Download Unit 5 – Reproduction and Development Review Sheet Vocabulary

Unit 5 – Reproduction and Development
Review Sheet
Vocabulary (you will only be required to know the following terms for this exam
(Make flashcards for the following vocabulary to receive 5 extra credit points on the Unit 5 Exam)
Asexual Reproduction
Amniocentesis
Chromosome
Centromere
Cloning
Crossing-over
Differentiation
Egg
Embryo
Estrogen
Fallopian Tube/Oviduct
Fertilization
Fetus
Gamete
Meiosis
Mitosis
Ovaries
Placenta
Progesterone
Scrotum
Sex Cell
Sexual Reproduction
Sperm
Testes
Testosterone
Urethra
Vagina
Vas Deferens
Zygote
Diploid
Haploid
Gametogenesis
Mitosis
- What are the 5 main phases of the cell cycle? What happens during each phase? Interphase (cell growth,
DNA replication), Prophase (DNA condenses, nuclear membrane disintegrates), Metaphase
(chromosomes line up along the middle of the cell), Anaphase (one set of chromosomes move to each
end of the cell), Telophase (DNA decondenses, two new cells form – cytokinesis)
- When does DNA replication take place? Interphase
- How many daughter cells are formed by mitosis? 2
- How many chromosomes are in each daughter cell compared to the parent cell? The same number of
chromosomes are found in each daughter cell compared to the parent cell
- Genetically, are the daughter cells identical to or different from the parent cell? Yes, they are identical
Meiosis
- What happens during meiosis I and meiosis II? Meiosis I – Pairs of chromosomes separate into two
daughter cells (form 2 haploid cells); Meiosis II – Cells divide again, producing 4 haploid cells
- What types of cells are formed from this process? Haploid cells/gametes (sperm and egg)
- How many daughter cells are formed? 4
- How many chromosomes are in each daughter cell compared to the parent cell? Half as many as the parent
cell
- Genetically, are the daughter cells identical to or different from the parent cell? Different
- What is crossing over? Pairs of chromosomes exchange genetics information during interphase before
meiosis
- How does Trisomy 21 result from meiosis? The 21st chromosomes do not properly separate during
meiosis I
Male and Female Reproductive Systems
- What are the major organs of the male and female reproductive system? What are their functions? Male
(Penis, Urethra, Testes, Scrotum, Vas Deferens, Prostate, Seminal Vesicle) Female (Ovary, Fallopian
tube/oviduct, Uterus, Vagina/Birth Canal)
- Where are sex cells produced? Male – Testes, Female – Ovary What is the male and female sex cell called?
Male – Sperm, Female - Egg
- What sex hormones are produced by the testes and ovary? What are their functions? Male – testosterone;
Female – estrogen and progesterone (see definition in review book for function)
- Can you identify on a diagram, the location of these organs?
Menstrual Cycle
- How long is this cycle? 28 days (approximately)
- What are the 4 main phases of the menstrual cycle? Menstruation (discharge of blood through the
vagina), Luteal Phase (the egg matures, the uterine lining starts to thicken), Ovulation (egg released
from the ovary), Corpus Luteum (uterine lining thickens greatly)
- How do hormones help regulate the menstrual cycle? Estrogen and Progesterone- thickens the uterine
lining; LH and FSH – causes egg to mature and ovulation
Fertilization and Fetal Development
- What is the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction? What kinds of organisms reproduce
sexually and asexually? Sexual Reproduction - requires 2 parents; sexual reproduction starts with
meiosis to form haploid gametes that unite to form a diploid cell; offspring are genetically different
from the parents; animals (including humans), reptiles, birds, fish and plants sexually reproduce;
Asexual Reproduction – requires 1 parent; asexual reproduction requires simple cell division
(mitosis), offspring are genetically identical to parent; most unicellular organisms, including bacteria
and protozoans, reproduce asexually
- Where does fertilization take place? Fallopian tube/oviduct
- What organ provides nutrients for the fetus? How do nutrients pass through this organ? Placenta; diffusion
- What else, besides nutrients, can pass through the placenta? How can these substances influence fetal
development? Toxins, such as nicotine and alcohol; these substances can harm the fetus, cause
abnormalities such as low birth weight and learning disabilities
- How do the cells of an embryo develop into the 220 different types of cells in the human body? Cell
differentiation/specialization – cells only use certain portions of the DNA (remember, all cells in your
body have the same DNA, but different cells use different portions)
Reproductive Technologies
- What are stem cells? How are they different from normal body cells? Stem cells are pluripotent cells
(undifferentiated cell – not assigned a specific job); Stem cells are not a specific type of cell, they can
develop into any type of body cell
- How did scientists clone Dolly, the first cloned mammal? Scientists took a cell from the organism to be
cloned and an enucleated egg (an egg with no nucleus) from a female sheep and fused them together.
Then they implanted this cell into a female sheep to develop into a cloned organism.
- What is in vitro fertilization? How is it different from normal fertilization? Scientists fertilize an egg with
sperm in a petri dish and then implant the fertilized egg (after it divides several times) into a woman’s
uterus; fertilization takes place in a petri dish instead of in the fallopian tube