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Transcript
PLANT SCIENCE HOW TO GROW WINTER CANOLA Introduction Canola production is well suited for southern Great Plains agriculture as an alternative cash crop. Both spring and winter types of canola are grown in the United States. In general, winter types have a 20 to 30 percent greater yield potential than spring types. This yield potential indicates a very positive rotational effect on wheat yields that are missed by growing continuous wheat. Growing canola also enables the producer to control weeds that are a problem in continuous wheat. Growing winter canola is much like growing winter wheat. Winter canola and winter wheat are planted and harvested about the same time. Canola can be produced with small grains equipment, limiting the need for additional machinery. Production costs of canola are similar to those for winter wheat. Canola yields a little less than wheat and has a lower volume weight (50lbs/bu), but has a higher market price. The low investment costs and increasing consumer demand for canola oil makes it a potentially good alternative rotational crop for southern Great Plains wheat growers. Canola is a management-responsive crop. Weather certainly plays a role in canola yields, but management makes the difference between average and above average yields. Canola should not be planted in the fall and ignored until harvest in June. Effective canola production requires hands-on involvement with the crop. Canola Growth and Development The growth and development of the winter canola plant is divided into easily recognizable growth stages. The length of each growth state is influenced by temperature, moisture, light, nutrition, and variety. Unlike wheat whose growing point is beneath the soil during early development, the growing point of winter canola is above the soil. The exposed growing point makes canola seedlings more susceptible to foliage feeding insects and freeze damage. Seedling 1 The seedling or cotyledon typically emerges 4 to 10 days after planting and develops a short stem. After emergence it begins to establish a rosette with larger leaves at the base and smaller, newer leaves at the center. Rosette Canola overwinters in the rosette growth stage until early spring. Roots grow approximately 4 to 5 feet during this stage. Fall foliage is produce d for over wintering and spring foliage is mainly for seed production. Courtesy of Okanola Bolting Growth resumes in early spring (February/March) with new leaves appearing from the plant crown. Rising temperatures and lengthening days initiate bud formation. A cluster of flower buds becomes visible at the center of the rosette and rises as the stem rapidly bolts or lengthens. The main stem reaches 30 to 60 percent of its maximum length before flowering. Rapid development and growth of a large leaf area strongly and directly influence pod set, seed development, and potential yield. Courtesy of Okanola Flowering 2 Flowering begins with the opening of the lowest bud on the main stem and continues upward. Under favorable growing conditions, flowering of the main stem continues for 2 or 4 weeks, and full plant height is reached by peak flowering. Approximately 3-5 flowers will open each day. Secondary branches begin flowering a few days later. Usually only about half the flowers that open will develop into productive pods. The first buds to open become the pods lowest on the raceme. Maturation Pods begin to grow longer and larger as the last flowers fade from the main stem. Young seed is somewhat translucent as the embryo develops rapidly. Seed weight increases and pod fill is complete 35 to 45 days after flowering. Ripening This stage is characterized by plant color changes. Stems and pods turn yellow and progressively become brittle as they dry. The seed coat turns from a green to brown, and seed moisture is lost rapidly at 2 to 3 percent per day. Winter canola is ripe when the pods are dry and the plants rattle when shaken. When all seeds in all pods are mature, the plant dies. Field Site Selection Courtesy of Okanola In general, the best soil for canola is soil that produces high wheat yields. Winter canola grows better in medium –textured, well drained soils, but will grow in a wide range of soil textures. A soil pH between 6.0 and 7.0 is optimal, and yields may be reduced significantly if pH is below 5.5. Like wheat, some varieties are more adapted to lower pH soils. Canola does not tolerate water-logged conditions and should not be grown in fields prone to standing water, flooding, or poor drainage. Past herbicide applications must be considered when growing winter canola because many varieties are sensitive to herbicide carryover. Seed Varieties 3 The most important factor in considering a variety for the Great Plains is winter survival. Other factors to consider are oil quality, seed yield, lodging, shattering, maturity, and disease resistance. Growers should use only certified seed. Certified seed has tested germination and purity, which will help ensure a proper stand. Never plant seed without seed treatment. Innovations in canola, through the introduction of herbicide tolerance, have reduced farmers’ costs and the use of natural resources in its production. The transgenic gene inserted into the canola plant to produce Roundup Ready herbicide resistance is a protein. All protein is removed from canola oil during processing, so canola oil contains no Genetically Modified (GM) material and is identical to canola oil from a non-GM canola plant. There are currently twelve winter canola varieties available for use in the southern Great Plains. The varieties Wichita, Sumner, and DeKalb Roundup Ready and Cropland Genetics HyClass varieties are proving to be the most commonly grown in the region. New varieties and hybrids are being introduced each year. Seedbed Preparation Winter canola requires special considerations for seedbed preparation. The seedbed should be fairly level, firm and moist. If the seedbed is too fine (overworked), it can lose soil moisture and can crust easier. A seedbed that is too cloddy can result in poor seed placement and moisture loss. A good indicator of proper seedbed preparation is when just the heel of your boot sinks into the soil. An alternative to conventional tillage is to plant winter canola into a stale seedbed. Each tillage operation should be shallower than the one before. Pre-plant fertilizer and herbicide applications should occur just before the final tillage operation. Like with wheat, the last tillage operation should occur soon before planting to avoid drying out the seedbed. It should be timed to destroy the last flush of weeds and bring soil moisture to the surface. Seeding Date Seeding date is important to establishing a crop that has sufficient growth for good winter hardiness. As a general rule canola should be planted six weeks before the first killing frost date for the area (less than 25℉). 4 Figure 1 Optimum Canola Planting Dates Figure 2 Planting Dates for Canola Across the Great Plains Planting too early can result in large plants that use excessive water and nutrients during the fall growth. Excess growth can actually decrease winter survival. Planting too late can result in small plants that have not stored sufficient reserves for winter survival. Thus, winter survival often decreases with planting too early or too late. In most of Oklahoma, if winter canola cannot be planted by October 10, plant small grains instead. Seeding Rate, Depth, and Row Spacing Canola is adapted to a wide range of plant populations. On average, one pound of canola seed contains about 115,000 seeds. Therefore, a seeding rate of 1 pound per acre equals about 2 ½ seeds per square foot. A seeding rate of 5 pounds per acre is recommended. Similar yields have been obtained for Courtesy of Okanola seeding rates of 4 to 10 pounds per acre. Reduce the rate of seeding by 1 pound per acre for each week before the optimum planting date and increase the seeding rate by 1 pound per acre for each week beyond the optimum planting date. A stand density of 4 to 10 plants per square foot is ideal, but a stand with 2 plants per square foot is adequate for a good crop. A poorly established crop should be carefully evaluated in the early spring before destroying it. A stand in the spring of only one or two healthy plants per square foot will compensate for wider spacing between plants by developing additional branches. 5 Because canola seeds are very small, careful placement at a shallow depth is necessary. Best germination and emergence occur at seeding depths of ½ to 1 inch when adequate soil moisture is present. Canola experiences difficulty forcing its way through thick soil covers or crusted soil. The 6 to 15 inch row spacing available on most commercial grain drills is acceptable for canola. Row spacing has little impact on yield. Narrower spacing provides quicker canopy closure, reduces weed competition, and lessens wind shattering before harvest. Fertilizer Application Soil fertility and fertilizer management play a major role in the winter survival, yield, and quality of canola. Soil should be tested prior to seed bed establishment. Tests should include N, P, K, and S. Fertilizer recommendations for winter canola are similar to those for winter wheat, with two exceptions. Canola uses about 25% more nitrogen (approximately 90-150 pounds per acre) and twice as much sulfur as comparable yields of wheat. Lack of sulfur can greatly impact winter canola yield and quality. High nitrogen applications in the fall should be avoided, as they can lead to excessive fall growth and reduced winter survival. Only 1/3 of the total nitrogen for canola (30-50 pounds per acre) should be applied before planting in August. Apply the other 2/3 of the N prior to dormancy break in the spring. Nitrogen can be banded or broadcast to the side of the seed. Keep fertilizer at least ½ inch from the seed. In addition, apply all phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, and other soil amendments before the final tillage operation. Sulfur should be applied in a sulfate form rather than elemental sulfur. Weed, Insect, and Disease Management Weed management is usually a key component of any winter canola production system. It is important to control weeds, including volunteer wheat early in the fall. Failure to use early weed control is the most common mistake made by firsttime growers. When a good stand of winter canola is established and a few months old, the dense growth of leaves usually makes the crop a strong competitor against weeds. Most spring weeds are problems only when canola stands are poor and areas of the field are left open. Many canola varieties are very sensitive to Sulfonylurea herbicides typically used in wheat production; therefore, all equipment must be thoroughly cleaned. Herbicides currently labeled for weed control in winter canola include Treflan, Stinger, Select, Assure II, and Roundup Ultra Max II on Roundup Ready winter canola varieties. Diseases can attack canola at any stage of development. They can be soil borne, seed borne, or airborne. Only a few major diseases are likely to be of concern in the southern Great Plains. These include blackleg, Sclerotinia stem rot, powdery mildew, Alternaria black spot, and aster yellows. Currently labeled 6 fungicides include Abound, Curalan, Ronilan, Quadris, Endura, M-Pede, and Trilogy. Several insect species can damage winter canola. Because winter canola production in the region has been limited, these pests have not posed a large threat or problem. Starting in November and continuing through harvest, scouting should be done on the field to identify insect infestations. Insects that are known to attack canola are flea beetles, cabbage seedpod weevils, cabbage worms, alfalfa looper, diamond moth larvae, and aphids. Labeled insecticides include Helix and Prosper (seed treatments), Capture, Warrior T, Confirm, methyl and ethyl parathion and several others. Harvest Although they are harvested about the same time, harvesting canola is a slower process than harvesting wheat. Winter canola can be either swathed and then combined or combined directly. Swathing is generally done when winter canola cannot be harvested in a timely manner. Winter canola that is ripe should be harvested immediately. Damage from pod shattering caused by high wind, hail, and even birds can cause serious yield loss. When harvesting winter canola, any holes in the combine and trucks should be plugged with tape or caulk to ensure that the seed is not lost. Summary Growers who understand how a winter canola plant grows can make more effective management decisions. With the proper knowledge and equipment winter canola can become a successful rotational crop for any southern Great Plains wheat grower. References Great Plains Canola Production Handbook, Kansas State University, March 2009 www.canola .okstate.edu/index.htm greatplainscanola.com/ www.canola-council.org/ www.uscanola.com/ www.northerncanola.com/ 7 SUGGESTED STUDENT ACTIVTIES SHORT ANSWER/LISTING: Answer the following question or statement in the space provided. 1. On the diagram provided locate the Following parts of the canola plant. a) Flower b) Stem c) Leaves d) Cotyledon e) Roots 2. Explain the function of each of the following parts of the canola plant. a) Roots b) Stem c) Leaves d) Flowers 3. Explain the problems that can arise if winter canola is not planted at the proper time. 4. How is the seeding rate adjusted if canola is planted before or after the optimum planting date? 5. List the two soil nutrient requirements that differ between winter canola and winter wheat. 8 6. How much of the required N should be applied prior to planting? When should the remaining N be applied? 7. What soil type is best for winter canola? 8. Complete the timeline for growing winter canola. | Aug | | Sept Oct | Nov | Dec | Jan | Feb | Mar 9. Label the stages of the winter canola growing cycle. 9 | Apr | May | June TRUE/FALSE: Circle the “T” if the statement is true or “F” if the statement is false. If false, correct the statement to make it true. T F 10. Growing winter canola is much like growing winter wheat. T F 11. A bushel of winter canola weighs 60 pounds. T F 12. Canola should be planted in September and ignored until harvest in June. T F 13. Flowering begins with the opening of the lowest bud on the main stem. T F 14. Winter canola is ripe when the pods dry and plants rattle when shaken. MULTIPLE CHOICE: Write the letter corresponding to the correct answer in the blank provided. _____ 15. Unlike wheat whose growing point is _________ the soil, the growing point of winter canola is ________ the soil. a) b) c) d) Beneath, Above Above, Beneath Parallel, Horizontal Horizontal, Parallel _____ 16. The seedling emerges __________ days after planting. a) b) c) d) 1-2 3-5 4-10 6-15 _____ 17. Canola overwinters in the __________ growth stage until spring. a) b) c) d) Seedling Rosette Bolting Flowering 10 _____ 18. Fall foliage is produced for overwintering and spring foliage is mainly for ______________________. a) b) c) d) Seed production Overwintering Erosion control Grazing _____ 19. Only _______ of the flowers produced will develop into productive pods. a) b) c) d) 25% 50% 75% 35% _____ 20. Seed _________ increases and pod fill is complete 35-45 days after flowering. a) b) c) d) Color Number Weight None of the Above _____ 21. The ___________growth stage is characterized by plant color change. a) b) c) d) Rosette Bolting Flowering Ripening _____22. What is the most important factor when considering a variety for the Southern Great Plains? a) b) c) d) Winter Survival Oil Quality Seed Yield Disease Resistance 11 _____ 23. There are currently _______ winter canola varieties available for use in the southern Great Plains. a) b) c) d) 6 8 10 12 _____ 24. What is the recommended planting depth for winter canola seed? a) b) c) d) ½” – 1” ½ “- 2” 1” – 3” ¼“- ½” 12 ADVANCED ACTIVITIES 1. Keep a plant journal and record the progress of the winter canola plant. Record things such as: a) Dates when things were done or occurred. b) The number of days for canola to emerge, bolt, flower and pod. c) The number of flowers produced. d) The number of pods and the seeds inside the pods. e) The height and growth rate of the plant. f) Problems that occurred. Keep similar records on the participating canola crop. (See winter canola crop records form) 2. Conduct your own experiments with winter canola plants. a) Record the difference in fertilized canola plants compared to non fertilized plants. b) Plant the canola seeds in different soil types and compare which seeds grow the best. 3. Use the drill calibration kit for canola to calibrate a small grain drill prior to planting. Use the following chart to determine the outcomes. Volume of Milliliters Collected / 100 Feet Row Width. 1 Row 2 Rows 4 Rows 6" 3.6 7.2 14.4 7" 4.2 8.4 16.8 7.5" 4.6 9.3 18.6 8" 5.0 10.0 20.0 10" 6.2 12.4 24.8 14" 9.0 18 36.0 4. Draw sketches of the plants at different stages and record what you observe. 5. Conduct soil tests on the canola field of the participating farmer. 13 SUGGESTED STUDENT ACTIVITIES (KEY) SHORT ANSWER/LISTING: 1. a) FLOWERS b) STEM c) LEAVES d) COTYLEDONS e) ROOTS 2. a) ROOTS ANCHOR THE PLANT AND PROVIDE WATER AND NUTRIENTS FROM THE SOIL. b) STEM SUPPORTS THE FLOWERS AND LEAVES AND DELIVERS NUTRIENTS UPWARDS c) LEAVES SITE OF FOOD MAKING PROCESS CALLED PHOTOSYNTHESIS d) FLOWERS RELEASE AND ACCEPT POLLEN FOR FERTILIZATION, THEIR PETALS ATTRACT INSECTS TO AID IN POLLINATION. AFTER POLLINATION THEY FALL OFF. 3. PLANTING TOO EARLY CAN RESULT IN LARGE PLANTS THAT USE EXCESSIVE WATER AND NUTRIENTS DURING FALL GROWTH. EXCESSIVE GROWTH CAN DECREASE WINTER SURVIVAL. PLANTING TO LATE CAN RESULT IN SMALL PLANTS THAT HAVE NOT STORED SUFFICIENT RESERVES FOR WINTER SURVIVAL. THUS, WINTER SURVIVAL CAN BE DECREASED BY PLANTING TOO EARLY OR TOO LATE. 4. REDUCE THE RATE OF SEEDING BY 1 POUND PER ACRE FOR EACH WEEK BEFORE THE OPTIMUM PLANTING DATE AND INCREASE THE SEEDING RATE BY 1 POUND PER ACRE FOR EACH WEEK BEYOND THE OPTIMUM PLANTING DATE. 5. NITROGEN- CANOLA REQUIRES ABOUT 25% MORE SULFUR- CANOLA REQUIRES ABOUT TWICE AS MUCH 6. 1/3, PRIOR TO DORMANCY BREAK IN THE SPRING 7. WINTER CANOLA GROWS BEST IN MEDIUM-TEXTURED, WELL DRAINED SOILS WITH A pH BETWEEN 6.0 AND 7.0. 8. AUG.-PREPARE SEED BED; APPLY PREPLANT FERTILIZER 14 SEPT. - PLANT WINTER CANOLA OCT. - APPLY HERBICIDE NOV.-SCOUT FIELDS FOR INSECTS DEC.- SCOUT FIELDS FOR INSECTS JAN.- SCOUT FIELDS FOR INSECTS; APPLY REMAINDER OF FERTILIZER FEB. - SCOUT FOR INSECTS; SPRAY HERBICIDE IF NECESSARY MAR. - SCOUT FIELDS FOR INSECTS APR. - SCOUT FIELDS FOR INSECTS MAY- PREPARE HARVEST EQUIPMENT JUNE- HARVEST CANOLA 9. 1. SEED 2. SEEDLING/COTYLEDON 3. ROSETTE 4. BOLTING 5. FLOWERING 6. RIPENING TRUE/FALSE: 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. T F-50 POUNDS F-SHOULD NOT T T MULTIPLE CHOICE: 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. A C B A B C D A D A 15 16