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UNIT VIII STUDY GUIDE
I. Vocabulary Check - Match each term with the correct description.
________ 1. Structures that have the same anatomical make-up, but different functions
________ 2. Change in an individual organism’s DNA
________ 3. Group of organisms of one species living together in one area
________ 4. Type of natural selection that favors intermediate phenotypes
________ 5. Transformation of existing species to a new species due to accumulation of changes
________ 6. Scientist famous for his proposal of inheritance of acquired characteristics
________ 7. Contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation
________ 8. Biological changes in a population that result in formation of new species
________ 9. Co-existence of two or more distinct phenotypes
________ 10. Speciation due to separation of populations by a geographic barrier
________ 11. Group of organisms with similar characteristics that can produce fertile offspring
________ 12. An inherited characteristic that enhances an organism’s ability to survive
________ 13. Branching off of a new species; parent species continues to exist
________ 14. Speciation due to reproductive isolation; seen in plants due to polyploidy
________ 15. Clade that includes ancestral group, but not all descendents
________ 16. Remnants of structures that once served important functions
________ 17. Classification system which uses common ancestry as primary criterion
________ 18. Term used to describe changes in an organism that occur over time
________ 19. Barriers designed to prevent reproduction from taking place between members of different species
________ 20. Clade that includes taxa with different ancestors
________ 21. Describes condition in which organisms best-suited to an environment survive and reproduce
________ 22. Scientist who suggested organisms over-reproduce, therefore creating shortages of resources
________ 23. Colonization of a new location by a small number of individuals resulting in a change in the gene pool
________ 24. Scientist whose theory of natural selection was identical to Darwin’s; led to publishing of Darwin’s findings
________ 25. Evolution of similar features in unrelated organisms; produces analogous structures
________ 26. Evolutionary history of an organism
________ 27. Describes clade that includes all ancestors and their descendents
A. adaptation
B. adaptive radiation
C. allopatric
D. anagenesis
E. analagous
F. bottleneck effect
G. cladistics
H. cladogenesis
I. convergent evolution
J. directional
K. disruptive
L. evolution
M. fitness
N. founder effect
O. gene flow
P. genetic drift
Q. gradualism
R. homologous
S. Hutton
T. Lamarck
U. Lyell
V. macroevolution
W. Malthus
X. microevolution
Y. monophyletic
Z. mutation
AA. natural selection
BB. paraphyletic
CC. parsimony
DD. phylogeny
EE. polymorphism
FF. polyphyletic
GG. population
HH. pre-zygotic
II. punctuated equilibrium
JJ. species
KK. stabilizing
LL. sympatric
MM. vestigial
NN. Wallace
________ 28. Change in DNA make-up of a population due to chance; typically follows reduction in population numbers
________ 29. Type of genetic drift resulting from a drastically reduction in population size; for example, natural disaster
________ 30. Structures that have the same function but differ anatomically; do not show evolutionary relationship
________ 31. Paleontologist who suggested that mechanisms for Earth’s changes are constant; known as uniformitarianism
________ 32. Type of natural selection that occurs when conditions change to favor individuals of both phenotypic extremes
________ 33. Overall change in the gene pool of a population over a succession of generations; due to a variety of factors
________ 34. Theory suggested by fossil studies; proposes episodes of change occur in bursts followed by periods of no change
________ 35. First scientist to suggest that Earth’s geologic features can be explained by a history of changes that continue to occur
________ 36. Period of evolutionary change triggered by many newly-vacant niches; organisms with appropriate adaptations flourish
________ 37. Type of natural selection that shifts the overall makeup of a population by acting against one phenotypic extreme
________ 38. Term used to describe model of evolution in which changes occurs steadily and slowly; first proposed by Hutton
________ 39. Genetic exchange resulting from movement of organisms between populations; typically reduces variation in phenotypes
________ 40. Principle that states simplest explanation is most often correct; also known as Occam’s Razor
II. Taxonomy
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Sequence the taxa from groups in which organisms share the greatest number of common characteristics to the taxon in which
they share the fewest.
Classify each of the six kingdoms to its corresponding domain.
III. Hardy-Weinberg Practice Problems
1. In a population that meets H-W equilibrium assumptions, 81% of the individuals are homozygous for a recessive gene.
a) What percentage of the individuals would be expected to be heterozygous for this gene in the next generation?
b) List the conditions that must be present for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium to be maintained.
2. There are 100 students in a class. Ninety six of them show the dominant trait of smiling while learning; that is, they are hoppy
learners. 
a) Calculate the expected allele frequencies.
b) If the entire school consists of 2,842 students, how many are hoppy learners?
c) How many students in this school need to take Biology 2 in hopes of converting to hoppy learners as an acquired trait?!
 (In other words, how many students are homozygous recessive?)
3. Within a population of butterflies, the color brown is dominant over the color white. Sixty percent of the butterflies are brown.
a) Calculate the allele frequency in this population.
b) What percentage of butterflies are heterozygous?
c) If there are a total of 88 butterflies, determine the number of butterflies with each of the possible genotypes.
d) What are the expected numbers of butterflies showing each phenotype?
4. In mice, gray fur color is dominant while white fur is recessive. In a population, there are 557 gray mice and 396 white mice.
a) Calculate allele and genotypic frequencies for this population.
b) Due to favorable conditions for breeding, the next generation for this population contains 1245 mice. Assuming all H-W
conditions are met, how many gray mice and white mice would you expect?
5. In a given population, there is an absence of i alleles. If 200 people have A blood, 75 have AB blood, and 25 have B blood, what
are the allele frequencies of this population?
6. Coat color in a population of rabbits is controlled by three alleles. The c+ allele codes for brown coat, cch allele codes for
chinchilla coloration, and the ch allele codes for Himalayan coloration. The dominance relationship is c+ > cch > ch. Suppose that
in a population of 100 rabbits there were 4 himalayans and the frequency of the chinchilla allele is 0.20.
a) Determine the frequency of each allele.
b) How many homozygous dominant individuals are in the population?
c) How many heterozygous (c+ ch) individuals?
d) If two of the rabbits described in c mate, what are the expected phenotypes & genotypes of their offspring?