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Fall Semester Review - EOC Chapter 1 Define each of the following 1. Geography ______________________________________________________________________ 2. Absolute Location_________________________________________________________________ 3. Relative Location_________________________________________________________________ 4. Equator_________________________________________________________________________ 5. Prime Meridian___________________________________________________________________ 6. Latitude Lines____________________________________________________________________ 7. Longitude Lines___________________________________________________________________ 8. Cartographer_____________________________________________________________________ 9. GPS ____________________________________________________________________________ 10. GIS ____________________________________________________________________________ 11. Map Projection___________________________________________________________________ 12. What are the 3 types of regions & give an example or explain? A. _________________________________________________________________________ B. _________________________________________________________________________ C. _________________________________________________________________________ 13. What are the 3 types of Movement? __________________________________________________ 14. List all the tools Geographers use. ____________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 15. What are the advantages of using a globe? _____________________________________________ 16. What are the advantages of using a map? ______________________________________________ 17. What are the different types of maps? There are 5. _______________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 18. What information does a thematic map give? ___________________________________________ 19. Who uses navigational maps? _______________________________________________________ 20. What are 2 types of topographic maps? _______________________________________________ 21. What are the 2 best know satellites used for map making? _________________________________ 22. What are the parts of a map? There are 9. ______________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 23. What are the 3 types of thematic maps? ________________________________________________ 24. In what 2 way do humans interact with their environment? ________________________________ 25. What are the 2 features of the geographic theme of Place? _________________________________ 26. What other tools are used to make maps today? _________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ Chapter 2 Section 1 pages 27-31 27. What are the three main layers of the earth AND what do they consist of? ____________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 28. What are the three parts of the biosphere? ______________________________________________ 29. How can the presence of seven continents on the earth’s surface be explained? ________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ Section 2 pages 32-36 30. What makes Earth unlike all the other planets in our solar system? __________________________ 31. How much of the earth is covered by water? ____________________________________________ 32. What are the three basic motions of the ocean AND describe each of them? ___________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ 33. How does the motion of the ocean help to distribute heat on earth? __________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 34. Describe the hydrologic cycle and how it works. ________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ 35. What percentage of the earth’s fresh water supply is contained in lakes? _____________________ 36. What are the four categories of relief? _________________________________________________ 37. What do topographic maps show? ____________________________________________________ Section 3 pages 37-41 38. What are tectonic plates? ___________________________________________________________ 39. How do tectonic plates move? ______________________________________________________ 40. What are the 3 type of boundaries AND describe them? A. _________________________________________________________________________ B. _________________________________________________________________________ C. _________________________________________________________________________ 41. What is the difference between folds and faults? _________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ 42. What causes earthquakes? __________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ 43. Where do most earthquakes occur? ___________________________________________________ 44. What are some effects of earthquakes? ________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 45. What happens in a volcanic eruption? _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ 46. Where are the majority of active volcanoes located? ______________________________________ 47. Where do volcanoes that are far from the margins of tectonic plates appear? ___________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ 48. What are some of the benefits of volcanic action? ________________________________________ Section 4 pages 42-45 49. How does mechanical weathering occur? ______________________________________________ 50. List 4 activities that cause mechanical weathering? _______________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ 51. How does chemical weathering occur? ________________________________________________ 52. How does mechanical and chemical weathering differ? ___________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ 53. What are the transporting agents for erosion to occur? ____________________________________ 54. What landforms are produced by wind erosion? _________________________________________ 55. How do glaciers change the land? ____________________________________________________ 56. What factors determine soil fertility? _________________________________________________ 57. Why is the type of soil in a location important? _________________________________________ Chapter 3 Page 48 – Section 1 Definitions – Solstice, equinox, weather, climate, precipitation, rain shadow, hurricane, typhoon, tornado, blizzard, drought 60. As the earth revolves around the sun, it is tilted at _____________ degrees. 61. What causes the changing seasons on the earth? ________________________________________ 62. What is the importance of the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn? ____________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 63. What are the 2 days that a Solstice occurs? ____________________________________________ 64. What importance does the Fall Equinox, and Spring Equinox have? ________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 65. What is the difference between weather and climate? ___________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 66. What 5 things affect daily weather? _______________________, _________________________, ______________________, ________________________________, _______________________ 67. What are the 4 forms of Precipitation? _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 68. What are the 3 classifications of precipitation by geographers? ____________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 69. How does Orographic precipitation affect land? _______________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 70. Where do hurricanes / typhoons / cyclones form? ______________________________________ 71. What is the difference between a hurricane and a tornado? ______________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 72. Due to _______________, some areas of land are more frequently hit by blizzards than other areas? 73. Melting snow or excessive amounts of rainfall fill streams or rivers until they reach flood stage which is? _______________________________________________________________________ 74. The river’s surrounding area where floods go is called? __________________________________ Page 54 – Section 2 Definitions – Convection, El Nino, Greenhouse effect 75. __________ and ___________________ help distribute the sun’s heat from one part of the world go another by _____________________. 76. The Global Wind Currents are created by as _____________ flows toward the poles, and __________________ flows toward the equator. 77. North America’s winds are called? __________________________________________________ 78. How do the ocean currents affect the movement of cold and warm water? ___________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 79. _______________________________ and _____________________________ influence climate. 80. Name and define the 3 Zones of Latitude: a. _________________________________________________________________________ b. _________________________________________________________________________ c. _________________________________________________________________________ 81. What is the difference between El Nino and La Nina: a. _________________________________________________________________________ b. _________________________________________________________________________ 82. What is the greenhouse effect? ______________________________________________________ P. 59 – Section 3 83. What is tundra? _________________________________________________________________ 84. What is permafrost? _____________________________________________________________ 85. What are the 2 significant factors that define climates? ______________________________, ___________________________________ 86. Name and define the 12 types of climate. a. _________________________________________________________________________ b. _________________________________________________________________________ c. _________________________________________________________________________ d. _________________________________________________________________________ e. _________________________________________________________________________ f. _________________________________________________________________________ g. _________________________________________________________________________ h. _________________________________________________________________________ i. _________________________________________________________________________ j. _________________________________________________________________________ k. _________________________________________________________________________ l. _________________________________________________________________________ P. 65 – Section 4 Definitions - Ecosystem, biome, deciduous, conifer, rain forest, savanna, steppe 87. What are the 12 types of Biomes? Use the table to fill in the column and several features of each. Biome Latitude Climate Vegetation Economics 88. What is economics? ________________________________________________________________ 89. What is an economic system? _________________________________________________________ 90. What is the basic idea of scarcity? ______________________________________________________ 91. What are goods? ___________________________________________________________________ 92. What are services? __________________________________________________________________ 93. What are the fundamental questions of economics? ________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 94. What is profit? _____________________________________________________________________ 95. What is supply & demand? ___________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 96. Describe the 5 types of economic systems and give an example of each? a. Free-enterprise _________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ b. Socialism ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ c. Communism ___________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ d. Traditional _____________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ e. Mixed ________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ 97. Describe the 4 levels of economic activity & give examples: a. Primary _______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ b. Secondary _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ c. Tertiary _______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ d. Quaternary_____________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ 98. What is Human Development Index? ___________________________________________________ 99. What does it measure? ______________________________________________________________ 100. What is life expectancy? ____________________________________________________________ 101. What is infant mortality rate? _________________________________________________________ 102. Define GDP? _____________________________________________________________________ 103. What is literacy rate? _______________________________________________________________ 104. What is the Rust Belt? Page _______________________________________________________ 105. What is a post-industrial economy?____________________________________________________ 106. What is outsourcing? Page ___________________________________________________________ 107. What is the relationship between economic development and quality of life? ___________________ 108. What allows people to live in all differ types of climate? _________________________________ 109. What is NAFTA and which countries are included? _____________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ 110. What is the EU? _________________________________________________________________ 111. What is ASEAN? ________________________________________________________________ 112. What is OPEC? __________________________________________________________________ 113. How does world trade balance uneven distribution of natural resources? _____________________ 114. How do people interact with the environment? There are 2 ways. __________________________ 115. What is subsistence farming? _______________________________________________________ 116. Describe the 3 levels of development. a. More Developed Countries________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ b. Newly Industrialized Countries_____________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ c. Less Developed Countries_________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Urbanization – Chapter 4 page 117. What is urban geography? ___________________________________________________________ 118. What does a city included? ___________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 119. What do geographers consider when studying cities? ______________________________________ 120. What is included in a suburb? _______________________________________________________ 121. What are exurbs? _________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 122. What is a metropolitan area? _________________________________________________________ 123. What is a megalopolis? _____________________________________________________________ 124. Why do people move to cities? _______________________________________________________ 125. What are the geographic characteristics of cities? There are 5 _______________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 126. How does location effect establishment of cities? ________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 127. What are the 3 basic land patterns found in cities? ________________________________________ 128. Why is good transportation essential for a city? _________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 129. What is mass transportation? ________________________________________________________ 130. Give some examples of mass transit? __________________________________________________ 131. What is a city? ____________________________________________________________________ 132. What does a city usually begin as? _____________________________________________________ 133. What factors cause the area to grow? ___________________________________________________ 134. Where in the world is the most rapid urbanization taking place? _____________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 135. Cities have always been at the center of what three things? _________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 136. List five positives of a city._______________________________________________ ___________ 137. List five negatives of a city. _________________________________________________________ 138. Why is April 2010 a significant date in urbanization history? ______________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 139. What caused the beginning of the massive migration of people from rural areas to the cities? _______________________________________________________________________________ 140. How is urban growth measured? _____________________________________________________ 141. Over what time frame has the most rapid urban growth in history has taken place? _____________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 142. What is the biggest problem facing cities? _____________________________________________ 143. List 5 important factors of infrastructure. ______________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 144. Where is the CBD located? _________________________________________________________ 145. How does population density affect life in a city? ________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 146. What is the flight from cities called? __________________________________________________ 147. Describe the Sunbelt Phenomenon. __________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 148. What is smart growth? ______________________________________________________________ 149. What is a sustainable community? ____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 150. How can smart growth and a sustainable community help the problems of urbanization? ___________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 151. Why is urban sprawl a negative of urbanization? __________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ 152. What are zoning laws? _______________________________________________________________ 153. What is a world city?___________________________________________________________________ 154. What two factors in Phase II contributed to the rapid changes in cities? _________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ 155. What phase of urbanization is the world in now? ___________________________________________ 156. Define natural increase. _______________________________________________________________ 157. How many cities in the world had a population of 1,000,000+ in 1800?_________ in 1900? ______ Chapter 5 Review Section 1 pg. 117-122 158. What are the 4 differences between the Rocky Mountains from the Appalachian Mountains? __________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 159. Why is North America the world's leading food exporter? _______________________________ 160. What is the Continental Divide? ___________________________________________________ 161. What is the key natural resource of the Great Plains? ___________________________________ 162. Which natural resource must the United States import to meet its needs? ___________________ 163. What is the longest and busiest river system in the US?__________________________________ Section 2 page 123-126 164. What is the main reason so many types of climates are found in the United States? ______________________________________________________________________________ 165. What are the reasons for low population density in Canada? _____________________________ 166. Why does the majority of Canada’s population live in the southern part of the country? ________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 167. What causes violent thunderstorms, tornadoes & blizzards in the Great Plains? ______________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 168. What type of vegetation is found in the humid continental climate region? _____________ Section 3 page 127-130 169. What is one of the world's most important shipping routes? _____________________________ 170. Why were a series of locks constructed to form the St. Lawrence Seaway? _________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 171. How did the invention of the Automobile spur growth and movement across America?_______ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 172. Why did Canadians build their roads going east to west? ________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Chapter 12 Section 1 page272 173. Why is Europe called the peninsula of peninsulas? _____________________________________ 174. What do the mountain chains do for the European people? _______________________________ 175. What do Europe’s rivers do for the people? ___________________________________________ 176. Where is most of the good farmland in Europe and what is it called?_______________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 177. What are the two natural resources that are abundant in Europe? __________________________ 178. What was found in the North Sea that helps Europe’s economy, as well as the worlds’?________ Section 2, page 278 179. Because of a marine west coast climate, Europe is what? ________________________________ 180. What did the Europeans convert the forest to?_________________________________________ 181. Why does Eastern Europe suffer from harsher climate than Western Europe? ________________ Section 3 page 282 182. What do the dikes and the terpen do in the Netherlands?_________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 183. What is Venice Italy made of ? ____________________________________________________ 184. Why does deforestation take place in Europe? ________________________________________ Chapter 15 – Section 1 pages 344-349 185. Moving from west to east how does the landscape in the northern two-thirds change? _________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 186. Which area has the richest agricultural land, the most people and the largest cities? _______________________________________________________________________________ 187. What are the region’s three largest cities? ____________________________________________ 188. Why is the Volga one the region’s most important rivers? _______________________________ 189. Why is Lake Baikal unique? ______________________________________________________ 190. Why might extracting and transporting the regions’ resources be difficult? __________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ Section 2 pages 350- 352 191. What are the two main climates of the region?_________________________________________ 192. How does distance from the sea affect the region’s climate?______________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 193. What is the name of the largest forest on earth? _______________________________________ Section 3 pages 353 194. Why has the Aral Sea lost about 80% of its water since 1960? ____________________________ 195. How does Siberia’s climate affect construction? _______________________________________ 196. What made the building of the Trans-Siberian Railroad an enormous undertaking? ___________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 197. Why did Russian official want to build the Trans-Siberian Railroad? ______________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 198. How did the railroad affect the development of the region? ______________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________