Download Biology 12 Human Biology - Respiratory System Vocabulary alveoli

Biology 12
Human Biology - Respiratory System
Vocabulary
alveoli, aortic bodies, bicarbonate ions, bronchi, bronchioles, carbaminohemoglobin,
carbon dioxide, carbonic anhydrase, carotid bodies, cilia, diaphragm, exhalation, external
respiration, hydrogen ions, inhalation, intercostal (rib) muscles, internal respiration,
larynx, lungs, mucus, nasal cavity, oxygen, oxyhemoglobin, pH, pharynx, pleural
membrane, reduced hemoglobin, respiratory centre in the medulla oblongata, respiratory
tract, ribs, stretch receptors, thoracic cavity, trachea
It is expected that students will:
C8 Analyse the functional inter-relationships of the structures of the respiratory system
C8.1
C8.2
C8.3
C9
identify and give functions for each of the following:
– nasal cavity
– pharynx
– larynx
– trachea
– bronchi
– bronchioles
– alveoli
– diaphragm and ribs
– pleural membranes
– thoracic cavity
explain the roles of cilia and mucus in the respiratory tract
explain the relationship between the structure and function of alveoli
Analyse the processes of breathing
C9.1
C9.2
C9.3
C9.4
describe the interactions of the following structures in the breathing process:
– respiratory centre in the medulla oblongata
– lungs
– pleural membranes
– diaphragm
– intercostal (rib) muscles
– stretch receptors
compare the processes of inhalation and exhalation
explain the roles of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions in stimulating the
respiratory centre in the medulla oblongata
explain the roles of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ions in stimulating
carotid and aortic bodies
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C10
Analyse internal and external respiration
C10.1 describe the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen during internal and external
respiration, including
– location of exchange
– conditions that favour exchange (e.g., pH, temperature)
C10.2 explain the roles of oxyhemoglobin, carbaminohemoglobin, reduced hemoglobin,
bicarbonate ions, and carbonic anhydrase in the transport of carbon dioxide and
oxygen in the blood
C10.3 write the chemical equations for internal and external respiration
An intro to the respiratory system: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hc1YtXc_84A
The respiratory system provides enough surface area to supply the tissue cells throughout the
body with the required ________________________ and to remove and get rid of the
_____________________________ produced by ___________________________________.
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Reference Chapter 22.
1.
Introductory concepts:
a) What is breathing?
________________________________________________________________________
b) Differentiate between inhalation and exhalation.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
c) What is external respiration?
________________________________________________________________________
Where does external respiration take place in the body?
________________________________________________________________________
d) What is internal respiration?
________________________________________________________________________
Where does internal respiration take place in the body?
________________________________________________________________________
e) Write the reaction for cellular respiration in words and formulas. (p 116)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Where in the cell does cellular respiration take place?
________________________________________________________________________
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This diagram relates the various phases of gas exchange in your body:
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In the lungs, gas exchange takes place across a moist, thin epithelium:
This exchange of gases between the air and the blood,
depicted in the diagram above, is called
_____________________________ respiration.
On the photo on the right, label an alveolus and a
bronchiole.
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Identify and give functions for the following parts of the respiratory system:
nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
Activity: The Human Respiratory System (22.6)
MP3 Tutor: Human Respiration (22.6)
Functions: (see p 458)
nasal cavity: ____________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
pharynx: _______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
larynx: _________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
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trachea: ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
bronchi: ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
bronchioles: _____________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
alveoli: _________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Here is a good website to show the microscopic structure of various parts of the respiratory
system:
http://www.siumed.edu/~dking2/crr/rsguide.htm#pathology
Explain the role of the cilia and mucous in the respiratory tract. (p 459)
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Where are cilia and mucous found? __________________________________________
Here is a website that shows a photograph of
the ciliated epithelium in the trachea and
bronchi:
http://www.siumed.edu/~dking2/crr/CR006b
.htm
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4. a) What is the function of the alveoli? (see p 458)
http://www.siumed.edu/~dking2/crr/CR012b.htm
________________________________________________________________________
b) How is the structure of alveoli related to their function?
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
______________________________________
http://www.siumed.edu/~dking2/crr/CR013b.htm
Where are stretch receptors located, and what is
their function?
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
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C9.1
describe the interactions of the following structures in the breathing process:
– respiratory centre in the medulla oblongata
– lungs
– pleural membranes
– diaphragm
– intercostal (rib) muscles
– stretch receptors
C9.2
compare the processes of inhalation and exhalation
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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This diagram shows the pressure changes in your thoracic cavity and intrapleural space when
you inhale and exhale:
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This chart gives a comparison of the processes of inhalation and exhalation:
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The Mechanics of Inhalation and Exhalation (How do we breathe in and out?)
Reference p 460.
1.
Breathing in is called inspiration or inhalation, and breathing out is called
____________________ or _________________________.
2.
Breathing depends on the fact that there is a continuous column of air from the
_______________________ to the ____________________ of the lungs.
3.
The chest cavity, also known as the thoracic cavity, is enclosed by the _____________
and by the ___________________________________.
4.
The outer pleural membrane is attached to the ___________________ and the inner
pleural membrane is attached to the __________________________.
5.
How does the pressure in the intrapleural space compare to the pressure in the lungs?
________________________________________________________________________
6.
What keeps the lungs from collapsing under normal conditions?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
7.
During inhalation, contraction of the __________________ muscles of the ribs moves the
rib cage up and ______________________; contraction of the muscle of the diaphragm
causes the diaphragm to move ______________________.
8.
What happens to the air pressure inside the thoracic cavity when it expands?
________________________________________________________________________
9.
Explain what is meant by the phrase "humans breathe by negative pressure"?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
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10.
Why is inhalation said to be "active" whereas exhalation is said to be "passive"?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
11.
What is the role of the ‘stretch receptors’ in the breathing process?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
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C9.3
explain the roles of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions in stimulating the
respiratory centre in the medulla oblongata
C9.4 explain the roles of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ions in stimulating
carotid and aortic bodies
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
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How does pH affect the breathing rate?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
How does breathing affect the pH of the blood?
_____________________________breathing rate should decrease the Carbon dioxide
concentration and increase oxygen concentration leading to a decrease in hydrogen ions
and a pH increase until homeostasis is reached.
________________________________________________________________________
What is the role of the aortic body and carotid bodies? (chemoreceptors): ____To sense
and detect the concentration of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions and alert the breathing
centre in the brain. ____
Summary:
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C10.1 describe the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen during internal and external
respiration, including
– location of exchange
– conditions that favour exchange (e.g., pH, temperature)
How do the concentrations of O2
and CO2 affect the direction of
diffusion of each of these gases
during external and internal
respiration?
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
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This diagram illustrates the difference between hemoglobin that is fully loaded
(saturated) with oxygen molecules (O2) and hemoglobin that is completely free of
oxygen:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LWtXthfG9_M excellent description of Oxygen and
hemoglobin carry and drop off.
C
How many molecules of O2 does one hemoglobin molecule hold when it is ‘fully loaded’
(saturated) with O2? ______4_______
Under what pH conditions is hemoglobin fully saturated? ______pH = 7.4__________
Under what temperature conditions is hemoglobin fully saturated? ____37○C_______
Where are these conditions found, in the lung capillaries or in the tissue capillaries?
_______Tissue pH is slightly less than 7.4 and temp is 37C_________
Temperature is lower in lungs than in tissues, because of the contact with the outside air.
These graphs show how the level of saturation of the hemoglobin changes depending on
the environmental conditions:
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The drop in pH during exercise due to high carbon dioxide release will induce
oxygen release from the hemoglobin for cellular respiration
C10.2 explain the roles of oxyhemoglobin, carbaminohemoglobin, reduced hemoglobin,
bicarbonate ions, and carbonic anhydrase in the transport of carbon dioxide and
oxygen in the blood
C10.3 write the chemical equations for internal and external respiration
See Activity: Transport of Respiratory Gases (22.11)
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
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__________________________________________________________
Here is a summary of the reactions involved in internal and external respiration:
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This diagram summarizes some of the main concepts in breathing and gas
exchange:
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Complete this concept map, which summarizes some of the main concepts in this
unit:
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