Download Classification and Kingdoms

Biology 102
Name ____________________________
Date ______________ Class ______
Notes: Classification and Kingdoms
What is classification?
 A branch of biology in which organisms are
___________
_______
,
______
, and
based on biological information
 Also known as
________________________
 Useful because it helps make order of things
 Easier to
_____ and/or
living things when they are grouped.
How did classification start?
 With
________
(ancient Greek philosopher)
 Used a 2 kingdom system (Everything was considered ______
or
______
.)
 Next modified version: by Linnaeus who used a 5 kingdom system & developed a system for
naming organisms called
__________________.
–
First word =
–
Second word =
______; lower case
–
Entire name must be
________
______
; capitalized
or
The Classical 5 kingdom system
 Kingdom Monera (
______
)
 Kingdom Protista (
)
 Kingdom Fungi (
)
 Kingdom Plantae (
)
 Kingdom Animalia (
)
The 6 kingdom system
 Kingdom Eubacteria (
)
 Kingdom Archaebacteria (________________________)
 Kingdom Protista (
)
 Kingdom Fungi (
)
 Kingdom Plantae (
)
 Kingdom Animalia (
_______
)
Notes on Classification/Kingdoms, p. 1 of 9
Human classification
 Kingdom
_____
 Phylum
_______
 Class
__________
 Order
______
 Family
 Genus
___(subphylum vertebrata)
_____
______
 Species name:
______
Complete scientific name:
_____________
How is it done today?
 Usually the Linnaean way…
 But
have led to reorganization of classification.
6 Kingdoms Vs. 3 Domains
 Kingdom Eubacteria
• Domain
*
 Kingdom Archaebacteria
• Domain
*




Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
• Domain
* these are distinguished mainly by
differences between their cell walls
______
Why classify in this way?
 International scientists can communicate effectively
 Avoid problems associated with common names
 “ringworm” (
)
 “frog” (
)
Viruses (summary)
Not placed in a kingdom (not considered
Not made of
_______
 DON’T
!)
; simple structure —
around
Infect other organisms by either the
Viruses: living or not?
 DON’T
Draw the bacteriophage
here; labeling the parts…
cycle or the
 DO
 DO
Notes on Classification/Kingdoms, p. 2 of 9
cycle
Lytic Cycle
 Virus injects
 Nucleic acid is
 Nucleic acid is
&
(making
 Newly assembled viruses cause the cell to
)
__
Lysogenic Cycle
 Virus injects
 Nucleic acid
________ in the nucleic acid of the infected cell
 Replication of viral DNA occurs with
 At some point, the virus is
of the cell
______ & goes through the
______
Diseases caused by Viruses
______________________
______________________
Tobacco Mosaic Virus in plants
_______________________
_______________________
Bacteriophage in bacteria
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
Viruses: more types
 Pictures of viruses on the Internet… see
http://www.accessexcellence.org/AB/GG/examples_of_viruses.html
Bacteria and viruses: size comparison… see http://www.cellsalive.com/howbig.htm
Kingdom Monera (bacteria)
Modern classification:
Domain ___________________ Kingdom ________________
Domain ___________________ Kingdom ________________
_____karyotic
_____cellular
Mostly ________trophic (some _________synthetic, some ________synthetic
_______reproduction (_________________________)
Classifying bacteria

______
_____ and

______
 DNA is found in a
______
____ of all living things
are smaller than those of eukaryotes
chromosome (rather than in paired chromosomes)
Notes on Classification/Kingdoms, p. 3 of 9
Beneficial bacteria
Soil bacteria
Harmful bacteria
dead organisms
Many cause disease, either by
Other bacteria convert nitrogen into a usable
form for
called
Some bacteria live in the
OR
Bacteria enter the body through air, water,
food, or direct/indirect contact with another
infected organism
to aid digestion
Kingdom Protista (algae, protozoans, fungus-like)
Modern Classification:
Domain
, Kingdom
___
___
karyotic
Mostly
cellular (a few are multicellular)
Algae are
trophic;
protozoans & fungus-like are _____trophic
Mostly
reproduction (mitosis or
binary fission)
the most
of the five
kingdoms
– (broken into three groups)
Group I: Protozoa—the Animal-Like Protists

cellular
trophs
 feed on
 protozoans classified by how they move—
_____
: Ciliophora like Paramecium or Stentor
______: Zooflagellata like Trichonympha or Trypanosoma
__: (cytoplasm-containing extensions of plasma membranes sent out like fake feet):
___: Sporozoans like Plasmodium or Toxoplasma
Group II: Algae—Plant-Like Protists
 found in
environments

(have pigments like chlorophyll)
 Algae classified by
Examples:
phyta
phyta (
phyta (
),
phyta (
,
Rhodophyta (
)
)
flagellata (the spinning algae)
diatoms)
Group III: Fungus-Like Protists

molds and
(they demonstrate different
molds
than true fungi)
 they form delicate, netlike structures on the surfaces of their
 these organisms
organic molecules and absorb the digested materials
Notes on Classification/Kingdoms, p. 4 of 9
Beneficial Protista
Harmful Protista
are a source of
Many
cause disease
Plasmodium causes
(carried by
mosquito)
Trypanosoma causes
(carried by the tsetse fly)
Algae can have harmful effects on ______
in __________ecosystems & a source of
atmospheric ____
algae used in soups & salads
Substances from algae used in:
food industry as
agents (ice cream,
Algal _______ decrease nutrients in water
pudding)
dinoflagellates can cause red tides)
for treating health problems, for
Their decomposition uses
harming
scientific labs, & to make products like plastics
other aquatic life
and paints
Dinoflagellates can make
that
Some
are beneficial to other organisms
contaminate shellfish
Trichonympha in the gut of
_____________________________________________________________________________
Kingdom Fungi (yeasts, molds, mushrooms)
Modern Classification:
Domain
_____, Kingdom
_______
(causes harm to another
organism by living on it)
___
or
reproduction
_____karyotic
non
Mostly
cellular (yeasts = only
_____cellular)
Absorptive
____trophs
(eating dead stuff)
Structure of a fungus

they have cell

A

Bundles of hyphae are called the
made of
___
is a long filament of fungal cells (pl. hyphae)
___________
of a fungus
Types of Fungi
Classified based on
Reproduction
Phylum
Asexual
_______
Examples
Sexual
conidia
spores/
Cup fungi, yeasts,
mildew
conidia
spores/
Mushrooms,
puffballs
mycota
______mycota
conidia
None known
Penicillium,
ringworm
______mycota
sporangia
Conjugation, forming
spore
______mycota
Notes on Classification/Kingdoms, p. 5 of 9
Rhizopus
Beneficial Fungi
Found in any ecosystem with
___
&
Important in the
____ of organic
nutrients
Used in
(
_ in bread),
dairy products (to make cheese)
Harmful Fungi
Can attack
Can cause
- _________________________
Can cause
–
Some are
Some used as medicine (
)
_____________________________________________________________________________
Kingdom Plantae (mosses, ferns, pines, flowering)
 Modern Classification:

cellular

trophic
–
Domain
,

Kingdom
______
reproduction
_____karyotic
Plant Characteristics
 Cell walls made of
_______
 Less dependent on
_____ than algae because they have a waxy cuticle
 Classified by the following traits:
–
___________
vs. none (for water transport)
–
___ vs.
_ for reproduction
–
____________
vs. none
Beneficial Plantae
Harmful Plantae
__
: fruits, vegetables, grains,
legumes (beans), seasonings
Many are
poison ivy, poinsettia, holly, hydrangea,
wisteria
Some are
______
– Kudzu, privet (non-native to U.S.)
– Various weeds
Visit the “Harmful Plants Gallery” for pictures &
more information @:
http://www.rce.rutgers.edu/harmfulplants/defau
lt.asp
Trees provide
organisms
Trees used for lumber,
_____ for many
Fibers in
materials
Some are
used for clothing
___
Notes on Classification/Kingdoms, p. 6 of 9
Alternation of Generations
 Plant life cycle alternates between these generations:
 (1)
:
“Gameto” = sex cells; “phyte” = plant—
__ & ______ (haploid) are produced by ______;
–
–
Mature gametes develop from those cells by _
–
Fusion of
_; “Sporo” = seed cells; “phyte” = plant—
__ ends this haploid generation
 (2)
the plant that makes the gametes or sex cells
the plant that makes the spores
:
–
Begins with
_______ (becoming
______
–
Grows into a mature
–
Produces
–
Spores divide by ___________, ending this diploid generation
)
___
_____
 Plant _________
show
(you will see this in the drawing assignment)
____ proportions for these two phases
Mosses (Bryophyta)

_____
 Highly dependent on
 Very
________ environment
_______
 Reproduce with
______
that must be transmitted by water (no seeds)
 Most of life cycle spent as
________
______phyte
Ferns, Club mosses, Horsetails (Pterophyta)

____________ plants
Contain vascular tissue (2 types):
–
_________ carries water/minerals UP
–
_________ carries sugars DOWN
 reproduce with
_____
 free-swimming sperm that must travel through a surface film of
 Most of life cycle spent as
[Seed =
Drawing of a seed and it’s parts:
in cones
]
 seeds not protected by




to reach egg
ophyte
GYMNOSPERMS (Coniferophyta)

______ Plants
 reproduce with
_
Dependent on
(not water)
evergreen (don’t lose needles/ leaves in fall)
don’t produce
Most of life cycle spent as
phyte
Notes on Classification/Kingdoms, p. 7 of 9
Flowering Plants (Angiosperms)

_________ Plants
 reproduce with
_______
 dependent on
_________ or
in
______
______
for pollination
(not water)

___________
present (location of reproductive parts)
 Seeds (plant embryos) become encased in a mature, ripened ovary called a
Anatomy of a typical seed
Seeds are found in both
sperms &
sperms (draw and label in box above)
Distribution of Plants
Of the four divisions of plants, which has been the most evolutionarily successful?
Notes on Classification/Kingdoms, p. 8 of 9
__
Kingdom Animalia
 Modern Classification:
Domain
______________,
Kingdom
reproduction
Grouped as
vs.
_________

karyotic

cellular

 Mostly ________
95% are
–
____
brates!
 Mostly
_____trophic (ingestive)
Beneficial Animalia
Harmful Animalia
Some used in medical treatment of infections
(
)
____
Those that produce/inject
_____
Venomous snakes, spiders, etc.
Many used for
Important in
Examples:
Insects as
______
Those that cause disease (
Examples:
Tapeworms
Pinworms
Ticks & fleas (affect pets)
Heartworms (affect dogs)
that aerate the
earth & contribute to soil fertility
Animal Phyla (there are 9)
 Phylum Porifera (
)
 Phylum Cnidaria (
)
 Phylum Platyhelminthes (
)
 Phylum Nematoda (
)
 Phylum Molluska (
)
 Phylum Annelida (
)
 Phylum Arthropoda (
)
 Phylum Echinodermata (
)
 Phylum Chordata (
)
–
Subphylum Vertebrata
 Classes Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes
(
)
 Class Amphibia (
 Class Reptilia (
to crops/homes
)
)
 Class Aves (
)
 Class Mammalia (
)
Notes on Classification/Kingdoms, p. 9 of 9
_____ )