugation “to sleep” st 1 Per Sing. I had slept nd 2 Per Sing. You had slept rd 3 Per Sing He/She had slept st 1 Per Pl. We had slept nd 2 Per Pl. You had slept 25 Anglais Technique 3rd Per Pl. 2014/2015 They had slept Exercise: Put the verbs in the past perfect tense 1) There’s no milk in this ………………………… (to buy) some since Christmas. 2) Oh my God! I really needed some milk as I ………………….. (to have) a hard day at work. 3) I am awfully sorry about that I couldn’t get some from the store because I ……….. (to leave) my purse at home. 4) ……………………. (you / to prepare) anything to drink before my arrival 5) Yes, dear I………………………….. (to squeeze) some oranges for you before getting into the kitchen to cook. 3) the future perfect tense is used to show how at a time in the future, the action taking place would have been finished. E.g. POSITIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE The shops will have closed The shops wouldn’t have closed Would the shops have closed? Mbetta Football club will Mbetta football club wouldn’t Would Mbetta football club have won have won won? We would have written our We wouldn’t have written the Would we have written our exams exam exam? THE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE The perfect continuous or progressive tense is used for an action that lasted over a period of time to the present or for repeated actions up to now. They are formed by combining two auxiliary verbs – to have and to be with the present participle of the main verb. 1) the present perfect continuous / progressive tense This tense form is used to talk of an action which has been repeated up to now or an action that took place in the past and its impact still acts till present moment. Read out the sentences in the table below and form sentences of your own. POSITIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE We have been waiting for two We have not (haven’t) been Have we been waiting for two hours waiting for two hours. hours? They have been building their They have not (haven’t) been Have they been building their house for two years building their house for two house for two years? years I have been learning English I haven’t been learning Have I been learning English for the past fifteen years English for the past fifteen for the past fifteen years? years 26 Anglais Technique Conjugation 2014/2015 “to work” 1st Per Sing. I have been working 2nd Per Sing. You have been working 3rd Per Sing. He/She has been working 1st Per Pl. We have been working 2nd Per Pl. You have been working 3rd Per Pl. They have been working Exercise: put the verbs in the present perfect continuous tense 1) Sorry for being late. I hope you ……………………. (to wait) for long. 2) Not at all. But what ……………………….. (to do) since morning? 3) I ………………………… (to work) with Mrs. Bate on my English. 4) But you speak good English. You ……………….. (to waste) your time in Ghana. For how long ………. (you /to learn) English? 5) Four years but my oratory power wasn’t so good before I came to Ghana. I …………….. (to try) to improve it. 2) the past perfect continuous tense This tense form is used to talk of an action which happened over a period of time. Read out the sentences in the box below and later construct sentences of your own. POSITIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE Ella felt weak because she Ella did not (didn’t) feel weak because Did Ella feel weak because had been cooking all day. she had been cooking all day. she had been cooking all day? Before the thieves were Before the thieves were caught, the Had the police been haunting caught, the police had been police had not (hadn’t) them for the thieve for months before haunting them for months months they were caught Isabella had been crying for Isabella had not (hadn’t) been crying Has Isabella been crying for two hours for two hours two hours? Conjugation “to clean” 1st Per Sing I had been cleaning 2nd Per Sing. You had been cleaning 3rd Per Sing. He / She had been cleaning 1st Per Pl. 2nd Per Pl. We had been cleaning You have been cleaning 3rd Per Pl. They had been cleaning 27 Anglais Technique 2014/2015 Exercise: Put the verbs in the Past Perfect Continuous tense 1- My job interview was awful Nlend. I felt terribly nervous and ………………. (to worry) about it all night because I …………………… (to work) on my internship. Report the night before and I …………………. (to prepare) for the interview at all. 2. Yours was certainly better Defang because the person interviewing us came two hours late because he ………………. (to repair) his car that broke down as he was driving from Tankouassombo to Accra. We ………………………. (to wait) for ages before he arrived. 3. So how did it go Nlend? As for me I ………………. (to read) a book on what to do at an interview on my way but I’m not sure I gave the right answers. 4. Well I thank God. I ………………….. (to go) through what we studied in Management and we are given a practical task on that and driving. I had never driven a car before Imagine how I fumbled. 5. Well I ……………… (to pray) every day this past week to deliver us from this unemployment. C / ADJECTIVES Words that are used in describing, identifying, or quantifying people, places, animals or things are adjectives. An adjective usually precedes the noun or the pronoun which it modifies. In the following examples, the highlighted words are adjectives: A truck-shaped coffin was used to burry the truck driver. The small blue car belongs to my teacher. Many businessmen have started to stock their shops with beautiful Christmas trees. 1) FORMS OF ADJECTIVES Adjectives take three main forms in English – the positive, the comparative and the superlative. Positive adjectives describe something without suggesting any comparison. E.g Paul is a tall boy. Comparative adjectives compare two nouns or pronouns. E.g. Aisha is taller than Mbete. Superlative adjectives compare three or more nouns or pronouns. E.g. of all the students in class, Tata is most intelligent. There are two groups of adjectives – the short and the long adjectives. The short adjectives are made up of one syllabus e.g. short, tall, long, big. The comparative and superlative forms of these adjectives are formed with er and est. e.g. Positive Comparative Superlative 28 Anglais Technique 2014/2015 Short Shorter Shortest Long Longer Longest Y adjectives, even though they have more than one syllabus, have the same comparative and superlative forms like the short adjectives (the Y changed to an I). e.g Positive Hungry Happy Comparative Hungrier Happier Superlative Hungriest Happiest The comparative and superlative forms of the long adjectives are formed with more and most. E.g. Positive Beautiful Expensive Comparative More beautiful More expensive Superlative Most beautiful Most expensive Some adjectives are exception to these rules. They are; Positive Good Bad Little Comparative Better Worse less Superlative Best Worst Least D / ARTICLES The words a, an and the form a special group of adjectives called articles. A and An are indefinite articles because they refer to one of a general group or people, places, animals, things or ideas. A is used before words that begin with consonants while an is used before words that start with a vowel. E.g. a horse, an umbrella The article the is a definite article because it identifies specific people, places things and ideas. Exercise: use a and an before the following words a) Vehicle b) expedition c) welder d) instrument e) hour E / INTERJECTION An interjection is a word that expresses strong feelings and emotions. There are as many interjections as there are emotional situations. Even in our African languages, there are interjections too. They are usually by exclamation marks. The highlighted words in the following sentences are interjections: Ouch!, I’ve wounded my toe. Oh no! I forgot that my brother was getting married today. Hey! You have missed your way. 29 Anglais Technique 2014/2015 I heard Masango say Bi, “Ngwen has a new car, eh” I have never heard of you but, good lord I think you are very handsome. What feelings do you think that interjections in the sentences above convey? Choose from the options given in brackets. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) . . . . . (joy, pain, fear) (surprise, denial, fear) (warning, surprise, frustration) (Surprise, jealousy, insecurity) (surprise, joy, frustration) F / PREPOSITIONS AND CONJUNCTIONS I – PREPOSITIONS are words or groups of words often placed before a noun or pronoun to indicate time, place, directions, source, methods etc. take note that the prepositions can be used in many ways. It can indicate time, place, etc. e.g. In my house - place In may - time Prepositions are very important words in the English language and mastering their usage will ease the mastery of the language. Most of the common mistakes in the use of the English language are as a result of wrong use of prepositions. Exercise 1 fill in the missing prepositions in the following sentences. 1. He lives the sea. a) On b) at c) near 2. I’m not very keen classical music. a) Of b) for c) on 3. For the last time – will you listen me! a) To b) on c) at 4. I see that Shania finally got engaged Ishmael. a) With b) to c) by 5. My brother’s an authority cricket. a) On b) about c) with II – CONJUNCTIONS link words to other words, phrases and clauses: I ate the pizza and the pasta Call the movers when you are ready A coordinate conjunction links words, phrases and independent clauses E.g. 30 Anglais Technique 2014/2015 and, but, or, noir, for, so, or yet Black and white are colours. In this example, the coordinating conjunction “and” links two adjectives. A subordinate conjunction introduces a dependent clause. E.g Are, after, although, as, because, before, how, if, once, since, than, that, though, till, until, when, where, whether, and while. After she had read her notes, Elizabeth felt more impendent. The subordinate conjunction “after” introduces the dependent cause “After she had read her notes”. Correlative conjunction which always appear in appear in pairs are used to link equivalent sentence parts. E.g. Both..and, either..or, neither..nor, not, only…but also, so…as, whether…or. E.g. Both my mother and my wife worked in the family shop. Exercise: Use the appropriate conjunction to complete the sentences below. 1) My wife doesn’t like bread ………………, chocolate. 2) ……………… Elen Johnson is a woman, she won the Liberian president. 3) ……………… you like it ………….. not, you must study hard in order to pass your exams. 4) I like bikes …………… I prefer cars. 5) In Africa, boys are not independent ……….. they are 21 …………… girls are independent earlier. 6) G / QUESTION TAGS AND PARAGRAPHES I-QUESTION TAGS A question tag is a phrase made up of a verb and a pronoun usually added to the end of the statement to seek someone else’s opinion on an issue. e.g. I have a car, haven’t I ? The question tag is formed using the verb in the statement, a pronoun and a question mark. Note that when the statement is positive, the tag is negative and vice versa. I studied In the University of Buea. Didn’t I? My sister doesn’t like corn fufu, does she? Positive tag. e.g. - positive - positive statement statement 31 Anglais Technique 2014/2015 Exercise: Add tags to the questions below. Choose the correct answer. 1) You’re coming to the party, …………? a) aren’t you b) isn’t you c) shouldn’t you 2) It wasn’t vey difficult, ……………..? a) wasn’t it b) isn’t it c) was it 3) Tom is getting something for Sue, …..? a) wasn’t he b) isn’t he c) was he 4) There’s some milk in the refrigerator, …? a) isn’t the b) isn’t it c) wasn’t it 5) It won’t be anything expensive, …..? a) won’t it b) isn’t it c) will it II / PARAGRAPHS When we write we use paragraphs. What is really a paragraph? From letters through text books to novels, we find writers using paragraphs to express their ideas. So what therefore is a paragraph? A paragraph simply puts a group of sentences that are centered on one a main idea. A paragraph has two main parts the topic sentence and the supporting sentences. The topic sentence in a paragraph is that particular sentence that states the main idea. The topic sentence also unifies the content of a paragraph and directs the order of the sentences; and it advises the reader of the subject to be discussed and how the paragraph will discuss it. From the topic sentence, the user can determine the subject and perspective of the paragraph, that is why most topic sentences will be placed at the beginning of paragraphs. The rest of the sentences that follow the topic sentence will be supportive sentences. Every paragraph must be must logical, concise and complete. That is the ideas must be well organized, straight to the point and must express a complete thought. E.g. Football has become a favourite pastime for many Cameroonians. If you walk along any street, in Cameroon, you will surely see a determined footballer. He or she may be tall or short, fat or thin, young or old. Some dress in old comfortable clothes while others dress enticingly. Some practice as individuals and others practice as teams. Transitional Words and Phrases often used in paragraphs To show addition Again, and, also, besides, equally important, first (second etc..), further, furthermore, in addition, in the first place, moreover, next, too. To give examples For example, for instance, in fact, specifically, that is, to illustrate To contrast Although, and yet, at the same time, but, despite, even though, however, in contras, in spite of, nevertheless, on the contrary, on the other hand, still, though, yet. To summarize or conclude All in all, in conclusion, in other words, in short, in summary, on the whole, that is, therefore, to sum up. 32 Anglais Technique 2014/2015 To show time To show place or direction To indicate logical relationship C / ADJECTIVES Words that are used in describing, identifying, or quantifying people, places, animals or things are adjectives. An adjective usually precedes the noun or the pronoun which it modifies. In the following examples, the highlighted words are adjectives: A truck-shaped coffin was used to burry the truck driver. The small blue car belongs to my teacher. Many businessmen have started to stock their shops with beautiful Christmas trees. 2) FORMS OF ADJECTIVES Adjectives take three main forms in English – the positive, the comparative and the superlative. Positive adjectives describe something without suggesting any comparison. E.g Paul is a tall boy. Comparative adjectives compare two nouns or pronouns. E.g. Aisha is taller than Mbete. Superlative adjectives compare three or more nouns or pronouns. E.g. of all the students in class, Tata is most intelligent. There are two groups of adjectives – the short and the long adjectives. The short adjectives are made up of one syllabus e.g. short, tall, long, big. The comparative and superlative forms of these adjectives are formed with er and est. e.g. Positive Short Comparative Shorter Superlative Shortest 33 Anglais Technique Long 2014/2015 Longer Longest Y adjectives, even though they have more than one syllabus, have the same comparative and superlative forms like the short adjectives (the Y changed to an I). e.g Positive Hungry Happy Comparative Hungrier Happier Superlative Hungriest Happiest The comparative and superlative forms of the long adjectives are formed with more and most. E.g. Positive Beautiful Expensive Comparative More beautiful More expensive Superlative Most beautiful Most expensive Some adjectives are exception to these rules. They are; Positive Good Bad Little Comparative Better Worse less Superlative Best Worst Least D / ARTICLES The words a, an and the form a special group of adjectives called articles. A and An are indefinite articles because they refer to one of a general group or people, places, animals, things or ideas. A is used before words that begin with consonants while an is used before words that start with a vowel. E.g. a horse, an umbrella The article the is a definite article because it identifies specific people, places things and ideas. Exercise: use a and an before the following words b) Vehicle b) expedition c) welder d) instrument e) hour E / INTERJECTION An interjection is a word that expresses strong feelings and emotions. There are as many interjections as there are emotional situations. Even in our African languages, there are interjections too. They are usually by exclamation marks. The highlighted words in the following sentences are interjections: Ouch!, I’ve wounded my toe. Oh no! I forgot that my brother was getting married today. Hey! You have missed your way. I heard Masango say Bi, “Ngwen has a new car, eh” 34 Anglais Technique 2014/2015 I have never heard of you but, good lord I think you are very handsome. What feelings do you think that interjections in the sentences above convey? Choose from the options given in brackets. 6) . 7) . 8) . 9) . 10) . (joy, pain, fear) (surprise, denial, fear) (warning, surprise, frustration) (Surprise, jealousy, insecurity) (surprise, joy, frustration) Production TP 1-how to draft a curriculum vitae 2-how to draft an abstract 3- companies . organigram, dependency…etc 4-project research and internship 5-interwiew 6- how to draft a letter of application 7- Differences in cultural heritage 35