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Chapter 5 Study Guide Terms and Questions
Terms
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adaptation
adaptive trait
age structure
artificial selection
biodiversity
biological diversity
biosphere
birth rate
carrying capacity
communities
community ecology
Darwin, Charles
death rate
density dependent factor
density independent factor
ecosystem ecology
ecosystems
ecotourism
emigration
endemic
evolution
exponential growth
extinction
generalists
growth rate
habitat
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immigration
K-selected
limiting factors
logistic growth curve
mass extinction events
mutation
natural selection
niche
population
population density
population dispersion
population ecology
population size
r-selected
selective breeding
sex ratio
specialists
speciation
species
survivorship curves
biotic
abiotic
allopatric speciation
sympatric speciation
Study Guide Questions
Evolution
1. What is the relationship between populations and evolution?
2. Why is evolution an important topic in Environmental Science?
3. What is the role of mutations in the process of evolution?
4. What is the role of competition in evolution?
5. Draw 3 graphs of selection types and explain the difference between the three (Directional,
Stabilizing and Disruptive Selection.
6. What is “Adaptive Radiation”?
7. Give an example of a human benefit from artificial selection.
8. What is a “Species”? (What is it that determines if two organisms are different species?
9. What is “Speciation”?
10. What is the difference between Allopatric and Sympatric speciation?
11. Describe evolution in terms of mutation, variation, population and selection.
12. Describe extinction in terms of variation and population.
13. What is the relationship between biodiversity and evolution and give an example?
14. Explain the evidence that supports the idea that extinction is natural.
15. What characteristics make a species more vulnerable to extinction?
16. How many mass extinction event have occurred throughout earth history?
17. What is causing the 6th mass extinction?
18. What does Endemic mean and how does it relate to extinction.
19. Label the following characteristics as “Generalist” or “Specialized”.
a. Broad niche with many food and habitat options
b. Expend little energy competing for food
c. Narrow niche with few food and habitat options
d. Expend more energy competing for food
e. Resistant to disruptions in habitat
f. Vulnerable to disruptions in habitat
Population Ecology
20. How would you calculate the size of a population?
21. How would you calculate the density of a population?
22. Which population distribution indicates territoriality?
23. Which population distribution indicates group protective behaviors like flocks, herds, and schools?
24. Draw an age structure pyramid that indicates future population growth.
25. Draw an age structure pyramid that indicates future population decline.
26. Draw an age structure pyramid that indicates a stable population.
27. What is the equation for calculating population growth rate?
28. Draw the three survivorship curves and give and example of each.
29. Draw a graph of exponential growth and explain what it shows?
30. Draw a graph of logistic curve and explain what it shows?
31. List 5 limiting factors.
32. What is Environmental Resistance?
33. Describe the carrying capacity.
34. Describe the relationship between Environmental Resistance and Carrying Capacity and give an
example.
35. What does K stand for in population ecology?
36. Name 3 density dependent limiting factors.
37. Name 3 density independent limiting factors.
38. What is Biotic Potential?
39. List 5 characteristics of organisms with a high biotic potential and give an example.
40. List 5 characteristics of organisms with a low biotic potential and give an example.
41. List 2 characteristics of K-selected species.
42. What kind of biotic potential do K-selected species show?
43. List 2 characteristics of r-selected species?
44. What kind of biotic potential do r-selected species show?
45. What does the r in r-selected represent?
46. What is the relationship between biotic potential and population density limiting factors?
47. How do extinction and the loss of biodiversity affect the communities?
48. Explain why ecotourism in Costa Rica is a market based approach to preserving rainforest
species.
49. Describe an environmental policy you would create to protect the biodiversity in Costa Rica from
the problems listed on page 136.