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Student Study Guide for the American Pageant
CHAPTER 11 The Triumphs and Travails of Jeffersonian Republic, 1800–1812
CHAPTER SUMMARY
The ideological conflicts of the early Republic
culminated in the bitter election of 1800 between Adams
and Jefferson. Despite the fierce rhetoric of the
campaign, the “Revolution of 1800” demonstrated that
the infant Republic could peacefully transfer power from
one party to another. The election of 1800 also signaled
the decline of the conservative Federalist Party, which
proved unable to adjust to the democratic future of
American politics.
Jefferson the political theorist came to Washington
determined to restore what he saw as the original
American revolutionary ideals and to implement his
Republican principles of limited and frugal government,
strict construction, and an antimilitarist foreign policy.
But Jefferson the practical politician had to compromise
many of these goals, thereby moderating the RepublicanFederalist ideological conflict.
The sharpest political conflicts occurred over the
judiciary, where John Marshall worked effectively to
enshrine the principles of judicial review and a strong
federal government. Against his original intentions,
Jefferson himself also enhanced federal power by
waging war against the Barbary pirates and by his
dramatic purchase of Louisiana from Napoleon. The
Louisiana Purchase was Jefferson’s greatest success,
increasing national unity and pointing to America’s
long-term future in the West. But in the short term the
vast geographical expansion fostered schemes like
Aaron Burr’s to break the west away from the United
States.
Nevertheless, Jefferson became increasingly entangled
in the horrific European wars between Napoleonic
France and Britain, as both great powers obstructed
American trade and violated freedom of the seas.
Jefferson attempted to avoid war through his embargo
policy, which damaged the American economy and
stirred bitter opposition in New England.
Jefferson’s successor, James Madison, soon stumbled
into a diplomatic trap set by Napoleon, and western
“War Hawks” hoping to acquire Canada whooped the
United States into a war with Britain in 1812. The nation
went to war totally unprepared, bitterly divided, and
devoid of any coherent strategy.
GLOSSARY - To build your social science vocabulary, familiarize yourself with the following terms:
lame duck - A political official during the time he or she remains in office after a defeat or inability to seek another term,
and whose power is therefore diminished.
commission - The official legal authorization appointing a person to an office or military position, indicating the nature of
the duty, term of office, chain of command, and so on.
writ - A formal legal document ordering or prohibiting some act.
impeacbment - The charge of a public official with improper conduct in office.
pacifist - Characterized by principled opposition to all war and belief in nonviolent solutions to conflict.
Consulate (consul) - A place where a government representative is stationed in a foreign country, but not the main
headquarters of diplomatic representation headed by an ambassador (the embassy).
cede - To yield or grant something, often upon request or under pressure. (Anything ceded is a cession.)
precedent - In law and government, a decision or action that establishes a sanctioned rule for determining similar cases in
the future.
secession - The withdrawal, by legal or illegal means, of one portion of a political entity from the government to which it
has been bound.
conscription - Compulsory enrollment of men and women into the armed forces.
broadside - The simultaneous firing of all guns on one side of a ship.
embargo - A government order prohibiting commerce in or out of a port.
What lessons were learned by the Jeffersonians after their victory in the 1800 presidential election? (pg. 211)
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What problems faced John Adams and the Federalists in the election of 1800? (pg. 211-212) ____________
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Describe the beliefs of the Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans? (pg. 211) ___________________________
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How did Thomas Jefferson win the state of New York in the election of 1800? (pg. 214) __________________
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In what part of the country did Thomas Jefferson receive the bulk of his support in the elction of 1800? (pg. 214)
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Who ultimately chose Thomas Jefferson for president in the 1800 election? (pg. 214) ____________________
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What was remarkable in Thomas Jefferson's “Revolution of 1800”? (pg. 215) ________________________
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Explain Thomas Jefferson’s mission as president, “In his eyes”: (pg. 215) _____________________________
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Describe what happened to the unity within the Democratic-Republican party after Thomas Jefferson's election as
president in 1800: (pg. 217)
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Why did Jefferson hate the excise tax? (pg. 218) ________________________________________________
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How did Jefferson deal with the major Federalist economic programs after he became president? (pg. 218)
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Why were Jefferson and his followers so opposed to John Adams's last-minute appointments of new federal judges? (pg.
218) _______________________________________________________________________
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What is most significant about Jefferson's failed attempt to impeach and convict Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase for
“high crimes and misdemeanors”? (pg. 219)
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Why was Thomas Jefferson distrustful of large standing armies? (pg. 219-220) ________________________
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Why led the Pasha of Tripoli to declare war on the United States? ___________________________________
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Arrange these events in chronological order: (A) Louisiana Purchase, (B) Chesapeake incident, (C) Burr's trial for treason,
(D) Embargo Act. (pg. 220-228)
Explain the dilemma that president Jefferson faced in his attempt to resolve the New Orleans problem: (pg 221)
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What prompted Napoleon to sell Louisiana to the United States? (pg. 221) ___________________________________
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Explain the successes achieved from the Lewis and Clark expedition: (pg. 222) _______________________________
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How did Thomas Jefferson respond to British and French seizure of our ships and impressment? (pg. 226)
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What was the result of Jefferson's embargo? (pg. 227) ___________________________________________________
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President James Madison made a major foreign-policy mistake when he: (pg. 228) ______________________________
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What was Tecumseh’s position regarding white encroachment? (pg. 230) _____________________________________
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What was James Madison’s main reason for a return for war in his decision to engage Britain in 1812? (pg. 231)
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Once begun, what part of the country (the United States) was most supportive of the war of 1812? (pg. 231)
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