Download Chapter 23 Circulation and Respiration

Chapter 23 Circulation, Lymphatic and Respiration
GPS: S7L2 - Students will describe the structure and function of cells,
tissues, organs, and organ systems (a-e).
Section 1 The Cardiovascular System
The heart and blood vessels are the main components to this system. Your
heart is made of cardiac muscle. Cardio means heart, vascular means
vessels, so the cardiovascular system contains the heart and the blood
vessels. The function of the cardiovascular system is to transport nutrients
and oxygen to your cells while removing the wastes products from the cells.
We have about 5 liters (5L) of blood in our bodies. Blood is a connective
tissue made up of two types of cells, cell parts, and plasma. The blood is a
mixture of water, minerals, nutrients, sugars, proteins and other substances.
Red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets float in the plasma.
Red Blood Cells (RBC’s)
Red blood cells are round and concave and the most abundant cells in blood.
The red blood cells are responsible for supplying our cells with the oxygen
needed to carry out cellular respiration. The red blood cells have a special
protein called hemoglobin. The hemoglobin gives the red blood cells the red
coloration. The hemoglobin also binds with the oxygen we breathe in and
transport oxygen throughout the body. The shape of the red blood cell shape
(concave on both sides) increases the surface area, which in turn allow the
red blood cell to carry more oxygen than if it were a perfect sphere.
Recall, the red blood cells are produced in the red bone marrow. Before the
red blood cells enter the bloodstream, they lose their nucleus and organelles.
Without the nucleus, the red blood cells cannot carry out mitosis and must
be replaced when they become worn out. The RBC’s are replaced about
every 4 months due to this.
White Blood Cells (WBC’s)
These blood cells have a nucleus and are phagocytic, which means they are
capable of engulfing foreign materials (bacteria, viruses and other potential
pathogens). Pathogens are materials or organisms that can make us sick.
Some white blood cells produce antibodies that fight against pathogens to
protect us from foreign invaders. Another function of the WBC’s is to engulf
body cells that died or become damaged. WBC’s are also made in the bone
marrow.
Platelets
Platelets are pieces of larger cells found in the bone marrow and break off of
these larger cells. Platelets function in clotting blood when an injury causes
bleeding. The platelets clump together and form a plug on the area that is
bleeding in order to reduce blood loss. Platelets also release chemicals that
activate proteins in the plasma that will form tiny fibers that ultimately
create a blood clot.
The Heart
Your heart is made up of cardiac muscle tissue and is about the size of your
fist. It is located in the center of your chest beneath your ribs. The function
of the heart is to pump oxygen rich blood to all parts of the body and oxygen
poor blood to your lungs where the blood will pick up oxygen.
All mammals (humans included) have a four chambered heart. The heart is
divided into a left and right side. The left side of the heart is on the left side
of your body, but if you are looking at someone and referring to their heart,
the left side would be on your right. THINK ABOUT IT. GOOD!. This
orientation is known as the anatomical position which keeps everyone “on
the same level” so to speak. All doctors and medical personnel recognize
body orientation based on the anatomical position. You would not want
surgery on the wrong side of your heart or any other part of your body.
Each upper chamber is called an atrium and each lower chamber is called a
ventricle. We have a left and right atrium and ventricle. Between the
ventricle and atria you find a valve. The valves prevent the backflow of
blood. When a medical person listens to your heart with a stethoscope, they
are listening to the valves closing (lubb-dubb). If the sound has a hiss to it, it
can indicate a leaking valve.
Blood Flow Through The Heart
Blood enters the left atria from the lungs with oxygen rich blood, while at
the same time the right atria is receiving blood that is oxygen poor from the
rest of the body.
As the atria contract, the blood is forced into the ventricles. While the atria
relax, the ventricles contract and the blood from the right ventricle the blood
goes to the lungs and the blood from the left ventricle goes to the rest of the
body.
Essentially, the atria contract to send blood to the ventricles, and then the
atria relax. Next, the ventricles contract to send blood out.
If we followed one drop of blood through the heart we would see the
following path. Coming from the body the blood enters into the right atria,
through a valve into the right ventricle. From the right ventricle, the blood
would go to the lungs. From the lungs the blood would enter the left atria
and pass through a valve into the left ventricle. From the left ventricle, the
blood would be sent to all parts of the body to begin the cycle over again.
Blood Vessels
Our blood travels through our body through our blood vessels. A blood
vessel is a hollow tube that transports blood. There are three types of vessels
– arteries, capillaries and veins.
Remember: Arteries always carry blood away from the heart and Veins
always carry blood to the heart.
Large arteries will become smaller and branch into even smaller arteries
until they join capillaries. The capillaries are only large enough for one red
blood cell at a time to pass. This is where nutrients are released to cells and
wastes are picked up. This is also where oxygen is dropped off to cells and
carbon dioxide is picked up. Once the capillaries start merging and getting
larger, they enter veins which carry the blood back to the heart.
Arteries
Arteries carry blood away from the heart. They have thick elastic walls that
contain a layer of smooth muscle. The thick walls and arteries that can
withstand the high pressure created when the ventricles contract and force
blood through the arteries. The rhythmic change in blood pressure is what
creates the pulse. When the ventricles contract, we can feel certain arteries
enlarge, this is the pulse. Most arteries that we are able to feel a pulse on
must cross over a bone for us to identify the pulse readily (wrist and carotid
arteries are the most often used to take one’s pulse).
Capillaries
Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels in the human body as well as other
mammals. They often form capillary beds, which function to deliver oxygen
and nutrients to cells and transport wastes and carbon dioxide away from the
cells. Capillaries are so small in fact that only one red blood cell can pass
through them at a time. One strand of hair is about 10X wider than a
capillary (wow that is small). Due to the fact that the capillaries are so small,
diffusion can easily occur across the capillary wall. Capillaries are also so
small that no cell is over three or four cells away from a capillary.
Veins
When the blood picks up the waste and carbon dioxide and leaves the
capillaries, it enters veins and begins traveling back to the heart. Veins are
different from arteries in that they have valves that prevent the blood from
flowing backward. The heart does not actually provide enough pressure to
push blood through veins. Skeletal muscles are responsible for helping the
blood through the veins. As the skeletal muscles contract, they squeeze the
veins and this helps push the blood through them.
The flow of blood from the heart and to all parts of the body is called
systemic circulation. We also have blood flowing from the heart to the
lungs, we call this pulmonary circulation.
Remember: Oxygen poor blood is sent from the body to the heart, then to the
lungs to pick up a “fresh supply” of oxygen. After the lungs provide the
fresh oxygen, the blood is sent to the heart again to be pumped to all parts of
the body.
Blood Flow Pathway through the Systemic and Pulmonary Circulation
As the blood comes from areas of the body other than the lungs, it enters the
right atrium. From the right atrium, the blood passes through a one way
valve and enters the right ventricle. From the right ventricle, the blood enters
the pulmonary artery and goes to the lungs. Once in the lungs, fresh oxygen
is picked up and carbon dioxide is taken out of the blood. Now, the blood
leaves the lungs by way of the pulmonary veins and goes to the left atrium of
the heart. From the left atrium, the blood passes through a one way valve
into the left ventricle. Next, the blood leaves the left ventricle and enters the
aorta artery to be sent to all areas of the body.
Blood Pressure
The force that is exerted on the walls of the vessels is called blood pressure.
Blood pressure is reported in millimeters of mercury (Hg). When someone
has a blood pressure of 120 over 80 (written 120/80) it means that the
systolic pressure is 120 and the diastolic pressure is 80. Systolic pressure is
the pressure exerted on the artery wall when the ventricles contract.
Diastolic pressure is the pressure exerted when the ventricles are relaxed. A
blood pressure of 120/80 is considered to be “normal”.
Exercise and Blood Flow
When we exert ourselves (like exercising) our muscles need more oxygen
than they require at rest. Our muscles also need more nutrients during
periods of exercise. The way that our muscles get the oxygen and nutrients
they need is by having our heart pump faster. If our heart cannot supply our
muscles with the oxygen and nutrients they need, (RECALL) fermentation
occurs and our muscles begin to ache because the glucose is being broken
down partially and in the absence of oxygen.
During exercise, some organs do not need as much blood flowing to them
and so more blood can be sent to the skeletal muscles, heart, brain and lungs.
This is like turning some water faucets off in order to allow more water to
other faucets (so to speak). If you have ever been using a faucet and
someone else in the house turns another faucet on, you may have noticed the
water pressure decrease. When the other person turns their water faucet off,
your water pressure increases and more water flows out of the faucet you are
using.
Blood Type
There are 4 types of blood that humans have. Humans have one of the
following types A, B, AB, or O. These are based on the type of antigens
found on the surface of the red blood cells. Type A has A antigens on the
surface of the red blood cells, type B has B antigens, type AB has A and B
antigens on the surface of the red blood cell, and people with type O have
neither A or B antigens on the surface of the red blood cell.
Blood Antibodies.
Antibodies “fight” against antigens. A person with type A blood antigens
will have type B antibodies, a person with type B antigens will have type A
antibodies, a person with type AB antigens will not have any A or B
antibodies, and a person with type O blood will have type A and B
antibodies. If we give someone the wrong type of blood, their antibodies can
attack the antigens on the blood cells and the person may die from this
process.
Mixing Blood for Medical Reasons
When someone has had a serious accident and has had a loss of blood, it
may be necessary to give the injured person a blood transfusion (giving
blood taken from one person and injected “transfused” into a person needing
the blood). This process “blood transfusion” can save someone’s life when
properly done.
In order to have a safe transfusion doctors try to give the same type of blood
to the person needing the blood. Example if the person needing blood has
type A, the blood type the doctor wants to transfuse would be type A.
However, since a person with type O blood does not have any antigens on
the red blood cell surface that would react with antibodies, a person with
type O blood is known as the universal donor. A person with type AB blood
would not have any antibodies, so they are considered the universal
recipient.
Cardiovascular problems
When someone has cardiovascular problems, the person will have health
problems because the heart and blood vessels are affected. Cardiovascular
problems can be caused by smoking, high levels of cholesterol, heredity,
over-weight, stress and other factors
Atherosclerosis
This is the leading cause of death in the United States. Atherosclerosis
occurs when fatty materials like cholesterol build up on the inside of the
blood vessels. This decreases the amount of blood flow to the body. If it
decreases the blood flow to the heart, the heart muscle can die and the result
is a heart attack.
Hypertension
Hypertension is often detected when someone has abnormally high blood
pressure. This makes it harder for the heart to pump the blood through the
body. If a blood vessel is weak in one area, the high blood pressure can
cause the vessel to rupture (called an aneurism). If this occurs in the brain
we call it a stroke. Strokes can lead to death.
Must Know Items
1. Blood flow through the heart and to the body and lungs.
Coming from all part of the body, the blood enters the right atrium
from the inferior and superior vena cave veins, and then passes through a
valve into the right ventricle. From the right ventricle the blood flows into
the pulmonary artery and is carried to the blood where the carbon dioxide is
released and oxygen is picked up. From the lungs the blood enters into the
pulmonary veins traveling back to the heart. The blood enters into the left
atrium and passes through a valve into the right ventricle. The blood then
leaves the right ventricle and enters the aorta, which will branch to form the
other blood vessels that carry the blood to all parts of our body.
2. Know the differences between arteries, veins and capillaries.
3. The difference between pulmonary and systemic circulation.
4. What is blood pressure? Systolic vs. Diastolic pressure.
5. How does exercise affects blood flow?
6. Blood types and transfusion.
7. Atherosclerosis and Hypertension.
The Lymphatic System
When blood pumps through our body, some fluid leaks out and combines
with the fluid that surrounds our cells. Most of the fluid is reabsorbed by
capillaries, the rest is collected by the lymphatic system which carries the
fluid back to a vein near the heart where it empties the fluid back into the
blood. This system is called the lymphatic system. Your lymphatic system
also helps your body fight pathogens, Pathogens are microscopic organisms
and viruses that can make you sick.
Lymphatic vessels
The smallest vessels in the lymphatic tissue are called lymphatic capillaries.
These are located between cells and absorb fluid and any particles too large
to enter the blood capillaries. Some of these particles are dead cells or cells
that are foreign to our body. All of the fluid that drains into the lymphatic
system is called lymph.
The lymphatic system relies on the contraction of skeletal muscles to push
the lymph through the lymph vessels.
Lymphatic Organs
Lymph nodes are small bean shaped organs where particles, such as
pathogens and dead cells, are removed from the fluid. Lymph nodes have
many white blood cells (WBC’s) which “eat” these pathogens. Some of the
white blood cells mark the pathogens to be destroyed. When the body
becomes infected by bacteria or viruses, the WBC’s multiply and the nodes
will become swollen (this is what the doctor is feeling of when they touch
your neck). Sometimes the lymph nodes become swollen and very painful.
Thymus gland: this lymphatic organ is located just above your heart and
releases White Blood Cells that will travel to other areas of the lymphatic
system to fight infections.
Spleen: The spleen is the largest lymphatic organ and is located in the upper
left side of your abdomen (just below your diaphragm). Your spleen filters
blood and releases WBC’s. As the red blood cells pass through the spleen,
some of them are old and fragile, which become ruptured. These red blood
cells and some of their parts are recycled and reused. Some people think the
spleen could be called the red blood cell recycling center.
Tonsils: Your tonsils are made up of groups of lymphatic tissue located in
the back of your nasal cavity in the back of your throat behind your tongue.
Sometimes they can become infected and surgery is required to remove
them. If they are not removed, the infection may spread to other areas of the
body.
The Respiratory System
In order for us to survive, our cells need a fresh supply of oxygen and a way
to remove the waste (carbon dioxide and water). The respiratory system is
responsible for this.
The oxygen is needed in our cells to obtain energy from the food we eat.
When you inhale “breathe in” we take oxygen into our lungs where it enters
the capillaries and travels into the blood stream. When we exhale, the waste
(carbon dioxide and water) is released.
Many people think the process of breathing and respiration are the same, but
they are not. Breathing involves taking air into our lungs and respiration
involves gas exchange at the cellular level. Respiration is the entire process
of taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide and water. Again,
breathing involves inhaling and exhaling. Cellular respiration involves the
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide at the cells themselves and the
chemical reactions in the cell that take place to obtain energy from the food
we eat.
The respiratory system consists of the lungs, throat, and passageways that
lead to the lungs. Most people inhale and exhale through their nose,
therefore our nose is the major passageway into and out of our respiratory
system.
Pharynx: as the air you inhale enters passes through your nose, it enters the
pharynx. This is located behind your tongue. Look into a mirror and stick
your tongue out and say AAHHH! The area you see behind your tongue is
the pharynx. The pharynx branches into two tubes 1: the esophagus (carries
food to the stomach) 2: the larynx which leads to the lungs.
Larynx: It is located on the front of your throat. You can feel the larynx by
gently passing your fingers down the outside of you neck in the front of your
throat. The ridges or elevated portion is the larynx. The larynx is also called
the voice box because it contains the vocal cords that allow us to talk. When
the vocal cords are pulled tight by the muscles it changes the pitch of the
sounds we make (different sounds).
Trachea: the larynx is located “on top of” the trachea (also called the
windpipe). The trachea is the passageway for air from the larynx to the
lungs.
Bronchi: as the trachea makes its way to the lungs, it splits into two tubes
called bronchi (one goes to each lung). As the bronchi pass further into the
lungs, they branch into bronchioles that enter the air sacs (alveoli) of our
lungs.
Lungs: two large organs in your chest cavity (thoracic cavity) made up of
thousands of tiny air sacs called alveoli. The alveoli have capillary beds
where the gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide) takes place.
Breathing is the Job for the Diaphragm: our lungs “sit” on top of a broad
“sheet” of muscle called the diaphragm. The diaphragm contracts and flexes
down and causes the process of inhaling air into our lungs. When the
diaphragm contracts, some of the rib muscles also contract, this helps lift the
ribs and aids in the process of taking in air (inhalation) also. When the
diaphragm relaxes it flexes back into an upward arch and forces the air out
of our lungs. The rib muscles also relax and this helps force the air out of the
lungs also.
Oxygen’s Job: at the level of cellular respiration, the oxygen is used to
release the energy stored in the proteins, fats and carbohydrates we consume.
When this happens (recall) we produce carbon dioxide and water as the
waste product, which is diffused into the bloodstream to be taken to the
lungs for removal during exhalation (breathing out).
Respiratory Problems: many people have respiratory problems. You may
have heard of some: asthma, bronchitis (inflammation or infection in the
bronchi), pneumonia (infection in the alveoli from the bacterium
pneumococcus), and emphysema (where the alveoli walls collapse or
deteriorate and the gas exchange process is greatly reduced because the
surface are of alveoli has decreased to a great extent).
Smoking and our Respiratory System: Smoking causes emphysema and lung
cancer. Both of these diseases reduces a person’s ability to carry out proper
respiration and the individual may feel as if they cannot ever get enough air
to into their lungs for respiration purposes. In reality, they cannot get enough
to breathe and they actually suffocate to death in severe cases. Both of these
diseases cause the lung tissue to deteriorate.
Worksheet for Chapter 23 Section 1
1. The main components to the cardiovascular system are the h
the b
v
2. Cardio means h
.
.
3. Vascular means v
.
4. Cardiovascular must mean the system contains the h
the blood v
and
.
5. The function of the cardiovascular system is to p
n
and
b
and
to your cells while removing the w____________
products from the cells.
6. . Blood is a c
tissue made up of two types of cells,
cell parts, and plasma.
7. There are two major types of blood cells, one type is the r
cell and the other type is the w
blood cell.
blood
8. Red blood cells are c
in shape and this allows for them
to transport more o
, which is a major responsibility
of theirs.
9. The red blood cells have a special protein called h
.
Chapter 23 Section 2 Lymphatic System Review Guide/Study Sheet
1. The fluid and particles absorbed into the lymphatic capillaries is known as
l
.
2. The system that collects all of the “excess” fluid that has been lost from
capillary beds and blood vessels is the l
system.
3. The small “bean-shaped” lymphatic organs that filter pathogens and dead
cells are l
n
.
4. When the body is infected with bacteria or viruses, w
cells multiply in order to combat “fight” the infection.
blood
5. The lymphatic organ located “right above” your heart that releases
WBC’s is the t
.
6. The s
is the largest lymphatic organ that stores WBC’s
and filters red blood cells. Sometimes the broken down blood cell parts
may be recycled.
7. The t
are lymphatic organs located in the back of your
throat at the rear of your nasal cavity. They can become so infected that
they need to be removed surgically. (Many children have this done and
eat a lot of ice cream to ease the pain).
8. When lymph leaves the lymphatic system it enters back into the
b
.
9. How can lymph nodes be similar to our spleen?
10.How is lymph “forced” through the lymphatic system?
Chapter 23 Section 3 The Respiratory System Study Guide
1. The process by which the body obtains and uses oxygen and gets rid of carbon dioxide
and water is called r
.
2. The respiratory system consists of the l
the passageways that lead into the lungs.
, throat, and all of
3. Taking air into the lungs and exhaling air from the lungs is called
b
. (Not at the cellular level).
4. Most people use their n
into the respiratory system.
as the primary passageway for air
5. If you look into a mirror and open your mouth, stick out your tongue and
say AHHH! What part of the respiratory system would you be seeing in
the mirror? P
.
6. This part of the respiratory passageway contains the “voice box”. What
part are we talking about? L
.
7. The t
is sometimes referred to as our windpipe, which
carries the air from the larynx to the bronchi.
8. When the trachea branches into two passageways, it is called
b
.
9. If we looked at the tissue from this respiratory system organ, we would
see thousands of tiny sacs called alveoli. What organ are we talking
about? (We have two of these) L
.
10. The large flat muscle right below our lungs that flexes down when it
contracts and forces us to inhale is called the d
.
11. In c
r
oxygen is used to obtain
the energy contained in the proteins, fats, and carbohydrates we eat.
12. When someone secretes large amounts of mucus due to the area of the
bronchi or lungs, they may have a
which makes if difficult
for them to “catch their breath”. (Some children grow out of this
disorder).
13. S
can cause emphysema or lung cancer.
14. When someone has e
, the alveoli erode or break
down and gas exchange is not as efficient and the person can literally
smother to death.
15. Give the proper pathway for air entering our lungs, going to all parts of
the body and then back out of our lungs to the atmosphere. N
,
P
,L
,T
,
B
, and L
.
16. What is pneumonia?