Download LESSONS Evolution shall consider as life has already been there. It

LESSONS
1. Evolution shall consider as life has already been there. It doesn’t explain how life begins.
Evolution theory just tries to explain the change over time.
2. The fundamental processes: (a) change within a lineage; (b) formation of new lineage
3. The principles: (a) natural selection is the most cause; (b) all species share common ancestry
4. Connecting 2 modern species would generate a hybrid rather than evolved species.
5. Missing links don’t mean that they don’t exist. Very optimistic, eh? :D
6. Evolution worked with materials available
7. Formation of new species don’t cause the precedent one die.
8. No direction in evolution
9. Even if life is rewinded, it won’t play the same.
Week 4
10. Mutation happens randomly, relative to needs  something I don’t hold tightly
11. Mutation more tends to appear from father as there are more cell division in the production of
sperm rather than egg. This results in more error opportunities coming in.
12. Age of a father matters in mutation.
13. ~1-2 bad mutation(s) per generation
14. Mapping complex trait principles:
a. No recombination leads to great prediction of phenotype
b. Less recombination = more association
c. More recombination = less association
15. QPL mapping is only hypothesis.
16. Weakness in multiple comparison: we may throw associations as we can differ the good one
from the bad one; strength: we may find more genes and localize genes more precisely.
Meanwhile within cross/pedigree, we have more power as we face with more alleles.
17. Kenapa ada banyak variasi mutasi
a. Ada lebih dari satu gen yang mengendalikan sifat
b. Variable penetrance—not all mutations are penetrant (having incomplete trait, e.g.
abnormal eyes and breast cancer. You have the same genotype resulting in different
phenotype?)
c. Epistasis (interaksi antar gen).
d. Ada lebih dari 2 alel dalam 1 lokus
18. X
+
?
What is evolution
Peppered moth
Population of squirrels – Is it
actually tested?
Acceptance of evolution
Antibiotics
The principles and evidence
Retrodiction – vestigial organ
1. The first organism should
be simple.
2. Retrodiction – vestigial
genes. Producing vitamin c
for primates is costly as it
requires a great amount of
protein. Could it be caused
by other reason? If we
don't take vitamin c from
external resources
available, would it affect
something? For example,
when we cease to consume
oranges, could orange trees
no longer produce oranges
with less vitamin c? Where
it plays out, would it affect
the ecosystem? Anyway, is
the gene actually vestigial
or just dormant? If the
latter one applies, could we
develop a scenario in which
the gene is inherited for
future use? Or it would be
just a co-adaptation.
3. Retrodiction –
biogeography. In an
optimistic view toward
evolution, why ancenstor
species failed to reach
oceanic islands?
Criticism
1. Does the depiction of eye
development involve some
actual species?
WHY EVOLUTION IS TRUE
CHAPTER 1 – WHAT IS EVOLUTION
1. The magnitude of changes undergone is different from one species to another. There are rapid
and tiny changes.
2. The speed also varies.
3. The six components: evolution, gradualism, speciation, common ancestry, natural selection, and
nonselective mechanisms of evolutionary change.
4. What is amniote? (p. 9)
5. One of difficulties in Intelligent Design is the inefficient design of species. Why a species is
destined to be extinct? (p. 12)
6. Inguinal canals
7. Within inefficient design, there is important evidence.
8. Fossil records won’t show a monster mutation.
9. Setiap elemen saling berkaitan; sebuah elemen membenarkan satu dengan yang lainnya.
Bagaimana dengan elemen keenam? Berkaitan dengan yang mana?
CHAPTER 2 – WRITTEN IN THE ROCKS
1. Afrovenator abakensis and Jobaria tiguidensis?
2. Only 0.1-1 percent of all species
3. The existence of gradual transitions between major groups means that assigning a date to a
“first appearance” becomes somewhat arbitrary.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
The first multicellular organism originated and diversified only in the last 15% of life’s history.
Primates appeared 7 MYA.
Marine plankton is evidence for splitting of lineage and splitting within lineage.
Evolutionary theory does not state that all species must evolve!
This divergence may have been the result of natural selection acting to reduce competition for
food between the two species (Kellogg and Hayes, 1975).
We should always look for forms intermediate between each species and a common but
unknown progenitor.
Showing common ancestry of two groups, then, does not require thatwe produce fossils of the
precise single species that was their common ancestor, or even species on the direct line of
descent from an ancestor to descendant. A “transitional species” is not equivalent to “an
ancestral species”. Why? Karena keterbatasan fosil, sebagai alternatif kita cukup menemukan
fosil spesies yang memiliki sifat gabungan dari keduanya yang hidup di masa antara kedua
spesies tersebut?
Duane Gish – Mer-Cow
African water chevrotain?
Basilosaurus and balaena?
Why some species evolved back into aquatic ones?
Notochord in Haikouella lanceolata?
CHAPTER 3 – VESTIGES, A, AND BAD DESIGN
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Funny joke (p. 61).
Branchial arches?
“Artistic” illustration.
Cyst? Atavistism
Ontogeny?
We’re not absolutely sure why some species retain much of their evolutionary history during
development (p. 84).
“Adding new stuff onto old” principle is just a hypothesis.
Hindlimb buds?
Lanugo (six months after conception) - Premature infants, however, are sometimes born with
lanugo, which soon falls off. (cf. OED).
Flatfish design
Vagus nerve?
jerry-rigged = jerry-built? (p. 90)
CHAPTER 5 – THE MACHINE OF EVOLUTION
1. Katydid?
2. Mutation = random; natural selection = not random (indifferent) (p. 130; cf. Dawkins)
3. A gene will actually be favored if it helps you reproduce in your youth but kills you in your old
age (p. 131).
4. A trait must be useful for both the first and second species.
5. Natural selection may be good for a species but not for a group of the species.
There is natural selection in favor of an individual at the expense of species but the reverse.
6. Because the number of offspring is finite, the frequencies of the genes present in the offspring
won’t be present in exactly the same frequencies as in their parents?
7. Genetic drift, the reason of evolution other than natural selection, is a random change in the
frequency of gene. Genetic drift is random.
8. Like in dog case, could palentologist misinterpret a fossil as improper species?
9. Only a gene in favor of reproduction will be inhereted (cf. Shihab, Perempuan).
10. Fibrinogen in the key protein in blood clotting.