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CHAPTER 22- CORRECT PRONOUN USAGE The following chart will help to identify the number, person and gender of personal pronouns. Nominative Case Objective Case Possessive Case SINGULAR 1st Person 2nd Person 3rd Person I you he she it me you him her it my mine your yours his her hers its PLURAL 1st Person 2nd Person 3rd Person we you they us you them our ours your yours their theirs Case: A. The form that a _______________ or _________________ takes to indicate its use in a sentence. Three cases in English: ___________________ Nominative Case: 1) A __________________ of a verb is in the nominative case. He went to the game. John and (he, him) went to the game. Objective Case: 1) (She, He) and (I, me) will make the costumes. The winners are they. The one who answered was I. Personal pronouns: ______, _______, ______, ______, ______, ______, and ________ An ______________________ of a verb is in the objective case. My pen-pal visited me last summer. The new student asked Mary and (I, me) a question. 2) She thinks they are too expensive. A ____________________________ is in the nominative case. The leader of the race is she. B. ___________________ Personal pronouns: ______, _______, ______, ______, ______, ______, and _______ We gathered at the football field. 2) ____________________ The coach awarded her the MVP trophy. The editor gave (he, him) and (she, her) a nice assignment. An ________________________________ is in the objective case. for me with us beside him between you and me 1 C. Possessive Case: The following personal pronouns are used to show ownership or relationship: __________ _______________________________________________________________________ 1) The possessive pronouns __________, ___________, _________, _________, ________, ___________, & ___________ are used in the same ways as pronouns in the nominative and objective cases are used. Your car and mine need a tune up. This yearbook is hers. Mr. Kocur gave theirs a quick glance. 2) We ordered ours yesterday Next to yours, my car is slow. The possessive pronouns ________, ___________, _________, _________, ________, ___________, & ___________ are used as adjectives before nouns. My watch is broken. 3) His first performance was last year. A noun or pronoun preceding a ___________________ is in the possessive case.. We were thrilled by Tina’s scoring a 100% on the test. His parents objected to his working late. D. Do you know their address? We were thrilled by her scoring a 100% on the test. She laughed at the puppy frolicking around the house. Special Pronoun Problems Appositives 1) An ______________________ is in the same case as the noun or pronoun to which it refers. My best friends, Meg and she, have made the team. subject (_____________________ case) My father paid the two boys, Mark and him, for the job. direct object _________________ (case) Two juniors, Laura and (she, her) conducted the survey. The survey was conducted by two juniors, Laura and (she, her) Elliptical Constructions 1) A pronoun following ____________ or ____________ in an elliptical construction is in the same case as it would be if the construction were completed. Example 1 Elliptical Krista was more frustrated by the assignment than he. Completed Krista was more frustrated by the assignment than he was frustrated.. Elliptical The assignment frustrated me as much as him. Example 2 2 Completed The assignment frustrated me as much as it frustrated him. Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns 1st Person 2nd Person 3rd Person 1) Singular Plural myself yourself himself, herself, itself ourselves yourselves themselves A ___________________ pronoun refers to its antecedent, a noun or pronoun that indicates the same individual(s) or thing(s). I hurt myself. (myself refers to I) 2) These computers can repair themselves. (themselves refers to computers) An ___________________ pronoun emphasizes to its antecedent, a noun or pronoun that indicates the same individual(s) or thing(s). My grandfather and I restored the car ourselves. (ourselves emphasizes grandfather and I) The weather itself seemed to be our enemy. (itself emphasizes weather) Unlike reflexive pronouns, intensive pronouns can be omitted from a sentence. 3) A pronoun ending in ________ or _________ should not be used in place of a simple personal pronoun. Example 1 Nonstandard Zack and myself went to the ballet Standard Zack and I went to the ballet. Who and Whom Nominative Case who 1) whoever Objective Case whom whomever whose whoseever The form an ___________________ pronoun takes depends on its use in the ___________________. Who is used as a _______________ or ___________________________. Who played this role on Broadway? (subject) Possessive Case Who was it? (predicate nominative) Whom is used as an object of a _________________ or an object of a ________________________. Whom did the president recommend? (subject) With whom did Heather write the play? (object of the preposition) 3 2) The form a ______________ pronoun takes depends on its use in the _____________________ clause. When choosing between who and whom in a subordinate clause, follow these steps: Example 1: Ms. Wilson, (who, whom) I greatly admire, owns a bakery in our community Step 1: Find the subordinate clause (who, whom) I greatly admire, Step 2: Determine the use of the relative pronoun (RP) in the clause- S, PN, DO, IO, OP. Step 3: Determine the case for this use of the RP direct object = objective case Step 4: Select the correct case form of the RP the objective form of the RP is whom RP = direct object of the verb admire Invert- I greatly admire (who, whom) Example 2: The prize goes to (whoever, whomever) is the first to solve the riddles. Step 1: Find the subordinate clause (whoever, whomever) is the first to solve the riddles Step 2: Determine the use of the relative pronoun (RP) in the clause- S, PN, DO, IO, OP. RP = subject of the verb is Step 3: Determine the case for this use of the RP subject = nominative case Step 4: Select the correct case form of the RP the nominative form of the RP is whoever Example 3: In Hamlet, the two characters (who, whom) I most admire are Hamlet and Horatio. Step 1: Find the subordinate clause Step 2: Determine the use of the relative pronoun (RP) in the clause- S, PN, DO, IO, OP. Step 3: Determine the case for this use of the RP Step 4: Select the correct case form of the RP 4