Download Chapter 24 - chemistry of metals and nonmetals

Chapter 24 Study Guide
Name ____________________________________ Date __________ Class ___________________
24.1
1. The alkali metals are in ______________________ on the periodic table.
2. Is the following sentence true or false? Alkali metal salts are very soluble in water._____________
3. How are alkali metals found in nature?
4. What happens when an alkali metal reacts with cold water?
5. Alkali metals are usually stored under ___________________________ .
6. List five general characteristics of alkali metals.
___________________________________
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7. Is the following sentence true or false? Potassium is the only alkali metal manufactured on a large scale.
______________________
8. Metallic sodium is generally produced by the ______________________ of molten sodium chloride.
9. The alkaline earth metals are the elements of ______________________.
10. Is the following sentence true or false? Alkaline earth metal salts are more soluble in water than are the
corresponding alkali metal salts. ______________________
11. What do the alkaline earth metals produce when they react with water?
12. Color and label the location of the alkaline earth metals in the figure below.
13. Although the alkaline earth metals are not found uncombined in nature, they are ___________________ reactive
than the alkali metals in Group 1A.
14. Which are the two most important alkaline earth metals?
15. What is the common name for calcium oxide?
24.2
1. How does boron occur naturally?
2. What is the chemical sodium tetraborate decahydrate (Na2 B4O7 . 10H2O)?
3. Pure boron is black, lustrous, and extremely hard but brittle. It is also a metalloid, or ________________ .
4. The compound boron carbide is used to make machine tools because it is almost as hard as ___________ .
5. ______________________ is the most abundant metal in Earth’s crust.
6. Name the metal elements in Group 3A.
____________________________________ ___________________________________
____________________________________ ___________________________________
7. Complete the sentence with the letter of the correct term(s). Cut forms of corundum (impure aluminum oxide) with
trace amounts of other elements are the gemstones _______ .
a. diamond
b. ruby
c. emerald
d. sapphire
e. citrine
8. Look at Figure 24.9 on page 713. Aluminum is used in aircraft production because it is__________________ ,
___________________ , and resists ___________________ .
9. Is the following sentence true or false? The Group 3A elements, other than boron and aluminum, are quite rare.
______________________
10. Which elements in Group 4A are two of the most important elements on Earth?
11. The three allotropes of carbon are _________________ , _______________ , and _________________.
12. Which two elements in Group 4A are semiconductors?
13. Match the element with its use.
_______ silicon
_______ tin
_______ lead
a. electrodes in storage batteries
b. computer chips
c. alloys such as bronze and solder
14. Why is lead no longer used in plumbing and in gasoline?
15. Which elements in Group 5A are nonmetals?
16. Is the following sentence true or false? Nitrogen is used by the human body in its elemental form.______
17. Plants use fixed nitrogen compounds to synthesize ______________________ and other biologically important
nitrogen-containing compounds.
18. The most important industrial uses of atmospheric nitrogen are in the manufacture of _____________________
and ______________________.
19. Which Group 5A element other than nitrogen is essential to living organisms? _____________________
20. Which elements in Group 6A are nonmetals?
21. ______________________ is Earth’s most abundant element.
22. Circle the letter of locations where ozone (O3 ) is produced.
a. in silicate rocks
c. near high-voltage generators
b. Earth’s upper atmosphere
d. in liquified air
23. Where do you find sulfur in the elemental state? ________________________________
24. Circle the letter of the number of sulfur atoms in each molecule of crystalline sulfur.
a. 2
b. 4
c. 6
d. 8
25. Is the following sentence true or false? The halogens exist in nature in the uncombined state. __________
26. Which elements in Group 7A are gases at room temperature?__________________________________
27. Halide ions are abundant in ______________________ water and in ______________________ formed by the
evaporation of salt water.
28. Which halogen is the most chemically reactive of all the nonmetals? ______________________
29. Describe two important uses for chlorine.
a.
b.
24.3
1. What are minerals used for the commercial production of metals called?
2. ______________________ is the use of various procedures to separate metals from their ores.
3. Complete the list of basic steps used to separate metals from their ores.
a. ______________________ the ore
b. chemically ______________________ the ore to the metal
c. refining and ______________________ the metal
4. Is the following sentence true or false? As atomic number increases among the transition metals, there is an increase
in the number of electrons in the second-to-highest energy level. ______________________
5. Look at Table 24.4 on page 725. Match the transition metal with its use.
_______ cobalt
a. filaments for light bulbs
_______ tungsten
b. electrical wiring
_______ platinum
c. treatment of cancer
_______ copper
d. as a catalyst
6. Match the element with its use(s).
_________ titanium
a. brass
_________ zinc
b. sunscreen
_________ chromium c. galvanized steel
d. in dry cell batteries
e. stainless steel
f. aircraft engines
7. What are the most common oxidation states of chromium?
8. List the metals iron, cobalt, and nickel in order from least to most magnetic.
9. There are two types of steels. ______________________ steels contain no ______________________ other than
iron. ______________________ steels contain other ______________________________ in small amounts.
10. Monel metal is a strong, corrosion-resistant alloy of ______________ and _____________ .
11. Do copper, silver, and gold occur in the free state naturally or are they combined with nonmetals? What is the
collective name for these metals?
12. Brass is an alloy of copper with _______________ ; bronze is an alloy of copper with ______________ .
13. Is the following sentence true or false? Both gold and silver resist corrosion._____________________
14. What property of silver makes it useful as a coating for mirrors?
15. Explain why gold alloys are used in jewelry.
16. The lanthanides and actinides are called the _____________________ because their seven inner 4f and 5f orbitals,
respectively, are being filled.
17. Why is it difficult to separate individual lanthanides from their ores?
18. What are elements with atomic numbers greater than 92 called?
24.4
1. What is the most abundant hydrogen-containing compound on Earth?
2. Name the three naturally occurring isotopes of hydrogen.
3. Where does hydrogen usually appear in the periodic table?
4. Is the following sentence true or false? Hydrogen loses its single electron with great difficulty. _________
5. What is the major industrial use of hydrogen?
6. The name of the process that converts vegetable oils into solid fats is______________________ .
7. What is the name of the process that is used to prepare hydrogen commercially from water? ___________
8. Is the following sentence true or false? The Group 0 gases tend to exist as separate atoms rather than in combination
with other atoms because they are extremely unreactive. ______________________
9. Scientists have prepared compounds for which three noble gases?
Match each Group 0, Group IIIVA gas with its uses.
_______ 10. helium
a. inert atmospheres
_______ 11. neon
b. artificial atmospheres
_______ 12. argon
c. weather balloons
_______ 13. krypton
d. neon signs
_______ 14. xenon