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Transcript
Respiratory Levels of Organization Our bodies exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide at a number of different levels. The exchange of air from the outside environment into the lungs is driven by the mechanics of ventilation. At a molecular level oxygen binds to hemoglobin in the red blood cells in the capillaries of the lungs. Some of this oxygen displaces carbon dioxide that was transported from peripheral cells. The exchange of gases occurs in red blood cells (where hemoglobin is concentrated) at the interface of the circulatory system and respiratory system, called the respiratory membrane. Oxygen diffuses from the inhaled air in the lungs across the aveolar and capillary membranes and into the blood plasma. It then enters the red blood cells where it will be carried on hemoglobin molecules to the other tissues of the body. Gas exchange at the respiratory membrane is known as external respiration. Gas exchange at between the tissues and the blood is internal respiration. At the molecular level carbon dioxide created during cell metabolism diffuses across the cell membrane into the interstitial spaces and extracellular fluid. When it crosses the capillary and red blood cell membrane some carbon dioxide is picked up hemoglobin by molecules inside the red blood cell. Inside the cells of the body tissues, oxygen will be used during the process of aerobic cellular respiration. Cellular respiration is a process used by our cells to convert nutrients into energy. The process of aerobic cellular respiration requires oxygen and produces carbon dioxide as a waste product. To understand these system-level functions, you will be further exploring structures and processes occurring at all levels of organization. Some examples of major respiratory structures assigned to their structural level of organization of the respiratory system include: • Chemical level – oxygen, carbon dioxide, bicarbonate and hydrogen ions • Macromolecular level – hemoglobin, mucus, and surfactant • Cellular level – ciliated cells, goblet cells, alveolar cells, and macrophages • Tissue level – stratified to pseudostratified to simple squamous epithelium • Organ level – upper respiratory tract, bronchial tree and lungs • Organ system level - integration of organs for gas exchange