Download Histology and Embryology Self Test Book

Histology & Embryology
Self Test Book
Chief editor
Liang yu (Lisa)
Department of Histology & Embryology
Tianjin Medical University
2013
-1-
Preface
Histology & Embryology is one of the very important basic medicine
curricula. It also is the foundation on which Anatomy and Pathology, as well
as Pathophysiology are built.
To let students fully understand the basic knowledge and theories of the
related specialties to be learned, to develop their capability to analyze and
solve problems, and to build a good foundation for their further studying, we,
based on our many years teaching experience, compile the book, Histology&
Embryology Self Test Book.
The book is for both International and Long-term-program's students, but is
also as a reference for teachers to prepare their exam papers. The book
includes self-tests and answers.
The compiled book is mainly based on Basic Histology (12th ed. by the
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Luiz Carlos Junqueira, José Carneiro, 2007) ,
Netter’s Essential Histology ( by Elsevier Inc.William K.Ovalle, Partrick C.
Nahirney, 2008), The Developing Human-Clinically Oriented Embryology
( 8 th ed. by Elsevier Inc . Keitb L. Moore, T.V. N. Persaud , 2008 ), and
Langman’s Medical Embryology (8th ed. by Lippincott Williams ＆Wilkins,
T.W. Sadler, 2006 ), and also refers to Basic Concepts in Cell Biology and
Histology (by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. James C. Mckenzie, Robert
M.Klein ), Basic Concepts in Embryology (by the McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc. Lauren J.Sweeney), Netter’s Essential Histology ( by Elsevier Inc.
William K. Ovalle, Patrick C. Nahirney, 2008) and The Developing Human
–Clinically Oriented Embryology ( 8th ed. by Elsevier Inc.Keitb L. Moore,
T.V. N. Persaud, 2008 ). The questions and problems in the book are raised
from different styles and angles in order for each chapter core contents to be
strengthened again and again.
Participating editors: Ren yi-min, Liang yu, Hong wei, Li jin-ru,
Wang jun-yan, Gao wei, Hu zhi-mei, Cui hong-mei, Lu zhi-hong, and Yao
qing-bin.
Due to the limitation of the editors' knowledge and experience, there should
be some inappropriate or wrong content (s) in the edition.As the editors, from
the bottom of our hearts, any suggestions and corrections are welcome and
appreciated very much, and will be considered in the next edition.
Chief editor
Liang Yu (Lisa)
February, 2013
-2-
Contents
Chapter 1
Epithelium …………………………………3
Lu zhi-hong
Chapter 2
Connective tissue………………………….11
Hu zhi-mei
Chapter 3
Cartilage and Bone ……………………….20
Lu zhi-hong
Chapter 4
Muscular tissue……………………………28
Cui hong-mei
Chapter 5
Nervous tissue…………………………….35
Cui hong-mei
Chapter 6
Circulatory system………………………. .41
Wang jun-yan
Chapter 7
Blood and Haemopoiesis………………. ...49
Hu zhi-mei
Chapter 8
Lymphatic organs…………………………60
Wang jun-yan
Chapter 9
Digestive tract……………………………..68
Gao
wei
Chapter 10
Digestive gland . . . . . . . . . . . . …... …..
Gao
wei
Chapter 11
Respiratory system …... …... …... …... . . 84
Hong wei
Chapter 12
Urinary system……………………… …... 88
Ren
Chapter 13
Endocrine system…………………… ….. .94
Liang
Chapter 14
Eyes and Ears…………………………. . .106
Yao qing-bin
Chapter 15
Skin ……………………………………
113
Ren
yi-min
Chapter 16
Male Reproductive System…………….
119
Li
jin-ru
Chapter 17
Female Reproductive System………….
126
Li
jin-ru
Chapter 18
General human embryology …………
.134
-3-
.76
Liang
yi-min
yu
yu
EPITHELIUM
Ⅰ. Definitions
1. endothelium
2. mesothelium
3. microvillus(micovilli)
4. cilium(cilia)
5. junctional complex
6. basement membrane
Ⅱ. Fill in the blanks
1. The human body is composed of only four basic types of tissue:
,
,
, and
.
2. Epithelia can be divided into two main groups according to their structure
and function:
and
.
3. Covering epithelia are classified according to the number of cell layers
and the morphologic features of the cells in the surface layer.
contain only one layer of cells and
contain more than one
layer.
4. Epithelial cells generally show polarity, the surface of the cell that faces
the connective tissue is called
, whereas the opposite
surface, usually facing a space, is
and the surface apposed
in neighboring cells are
.
5. Basement membrane is formed by
and
.
6. The lateral membranes of epithelial cells exhibit four specialized
intercellular junctions, they are
and
,
,
.
7. Exocrine glands have a
, which contains the cells
specialized for secretion, and
, which transport the
secretion out of the gland.
Ⅲ. Questions
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1. List the general features of the epithelium.
2. List the classification and distributions of the covering epithelium.
Ⅳ. Choose the correct answers for each question.
1. All of the following are features of epithelium EXCEPT(
)
A. more cells and less intercellular substance
B. cells are tightly joined with an very narrow intercellular space
C. have free surface and basal surface
D. rich in capillaries and nerve endings
E. cover the external and internal surface of the body
2. Simple squamous epithelium relates to all of the following EXCEPT
the(
)
A. surface of heart
B. endothelium
C. mesothelium
D. parietal layer of renal capsule
E. luminar surface of small intestine
3. Simple cuboidal epithelium covers the surface of the(
A. thyroid follicles
B. intestine
C. uterus
D. pulmonary alveoli
E. cornea
4. Simple columnar epithelium is lining of the(
A. respiratory passages
B. seminiferous tubules
C. ureters
D. uterus
E. proximal tubules in kidney
-5-
)
)
5. Which is NOT a characteristic of the pseudostratified ciliated columnar
epithelium?(
)
A. It consists mainly of 4 types of cells
B. Only the columnar cells rest on the besement membrane
C. Columnar cells have cilia
D. Goblet cells secrete mucus
E. It lines respiratory passages
6. Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium is present in the(
)
A. esophagus
B. thyroid
C. intestine
D. skin
E. urinary bladder
7. Which of the following descriptions relates to the cilium?(
A. 9+2 microtubules
B. microfilaments
C. brush-like border
D. cell coat on the surface
E. connected to the terminal web
8. In the core of microvilli there are some(
A. microfilaments
B. microtubules
C. intermediate filaments
D. tonofilaments
E. myofilaments
9. The function of the microvilli is to (
)
A. remove small particles on the surface
B. increase adhesion between adjacent cells
C. increase absorptive area
-6-
)
)
D. communicate adjacent cells
E. increase permeability
10. Desmosome(
)
A. is a specialization at the basal surface of epithelium
B. is belt-shaped
C. is particularly well-developed in the epidermis
D. is composed of the basal lamina and the reticular lamina
E. serves as a semi-permeable membrane
11. The connexon of gap junction refers to all the following descriptions
EXCEPT(
)
A. A bridging structure spans the adjacent cellular membranes
B. consists of six sub-units of protein
C. The sub-units arrange around a central channel
D. Adjacent cells communicate through the central channels
E. increases the absorptive area
12. Which of the following descriptions is NOT true of the basement
membrane?(
)
A. a member of the junctional complex
B. located between epithelium and underlying connective tissue
C. consists of the basal lamina and the reticular lamina
D. positive staining with PAS
E. observed with silver stain
13. Secretions of endocrine gland are usually(
A. released into nearby vascular supply
B. released into simple ducts
C. stored within cells
D. released into branched ducts
E. released into alveolus
-7-
)
14. Which is NOT a function of epithelium?(
)
A. absorption and secretion
B. transport and excretion
C. protection
D. sensory reception
E. nutrition
15. The transitional epithelium exists in the(
)
A. urethra
B. urinary bladder
C. esophagus
D. stomach
E. transitional portion between uterus and vagina
Ⅴ. Choose the true or false by “T” & “F”
1. Covering epithelia cover the external and internal surfaces of the body,
including the linings of vessels and other small cavities.(
)
2. Epithelium usually has a free surface and a basal surface, both of which
possess the same structure but different function.(
)
3. The core of the microvilli contains fine actin filaments, which
interconnected with the terminal web.(
)
4. Between opposing cell membrane, where the gap junction occurs,
numerous connexons span. Ions and small molecules can pass freely
between opposed epithelial cells via the gap junction.(
)
5. Between the epithelium and the underlining connective tissue is the
basement membrane.(
)
6. The basement membrane provides for a strong connection, increases the
basal surface area and serves as a semi-permeable membrane.(
)
7. Blood vessels and nerves never pass through the basement membrane and
penetrate into epithelial tissues.(
)
-8-
8. Plasma membrane infoldings promote transportation of water and ions
without energy consume.(
)
9. Specializations of the basal surface of epithelium are basement membrane,
desmosome, hemidesmosome, and plasma membrane infolding.(
)
10. The secretions of exocrine gland are discharged through a duct system
and the secretions of endocrine glands are directly released into the
bloodstream.(
)
ANSWERS
Ⅰ. Definitions
1. endothelium
The simple squamous epithelium lining the inner surfaces of the heart,
blood vessels and lymphatic vessels is termed endothelium.
2. mesothelium
The simple squamous epithelium covering the outer surfaces of the pleura,
peritoneum and pericardium is termed mesothelium.
3. microvilius( micovilli)
Microvilli are microscopic cellular membrane protrusions that increase the
surface area of cells, and they are covered in plasma membrane, which
encloses cytoplasm and microfilaments.
4. cilium(cilia)
Minute hair-like processes that extend from a cell surface, composed of
nine pairs of microtubules around a core of two microtubules. They beat
rhythmically to move the cell or to move fluid or mucus over the surface.
5. junctional complex
An attachment point between epithelial cells composed of a number of
complex structures, including desmosomes, tight junctions, adherent
junction and gap junctions.
6. basement membrane
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A sheet of amorphous extracellular material upon which the basal surfaces
of epithelial cells rest.; it is formed by the combination of a basal lamina
and a reticular lamina.
Ⅱ. Fill in the blanks
1. epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, nervous tissue
2. covering epithelia, glandular epithelia
3. simple epithelia, stratified epithelia
4. basal surface, free surface, lateral surface
5. basal lamina, reticular lamina
6. desmosomes, tight junctions, adherent junction, gap junctions
7. secretory portion, ducts
Ⅲ. Questions
1. List the general features of the epithelium.
(1) Epithelial tissues composed of closely aggregated cells with very little
extracellular substance, form cellular sheets ;
(2) Epithelial cells generally show the polarity, have free surface, basal
surface and lateral surface;
(3) Avascular ;
(4) Rich in nerve endings.
2. List the classification and distributions of the covering epithelium.
Classification
Distribution
simple squamous epithelium
endothelium, inner surfaces of the
heart, blood vessels and lymphatic
vessels
mesothelium, the outer surfaces of
the pleura, peritoneum and
pericardium
parietal layer of renal capsule,
pulmonary alveoli
- 10 -
simple cuboidal epithelium
thyroid follicles, renal tubules
simple columnar epithelium
stomach, intestine, uterus
pseudostratified ciliated columnar
trachea
epithelium
stratified squamous epithelium
keratinized :
epidermis of
skin,
nonkeratinized :
mouth,
esophagus, and
vagina
stratified columnar epithelium
conjunctiva lining the eyelids
transitional epithelium
urinary bladder, ureter, and the
upper part of urethra
Ⅳ. Choose the correct answer exists for each question.
1. D
10. C
2. E
11. E
3. A
12. A
4. D
5. B
13. A
6. D
14. E
7. A
8. A
9. C
15. B
Ⅴ. Choose the true or false by “T” & “F”
1. T
2. F
3. T
4. T
5. T
6. F
7. T
8. F
9. F
10. T
Lu zhi-hong
- 11 -
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Ⅰ. Definitions
1. fibroblast
2. macrophage
3. mast cell
4. plasma cell
II. Fill in the blanks
1. The connective tissue originates from the
.
2. Connective tissue proper is classified into four types:
,
and
,
.
3. Seven types of cells are present in loose connective tissue:
,
,
,
,
,
, and
.
4. The extracellular matrix is composed of fibers, ________and ________
in connective tissue.
5. There are three types of fibers in loose connective tissue:
and
,
.
6. Macrophages are derived from
in blood, and when seen
under the electron microscope, macrophages are rich in
and
in their cytoplasm.
7. Fibroblasts are
and
,
in shape. Their nuclei are
in size
with fine chromatin; the cytoplasm is weakly
electron microscope shows the cytoplasm to be rich in
and
.
8. Plasma cells are formed from
produce
and their function is to
, which play the key role in the body’s humoral
immune reaction.
9. Plasma cells are characterized by
distribution of heterochromatin.
- 12 -
-staining nuclei with a
. The
10. The cytoplasm of mast cells is filled with numerous coarse
basophilic
, which stain
contain
,
with toluidine blue and
,
,
and
other bioactive chemicals.
III. Questions
1. Describe the structural features of connective tissue.
2. List the components of loose connective tissue.
IV. Choose the correct answer for each question.
1. The characteristics of connective tissue are all of the following
EXCEPT(
)
A. a small number of cells and a large amount of intercellular substance
B. the cells possess free surface and basal surface
C. It contains blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves
D. functions of support, connection, nutrition and defense
E. none of the above
2. Which of the following does NOT belong to connective tissue?(
A. reticular tissue
B. osseous tissue
C. cartilage tissue
D. lymphoid tissue
E. blood
3. All of followings are components of loose connective tissue
EXCEPT(
)
A. collagenous fibers
B. elastic fibers
C. goblet cells
D. fibroblasts
E. macrophages
- 13 -
)
4. All of following characteristics belong to the reticular fiber
EXCEPT(
)
A. with a surface coat of carbohydrates
B. composition of elastin and microfibrils
C. positive staining of PAS
D. argyrophilic
E. periodic cross-bandings in EM
5. The elastic fibers (
)
A. consist of elastin and microfibrils
B. consist of fibrils
C. are PAS positive
D. are argyrophilic
E. show periodic cross-bandings in EM
6. Which is NOT true of ground substance in loose connective tissue? (
A. Jelly-like and amorphous
B. collagenous fibers are main component
C. consists of proteoglycans & glycoproteins
D. forms a molecular sieve
E. Acts as a barrier to spread of microorganisms
7. The commonest cells in loose connective tissue is the (
A. mast cells
B. undifferentiated cells
C. macrophages
D. fibroblasts
E. plasma cells
8. Which is NOT a characteristic of fibroblasts? (
)
A. large, stellate shape with processes
B. located close to collagenous fibers
C. have a large, pale nucleus with obvious nucleoli
- 14 -
)
)
D. rich in rough endoplasmic reticulum and well-developed Golgi
complex
E. take part in the immune reaction
9. The collagen necessary to form scar tissue is produced by(
)
A. fibroblasts
B. undifferentiated cells
C. macrophages
D. mast cells
E. plasma cells
10. Which is NOT a characteristic of the plasma cells? (
)
A. ovoid cell with eccentric nucleus
B. has a strong basophilic cytoplasm
C. full of dense granules in cytoplasm
D. derived from B lymphocytes
E. rich in RER and well-developed Golgi apparatus
11.Which of the following has ultrastructural features of protein-secreting
cells? (
)
A. mast cells
B. fibrocytes
C. macrophages
D. plasma cells
E. fat cells
12.Which is NOT true of macrophages? (
)
A. have acidophilic cytoplasm
B. have nucleus like clock-face
C. are derived from the monocytes
D. have numerous lysosomes and phagosomes
E. are highly motile
- 15 -
13. Heparin is produced by which of the following cells? (
)
A. hepatocytes or hepatic cells
B. undifferentiated cells
C. macrophages
D. eosinophils
E. mast cells
14.Intercellular substance in connective tissue is produced by(
A. fat cells
B. fibrocytes
C. plasma cells
D. mast cells
E. fibroblasts
15. Histamine is released by (
)
A. fibroblasts
B. fibrocytes
C. mast cells
D. plasma cells
E. macrophages
16. The chief component of dense connective tissue is(
A. collagenous fibers
B. reticular fibers
C. fibroblasts
D. fibrocytes
E. ground substance
17. Reticular tissue is mostly distributed in(
A. lymphoid organ
B. circulatory organ
C. urinary organ
- 16 -
)
)
)
D. reproductive organ
E. digestive organ
Ⅴ. Choose the true or false by “T” & “F”
1. The cells in connective tissue usually have polarity. (
)
2. The only significant function of connective tissue is to provide structural
support for other tissues. (
)
3. Adipose tissue is also termed the areolar tissue. (
)
4. Hyaluronic acid is the principal constituent of ground substance in
loose connective tissues. (
)
5. The ultrastructure of the fibroblast is typical of a cell involved in secreting steroid hormones. (
)
6. Mesenchyme is the embryological precursor of all connective tissues,
including cartilage and bone tissuses. (
)
7. Mast cells exhibit the property of metachromasia when stained with certain blue basic dyes. (
)
8. Elastic fibers are also called yellow fibers because they are yellow in fresh state. (
)
9. Lipid is contained in a large membrane bound vesicle in fat cells. (
)
10. Reticular tissue is mainly composed of fibroblasts and reticular fibers.
(
)
ANSWERS
Ⅰ. Definitions
1. Fibroblast
Fibroblast is the commonest cell in loose C.T..
L.M.:
large, flat or stellate in shape, with branching processes
Nucleus: large, oval, pale with 1~2 distinct nucleoli
Cytoplasm:
E.M.:
weakly basophilic
rich in RER, free ribosomes, well developed Golgi apparatus
- 17 -
Function: the synthesis of fibers and ground substance
2. Macrophage
Macrophages is the second major cell in loose C.T..
L.M.:
irregular in shape, with short and blunt processes
Nucleus: small, round, dark with indistinct nucleoli
Cytoplasm:
E.M.:
a few small vacuoles and particles, acidophilic
irregular surface, numerous projections
rich in lysosomes, pinosomes, phagosomes
Function: Macrophages are important cells of defense
(a) mobility and chemotaxis
(b) phagocytic ability
(c) contributed to the immune reactions of the body
(d) synthesis and secrete many bio-active products
Macrophages are derived from the monocytes in biood
3. Mast cell
Mast cell lies along the course of small blood vessels
L.M.:
large, round or ovoid in shape
Nucleus: small, pale
Cytoplasm:
E.M.:
is filled with numerous coarse basophilic granules
granules are bounded by a unit membrane
containing: heparin, histamine, slow-reacting substance,
eosinophil chemotactic factors
Function:
is involved in allergic reaction
4. Plasma cell
L.M.:
is numerous in C.T. of digestive and respiratory tracts
ovoid or round in shape
Nucleus:
round, located eccentrically, deeply-stained
chromatin is arranged like numbers on a clock-face
Cytoplasm: abundant, intensely basophilic, lightly-stained area
near nucleus
- 18 -
E.M.:
extensive RER, ribosomes, well-developed Golgi apparatus
Function:
produce antibodies---immunoglobulins, take part in
humoral immune reaction.
Plasma cells are derived from the B-lymphocytes in biood.
II. Fill in the blanks
1. mesenchyme.
2. loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, adipose tissue,
reticular tissue.
3. fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma cells, mast cells, fat cells,
undifferentiated mesenchymal cells, leukocytes.
4. ground substance, tissue fluid.
5. collagenous fibers, elastic fibers, reticular fibers.
6. monocytes, lysosomes, pinosomes, phagosomes.
7. spindle(fusiform), large, pale, basophilic, RER(rough endoplasmic
reticulum), free ribosomes.
8. B-lymphocytes, antibodies(immunoglobulins).
9. dence, clock-face.
10. granules, metachromatically, heparin, histamine, slow-reacting
substance, eosinophil chemotactic factors.
III. Questions
1. Describe the structural features of connective tissue.
The connective tissue has following features:
(a) A relatively small number of cells is distributed throughout a large
amount of extracellular matrix. The extracellular matrix is composed of
fibers, ground substance and tissue fluid.
(b) The connective tissue is divided into different types according to
physical properties of ground substance.
(c) The connective tissue is widely distributed in the body.
- 19 -
(d) The connective tissue cells don’t have polarization and basement
membrane, but connective tissue is rich in blood and lymphatic vessels.
(e) The connective tissue connects, holds and supports other tissues. It also
plays a role in nutrition, defense and repair.
(f) All connective tissues originate from the mesenchyme which is
embryonic connective tissue .
2. List the components of loose connective tissue.
Loose connective tissue is composed of cells and extracellular matrix.
fibroblasts
macrophages
plasma cells
Cells
mast cells
fat cells
undifferentiated mesenchymal cells
leukocytes
collagenous fibers
fibers
elastic fibers
Extracellular matrix
reticular fibers
ground substance
tissue fluid
IV. Choose the correct answer for each question.
1. B
11. D
2. D
12. B
3. C
13. E
4. B
5. A
14. E
6. B
15. C
7. D
16. A
8. E
9. A 10. C
17. A
Ⅴ. Choose the true or false by “T” & “F”
1. F
2. F
3. F
4. T
5. F
6. T
7. T
8. T 9. F
10. F
Hu zhi-mei
- 20 -
CARTILAGE AND BONE
Ⅰ. Definitions
1. isogenous group
2. bone lamella
3. osteoid
4. osteon
Ⅱ. Fill in the blanks
1. Cartilage consists of cells called
cavities called
located in matrix
, and extracellular matrix composed of fibers
and ground substance.
2. There are three types of cartilage, they are
and
,
.
3. Further growth of cartilage is attributable to two processes:
,
resulting from the mitotic division of preexisting chondrocytes; and
, resulting from the differentiation of perichondrial cells.
4. Bone is a specialized connective tissue composed of calcified intercellular
material, called
,
, and four cell types:
and
.
,
are responsible
for the synthesis of the organic components of bone matrix.
5. All bones are lined on both internal and external surfaces by layers of
connective tissue containing mesenchymal stem cells called
on the internal surface and
,
on the
external surface.
6. Osteocyte is enclosed within spaces called
processes occupy the
contact via
, and its cytoplasmic
. Processes of adjacent cells make
, and molecules are passed via these structures from
cell to cell.
- 21 -
7. In compact bone, the calcified bone matrix are organized as lamellae,
there are four types of lamellae,
and
,
,
.
8. Each osteon consists of a
, containing blood vessels,
nerves, and loose connective tissue, surrounded by 4–10 concentric
.
Ⅲ. Questions
1. List the classification, distribution and general features of the cartilage.
2. Describe the organization patterns of the compact bone.
Ⅳ. Choose the correct answers for each question.
1. The principle of classification for the cartilage tissue is the (
)
A. number of containing cells
B. shape of containing cells
C. quantity and type of containing fibers
D. type of ground substance
E. function of cartilage
2. Cartilage capsule is (
)
A. loose connective tissue at the surface of cartilage
B. dense connective tissue at the surface of cartilage
C. space around cartilage cells
D. cartilage matrix around cartilage cells
E. collagenous fibers around cartilage cells
3. Which of the following is found as the coating for the articular ends of
bones at joints ? (
)
A. hyaline cartilage
B. elastic cartilage
C. fibrocartilage
D. bone
E. dense connective tissue
- 22 -
4. The major skeletal component of the external ear is (
)
A. dense irregular connective tissue
B. dense regular connective tissue
C. hyaline cartilage
D. bone
E. elastic cartilage
5. Hyaline cartilage tissue does NOT contain (
)
A. cells that can divide
B. ground substance
C. fibers
D. blood vessels
E. hyaluronic acid
6. Which of the following about hyaline cartilage is FALSE? (
)
A. Chondrocytes have basophilic cytoplasm
B. Chondrocytes at periphery are immature and single located
C. Chondrocytes in the center of a mass of cartilage are present in groups
D. Matrix surrounding the chondrocytes is acidophilic
E. Collagen fibrils are present
7. Isogenous group is (
)
A. seen at periphery of cartilage
B. seen at periphery of bone
C. a group of chondrocytes derived from one single parent cell
D. a group of chondrocytes derived from different cells
E. a group of immature flattened chondrocytes
8. Bone tissue contains (
)
A. collagenous fibers
B. elastic fibers
C. reticular fibers
- 23 -
D. chondrocytes
E. none of the above
9. Osteoid tissue is produced by (
)
A. osteocytes
B. osteoblasts
C. osteoclasts
D. osteoprogenitor cells
E. mesenchymal cells
10. Which of the following is related to the osteocytes? (
)
A. The cell body occupies a lacuna
B. The ground substance surrounding cells is strong basophilic
C. Cells are round with no processes
D. Cells are distributed in groups
E. Cells metabolize independently
11. Osteocytes possess all of the following characteristics EXCEPT (
A. They are present in lacunae
B. Many fine processes extend into canaliculi
C. Adjacent processes contact with desmosomes
D. They have acidophilic or weakly basophilic cytoplasm
E. They obtain nutrients from tissue fluid
12. Beside osteocytes, bone lacunae also contain (
A. blood
B. tissue fluid
C. lymphatic vessels
D. blood vessels
E. nerves
13. Perichondrium and periosteum contain (
A. osteocytes
B. osteoblasts
- 24 -
)
)
)
C. osteoclasts
D. osteoprogenitor cells
E. chondrocytes
14. Osteoprogenitor cells can differentiate into (
)
A. osteocytes
B. osteoblasts
C. osteoclasts
D. fibroblasts
E. none of the above
15. Which of the following is NOT true of bone matrix? (
)
A. stains acidophilic in H & E sections
B. contains inorganic salts
C. contains collagen fibers
D. has a higher sulfates than that of cartilage
E. arranges regularly in lamellae
16. An important feature in nutrition of cartilage is its(
)
A. system of lacunae and canaliculi
B. sinusoids
C. lymphatics
D. nutrient arteries
E. high water (tissue fluid) content of the matrix
Ⅴ. Choose the true or false by “T” & “F”
1. Cartilage and bone tissues belong to connective tissue proper. (
)
2. Three types of cartilage can be distinguished by reference to the
differences in quantity and type of cells. (
)
3. Chondrocytes in fibrocartilage are completely enclosed by cartilage
matrix and occupy small laculae. (
)
4. The inner layer of perichodrium is rich in osteoprogenitor cells, which are
- 25 -
responsible for appositional growth of cartilage. (
)
5. Osteoblasts secrete fibers and organic ground substance and embed
themselves into the bone matrix, thus the osteoid tissue is formed. (
)
6. Osteocytes and their processes are suspended in tissue fluid within
lacunae and analiculi, thus the nutrients and metabolites can be exchangeed between the blood and the osteocytes. (
)
7. Osteoclasts secrete lysosomal enzymes, which break down the collagen
and organic ground substance, thus the bone matrix is absorbed. (
)
8. The structural form of bone matrix is bone lamellae, which are present in
the compact bone but not in the spongy bone. (
)
9. In the bone tissue, the collagenous and elastic fibers are embedded in the
amorphous ground substance, and characteristically arranged in lamellae.
(
)
10. Osteons consist of Haversian lamellae and a central Volkmann’s canal in
which blood vessels and nerves pass through. (
)
ANSWERS
Ⅰ. Definitions
1. isogenous group
In the center of hyaline cartilage, chondrocytes are round and may appear
in groups of up to eight cells originating from mitotic divisions of a single
chondrocyte. These groups are called the isogenous group.
2. bone lamella
The calcified bone matrix organized as multiple layers is termed bone
lamella, it is a basic structural unit of mature bone.
3. osteoid
The organic matrix of bone is termed osteoid; it has not undergone
calcification.
4. osteon
- 26 -
The basic unit of structure of compact bone, comprising a haversian
canal and its concentrically arranged haversian lamellae.
Ⅱ. Fill in the blanks
1. chondrocytes, lacunae
2. hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage
3. interstitial growth, appositional growth
4. bone matrix, osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteoprogenitor cells.
Osteoblasts
5. osteoprogenitor cells, endosteum, periosteum
6. lacunae, canaliculi, gap junctions
7. osteon, external circumferential lamellae, inner circumferential lamellae,
interstitial lamellae
8. central canal, haversian lamellae
Ⅲ. Questions
1. List the classification, distribution and general features of the cartilage.
Classification
hyaline cartilage
elastic cartilage
Chondrocyte
located in lacunae
located in lacunae
Extracellular
containing
containing elastic
matrix
collagen fibrils
fibers
articular surfaces
the auricle of the ear,
of the movable
Distribution
the walls of the
joints, the walls of
external auditory
larger respiratory
canals, the auditory
passages (nose,
(eustachian) tubes,
larynx, trachea,
the epiglottis, and the
bronchi), the
cuneiform cartilage
ventral ends of ribs
- 27 -
in the larynx
fibrocartilage
located in
lacunae
containing
coarse collagen
fibers
intervertebral
disks,
attachments of
certain
ligaments, and
the pubic
symphysis
2. Describe the organization patterns of the lamellae in the compact bone.
In compact bone, the lamellae are quite organized, either parallel to each
other or concentrically around a vascular canal. There are four types of
lamellaes,
(1) Osteon(Haversian system) is a long, often bifurcated cylinder
generally parallel to the long axis of the diaphysis, and is the basic
unit of structure of compact bone. It consists of a central canal
surrounded by 4–10 concentric lamellae. Each canal contains blood
vessels, nerves, and loose connective tissue.
(2) Inner circumferential lamellae are located around the marrow cavity.
(3) External circumferential lamellae are located immediately beneath
the periosteum.
(4) Interstitial lamellae are located between the Haversian
systems,
they are numerous irregularly shaped groups of parallel lamellae.
These structures are lamellae remaining from osteons partially
destroyed by osteoclasts during growth and remodeling of bone.
Ⅳ. Choose the correct answer exists for each question.
1. C
11. C
2. D
12. B
3. A
4. E
13. D
5. D
6. D
14. B
7. C
15. D
8. A
9. B
10. A
16. E
Ⅴ. Choose the true or false by “T” & “F”
1.F
2. F
3. T
4. T
5. T
6. T
7. T
8. F
9. F
10. F
Lu zhi-hong
- 28 -
MUSCULAR TISSUE
Ⅰ. Definitions
1. sarcomere
2. intercalated disk
3. triad
II. Fill in the blanks
1. Combining the functional and structural features, three types of muscle
tissue can be recognized:
2. Numerous nuclei
,
and
.
located is helpful in distinguishing ske-
letal muscle from cardiac and smooth muscle, both of which have
located nuclei.
3. Muscle fibers show cross-striation of alternating dark and light bans. The
dark bands are termed
, and the light bands are termed
. The light band is intersected by a thin dark line, termed
. There is a pale band, termed
, in the middle of
which band, presented a very fine dark strip, termed
.
4. Sarcomere is a segment myofibril between two adjacent
composed of
band,
lines,
band, and
5. A triad is composed of the two
band.
_and a
.
6. A dense connective tissue sheath, termed
, envelops the entire
muscle. Within the muscle each bundle of muscle fibers is surrounded by
a thin layer of connective tissue, termed
. Within a bundle,
each muscle fiber is covered by delicate
,
termed
.
7. The prominent dark striations at regular intervals across the cardiac fiber,
exhibiting a step-like or zigzag pattern, are termed
.
III. Questions
Compare the structural features of three types of muscle tissue under light
microscope.
IV. Choose the correct answers for each question.
- 29 -
1. A cross section through the H band of a sarcomere displays(
)
A. both thick and thin filaments
B. only thick filaments
C. only thin filaments
D. a zig-zag network filaments
E. no filaments
2. Where is the Z line situated in a sarcomere?(
)
A. In the middle of the A band
B. In the middle of the I band
C. In the middle of the H band
D. In between A and I bands
E. In between A and H bands
3. The T tubules of skeletal muscle is continuous with(
)
A. A band
B. Z line
C. nuclear membrane
D. cell membrane
E. sarcoplasmic reticulum
4. The wave of contraction is spread from cell to cell in cardiac muscle by
(
)
A. motor endplates
B. intercalated discs
C. muscle spindles
D. dense bodies
E. none of above
5. With respect to cardiac muscle fibers, all of the following are true
EXCEPT(
)
A. the nuclei are centrally located
B. they are multinucleated fibers
- 30 -
C. they are branched fibers
D. they contain abundant mitochondria
E. cross striations are found
6. Smooth muscle cells do NOT generally display(
)
A. sarcoplasm
B. sarcolemmas
C. sarcomere
D. prominent nuclei
E. both actin and myosin
7. A sarcomere consists of (
)
A. 1/2 I band + A band + 1/2 I band
B. 1/2 A band + I band + 1/2 A band
C. 1/2 I band + 1/2 A band
D. 1/2 I band + A band
E. I band + A band
8. The component of the thick filaments is( )
A. actin
B. myosin
C. tropomyosin
D. troponin
E. myoglobin
9. The terminal cisternae of skeletal muscle are formed by(
)
A. cell membrane
B. RER
C. Golgi complex
D. T tubules
E. L tubules
10. Which of the following statements about the nucleus of skeletal muscle
cells is true? (
)
- 31 -
A. one nucleus located in the center of the cells
B. several nuclei in the center of the cells
C. one nucleus beneath the sarcolemma
D. many nuclei beneath the sarcolemma
E. many nuclei scattered in the sarcoplasm
11. All of the following are morphological features of skeletal muscle fibers
EXCEPT(
)
A. long cylindrical cells
B. many elongated nuclei in the center of the cell
C. distinct cross striations
D. rich SER
E. abundant mitochondria
12. Which of the following statements about the myofibril is FALSE? (
A. the basic structure related to contraction of three types of muscle tissue
B. made up of thick and thin filaments
C. showing A and I bands, H band, Z and M lines
D. surrounded by T and L tubules
E. the shortest unit in it is called sarcomere
13. Which of the following statements about the sarcoplasmic reticulum of
the striated muscle is FALSE? (
)
A. It is specialized SER
B. Main branches run transversely and anastomose into network
C. The ends of it form the terminal cisternae
D. The calcium pumps can be found on its membrane
E. Its function is to store Ca2+
14. When contracting the myosin heads bind to (
A. Ca2+
B. ATP
C. troponin
- 32 -
)
)
D. actin
E. tropomyosin
15. The change in the sarcomere during contraction is(
)
A. A and H bands shorten
B. A band shortens
C. I and H bands shorten
D. I and A bands shorten
E. A, I and H bands shorten
V. Choose the true or false by “T” & “F”
1. Muscle cells are often termed muscle fibers because they contain
numerous myofibrils in sarcoplasm.
(
)
2. The skeletal T-tubules are invaginations of sarcolemma at the level of the
Z-line. (
)
3. The sarcoplasmic reticulum of the striated muscle is specialized SER.
(
)
4. Electron microscopy of skeletal fibers reveals that the myofibrils consist
of thick filaments and thin filaments. (
)
5. There are thick filaments and thin filaments located in Smooth fibers, but
no myofibrils. (
)
6. The thin filaments are composed of myosin . (
)
7. The triads of skeletal fibers and cardiac fibers are located at the A-I
junction level. (
)
8. A-band only contains think filaments. (
)
9. Thin filaments are only located at I-bands. (
10. H-band are only contains think filaments. (
ANSWERS
Ⅰ. Definitions
1. sarcomere
- 33 -
)
)
Sarcomere is a segment myofibril between two adjacent Z-lines,
composed of 1/2 I band, A band, and 1/2 I band. It is a unit of the
structure and function of the myofibril.
2. intercalated disk
The prominent dark striations at regular intervals across the cardiac fiber,
exhibiting a step-like or zigzag pattern, are termed intercalated disk,
actually junctions between cardiac muscle cells.
3. triad
The two terminal cisternae together with a central T-tubule, at the A-I
junction level of skeletal muscle fiber are termed triad.
II. Fill in the blanks
1. skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle
2. peripheral, central
3. A band, I band, Z line, H band, M line
4. Z, 1/2 I, A, 1/2 I
5. terminal cisternea, transverse tubule
6. epimysium, perimysium, connective tissue, endomysium
7. intercalated disk
III. Questions
Compare the structural features of three types of muscle tissue under light
microscope.
Skeletal muscle
Shape
long cylindrical
Cardiac muscle
short column
Smooth
fusiform
branch
Nucleus
multinucleated
Location
Peripheral location
Cross striation
Intercalated disk
one or two
central location
distinct
less distinct
no
yes
- 34 -
one
central
no
no
IV. Choose the correct answers for each question.
1. B
2. B
3. D
4. B
5. B
6. C
7. A
8. B
9. E
10. D
11. B
12. A
13. B
14. D
15. C
V. Choose the true or false by “T” & “F”
1. F
2. F
3. T
4. T
5.T
6. F
7. F
8. F
9. F
10.T
Cui hong-mei
- 35 -
NERVOUS TISSUE
I. Definitions
1. Nissl body
2. neurofibril
3. synapse
4. nerve fiber
5. blood-brain barrier
II. Fill in the blanks
1. Nervous tissue consists of two classes of cell:
2. A neuron consists of two parts:
and
and
.
.
3. Neurons have two types of plasmatic processes:
and
.
4. Nissl bodies are present in the cytoplasm of
but absent from
and
and
.
5. A chemical synapse consists of
,
,
and
.
6. In central nervous system, four types of neuroglial cells are
identified:
,
,
and
.
7. Myelinated nerve fibers of peripheral nervous system are composed
of
,
and
.
8. The myelin-forming cells in the peripheral nervous system
are
, but in the central nervous system are
9. The tactile corpuscles are found in the
.
.
10. The postsynaptic membrane of motor end plate is _______.
III. Questions
1. Describe the structure of the neuron soma
2. Describe the structure of myelinated nerve fiber in peripheral nervous
system.
IV. Choose the correct answers for each question.
- 36 -
1. Neurotransmitters are stored in and released from(
)
A. synaptic vesicles
B. mitochondria
C. lysosomes
D. RER
E. SER
2. The myelin sheath of the peripheral nerve consists of(
)
A. Schwann cell membrane and cytoplasm
B. only Schwann cell cytoplasm
C. multiple layers of the Schwann cell membrane and a little Schwann cell
cytoplasm
D. only the lipid of Schwann cell membrane
E. Schwann cell membrane and basal lamina
3. The axons of neurons(
)
A. are all very long
B. are never branches
C. contain no neurofibrils
D. can not synthesize proteins
E. usually one or two axons per neuron
4. Perineurium (
)
A. is connective tissue encasing single nerve fiber
B. is connective tissue surrounding bundles of nerve fibers
C. is the cell membrane of Schwann cells
D. is the basal membrane of Schwann cells
E. is muscle tissue with a little connective tissue
5. Nodes of Ranvier are(
)
A. seen in all types of nerve fibers
B. only seen in the myelinated nerve fibers of the PNS
C. only seen in the unmyelinated nerve fibers of the CNS
- 37 -
D. sites where myelin sheath and neurolemma are interrupted
E. the reason for slower conduction of impulses
6. The most numerous type of neurons in the human body are (
)
A. sensory, pseudounipolar neurons
B. sensory, bipolar neurons
C. motor, multipolar neurons
D. bipolar, interneurons
E. multipolar, interneurons
7. Which of the following is a feature of axons or dendrites, but not of
both(
)
A. Synapse formation
B. Mitochondria
C. Neurofilaments
D. Nissl bodies
E. Microtubules
8. Electrical synapse is (
)
A. tight junction
B. intermediate junction
C. gap junction
D. desmosome
E. hemidesmosome
9. The reason for rapid conduction of impulses along myelinated nerve fibers
is that they have(
)
A. long axons
B. thick axons
C. many synaptic vesicles in the axons
D. clefts of Schmidt and Lantermann
E. nodes of Ranvier
- 38 -
10. According to a popular hypothesis microglial cells are derived from(
)
A. fibroblasts
B. ependymal cells
C. monocytes
D. astrocytes
E. neuroectodermal cells
V. Choose the true or false by “T” & “F”
1. Most of sensory neurons are multipolar neurons. (
)
2. Neurofibrils collect together to form nerve fibers. (
)
3. The longer the axon, the bigger the cell body of the parent neuron. (
)
4. Microtubules and microfilaments are present in the perikarya, but do not
extend into the axon and axon hillock. (
)
5. The dendritic spines are the sites to form synaptic contacts and receive
information.(
)
6. Synaptic transmission involves that neurotransmitters are released into
synaptic cleft and then bind to the receptors on the postsynaptic membrane producing action potential.(
)
7. In general, the shorter the internodes, the more the nodes of Ranvier and
therefore, the greater the conduction velocity. (
)
8. Neuroglial cells can only be found in the gray matter but not in the white
matter of the CNS. (
)
ANSWERS
I. Definitions
1. Nissl bodies
Location: in soma and dendrite
L.M. basophilic granular areas
E.M. are RER and free ribosome, Golgi complex
Function: synthesize proteins
- 39 -
2. neurofibrils
Location: in soma, axon and dendrite
L.M. dark brown filaments
E.M. neurofilaments
Function: cell skeleton and tansportion
3. synapses
Synapses are the sites where contact occurs between neurons or between
neurons and other effect cell(eg. muscles or gland cells). A chemical
synapse consists of a presynaptic element, a synaptic cleft and a
postsynaptic element.
4. nerve fiber
Nerve fibers are composed of axons enveloped by neuroglia cells (sheath
cell), including myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers.
5. blood –brain barrier(BBB)
It is a physiologic barrier that restricts indiscriminate access of certain
substances in the blood stream to the brain. It consists of continous
capillary, basement membrane, and astrocyte end-feet(foot processes).
II. Fill in the blanks
1. neurons, neuroglial cells
2. cell body/soma, processes
3. axon, dendrite
4. soma, dendrite, axon, axon hillock
5. a presynaptic element, a synaptic cleft, a postsynaptic element
6. astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells
7. axon, myelin sheath, neurolemma
8. Schwann cells, oligodendrocytes
9. dermis
10. sarcolemma
III. Questions
- 40 -
1. Describe the structure of the neuron soma
①membrane receiving stimuli and conducting nerve impulses.
②nucleus: large and spherical with a prominent nucleolus.
③perikaryon (cytoplasm)
Nissl’s body
Location: in soma and dendrite
L.M. basophilic granular areas
E.M. are RER and free ribosome, Golgi complex
Function:
synthesize proteins
neurofibrils
Location: in soma, axon and dendrite
L.M. dark brown filaments
E.M. neurofilaments
Function:cell skeleton and tansportion
2. Describe the structure of myelinated nerve fiber in peripheral nervous
system.
Axon: center
Schwann cells:
myelin sheath
neurolemma
Ranvier’s node
Internode
IV. Choose the correct answers for each question.
1.A
2.C
3.D
4.B
5.D
6.E
7.D
8.C
9.E
10.C
V. Choose the true or false by “T” & “F”
1. F
2. F
3. T
4. F
5. T
6. T
7. F
8. F
Cui hong-mei
- 41 -
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
I. Definitions
1. continuous capillary
2. fenestrated capillary
3. sinusoidal capillary
4. Purkinje cell
Ⅱ. Fill in the blanks
1. According to the circulating fluid in the tubes, blood or lymph, the
circulatory system is divided into
and
two major components.
2. All organs of the cardiovascular system except for the capillaries share
common structural features. Their walls are generally composed of three
concentric tunics:
,
and
.
3. Under the electron microscope, capillaries can be classified as
,
and
.
4. The tunica media of the medium-sized arteries is prominent
in
, hence they are termed
.
5. The tunica media of large arteries, which is the thickest layer, consists
mainly of
, hence they are termed
.
6. The wall of the heart consists of three main layers:
and
.
7. The endocardium of the heart consists of three layers:
and
of the pericardium,
.
9. Continuous capillaries are present in many tissues, including
and
,
.
8. The epicardium is the
which is covered by
,
.
10. Fenestrated capillaries are present in __________, ______________
and _________________ .
- 42 -
,
11. Sinusoidal capillaries can be found in
and
,
,
.
Ⅲ. Questions
1. Describe the classifications and structures of the capillaries under the
electron microscope.
2. Describe the structures of medium-sized arteries.
3. Describe the structure of the heart wall.
Ⅳ. Choose the correct answers for each question.
1. Which one is termed muscular artery (
)
A. large artery
B. medium-sized artery
C. aorta
D. common carotid artery
E. pulmonary artery
2. Which one is termed elastic artery (
)
A. small artery
B. medium-sized artery
C. femoral artery
D. large artery
E. renal artery
3. The fenestrae or pores of the fenestrated capillaries lie in (
)
A. the gaps between epithelial cells
B. the endothelial cytoplasm without nucleus
C. basal lamina
D. endothelial nucleus
E. the free surface of endothelium
4. Which one of the following descriptions about continuous capillaries is
true? (
)
- 43 -
A. A small number of plasmalemmal vesicles can be found in the
endothelial cytoplasm, tight junctions occur to seal the vessel wall,
and the basal lamina is continuous.
B. A large number of plasmalemmal vesicles can be found in the
endothelial cytoplasm, tight junctions occur to seal the vessel wall,
and the basal lamina is continuous.
C. A large number of plasmalemmal vesicles can be found in the
endothelial cytoplasm, intercellular gap is wide, and the basal lamina
is continuous.
D. A large number of plasmalemmal vesicles can be found in the
endothelial cytoplasm, tight junctions occur to seal the vessel wall,
and the basal lamina is discontinuous.
E. A small number of plasmalemmal vesicles can be found in the
endothelial cytoplasm, intercellular gap is wide, and the basal lamina
is continuous.
5. Which one of the following descriptions about fenestrated capillaries is
true?
A. A small number of plasmalemmal vesicles can be found in the
endothelial cytoplasm, endothelia have connections, and the basal
lamina is continuous.
B. A large number of plasmalemmal vesicles can be found in the
endothelial cytoplasm, endothelia have connections, and the basal
lamina is continuous.
C. A small number of plasmalemmal vesicles can be found in the
endothelial cytoplasm, intercellular gap is wide, and the basal lamina
is continuous.
D. A small number of plasmalemmal vesicles can be found in the
endothelial cytoplasm, endothelia have connections, and the basal
lamina is discontinuous.
- 44 -
E. A large number of plasmalemmal vesicles can be found in the
endothelial cytoplasm, no space among endothlial cell
6. The tunica media of medium-sized arteries is predominantly composed
of (
)
A. collagen fiber
B. smooth muscle fiber
C. elastic fiber
D. reticular fiber
E. elastic membrane
7. Most of the continuous capillaries are present in(
)
A. central nervous system
B. gastric mucosa
C. endocrine glands
D. liver, spleen
E. glomerulus
8. Most of the fenestrated capillaries are present in(
)
A. connective tissue
B. gastric mucosa
C. muscle tissue
D. lung
E. cerebrum
9. Most of the sinusoidal capillaries are present in(
)
A. lung
B. gastric mucosa
C. muscle tissue
D. liver, spleen
E. glomerulus
10. In which one, the tunica adventitia is as thick as the tunica media?(
A. large arteries
- 45 -
)
B. large veins
C. medium-sized arteries
D. medium-size veins
E. heart
Ⅴ. Choose the true or false by “T” & “F”
1. All organs of the cardiovascular system have three layers.(
)
2. The lymph vascular system drains the tissue fluid from the organs and
tissues and unidirectionally carries it to the blood.(
)
3. There are clearly-defined limits existing between different groups of
arteries.(
)
4. The large arteries belong to the elastic arteries because they contain a
large number of elastic membranes in their walls.(
)
5. The tunica media of large artery consists mainly of 40-70 concentrically-arranged elastic membranes.(
)
6. In the continuous capillaries, a large number of plasmalemmal vesicles
can be found in the endothelial cytoplasm, tight junctions occur to seal
the vessel wall, and the basal lamina is continuous.(
)
7. In general, the sinusoidal capillaries are more irregular in shape and
much wider in diameter than those of ordinary capillaries. Wide gaps
are present between endothelial cells. The basal lamina is incomplete.
(
)
8. The boundaries between the three tunics of a vein’s wall are clear.(
ANSWERS
Ⅰ. Definitions
1. continuous capillary
Continuous capillaries are present in many tissues including the skin,
connective tissues, striated and smooth muscles, lungs and brain. Their
- 46 -
)
wall consists of a continuous layer of endothelium. A large number of
plasmalemmal vesicles can be found in the cytoplasm along both The
luminal and basal surfaces. A continuous basal lamina surrounds the
endothelium of the capillaries.
2. fenestrated capillary
Fenestrated capillaries are present in the gastric mucosa, some endocrine
glands and glomerulus. Fenestrated capillaries have fenestrae or pores
within the attenuated endothelial cytoplasm, the pores are usually closed
by a diaphragm, and on the basal side of endothelium the basal lamina is
continuous across the pores.
3. sinusoidal capillary
Sinusoidal capillaries can be found in the liver, spleen, bone marrow and
in certain endocrine glands. Their lumina are more irregular in shape and much wider in diameter than those of ordinary capillaries. Wild gaps
are present between endothelial cells. The basal lamina is incomplete.
4. Purkinje cell
Purkinje cells are mainly present in the subendocardial layer. Purkinje
cells are both broader and shorter than ordinary cardiac muscle fibers.
They are rich in sarcoplasm but only a small number of myofibrils are
distributed in the peripheral part of the cells, large amounts of glycogen
are to be found in their cytoplasm and a spherical nucleus is situated in
the cell centers, sometimes two nuclei can be found in a Purkinje cell. In
light microscopic examinations of H&E preparations, they stain pale.
Impulses are conducted through the Purkinje cells to the working
myocardial cells. The Purkinjie cells conduct impulses much faster than
ordinary cardiac muscle fibres.
Ⅱ. Fill the blanks
1. blood circulatory (or cardiovascular system), lymph vascular system
2. tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia
- 47 -
3. continuous capillaries, fenestrated capillaries, sinusoidal capillaries
4. smooth muscle, muscular arteries
5. 40-70 concentrically-arranged elastic membranes, elastic arteries
6. endocardium, myocardium, epicardium
7. endothelium, subendothelial layer, subendocardial layer
8. visceral layer, mesothelium
9. skin, connective tissues, striated and smooth muscles( or lungs, or brain)
10. gastric mucosa, some endocrine glands, glomerulus
11. liver, spleen, bone marrow, some certain endocrine glands
Ⅲ. Questions
1. Describe the classifications and structures of the capillaries under the
electron microscope.
Under the electron microscope, capillaries can be classified as three types:
1) Continuous capillaries are present in many tissues including the skin,
connective tissues,striated and smooth muscles,lungs and brain. Their
wall consists of a continuous layer of endothelium. A large number of
plasmalemmal vesicles can be found in the cytoplasm along both the
luminal and basal surfaces. A continuous basal lamina surrounds the
endothelium of the capillaries.
2) Fenestrated capillaries are present in the gastric mucosa, some
endocrine glands and glomerulus. Fenestrated capillaries have fenestrae
or pores within the attenuated endothelial cytoplasm, the pores are
usually closed by a diaphragm, and on the basal side of endothelium the
basal lamina is continuous across the pores.
3) Sinusoidal capillaries can be found in the liver, spleen, bone marrow
and in certain endocrine glands. Their lumina are more irregular in shape
and much wider in diameter than those of ordinary capillaries. Wild gaps
are present between endothelial cells. The basal lamina is incomplete.
- 48 -
2. Describe the structures of medium-sized arteries.
The wall of the medium-sized arteries is composed of three layers:
1) Tunica intima, the tunica intima also consists of three layers: an endothelium, a subendothelial layer and an internal elastic membrane.
2) Tunica media, the tunica media is predominantly composed of 10-40
layers of concentrically-arranged smooth muscle cells. Between the
layers of smooth muscle, small amounts of collagenous fibers and elastic
fibers can be found.
3). Tunica adventitia, it is composed of connective tissue. A definite
external elastic membrane is situated between the tunica media and the
tunica adventitia.
3. Describe the structure of the heart wall.
The heart wall’s tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia are termed
endocardium, myocardium and epicardium, respectively.
1). Endocardium: the endocardium consists of three layers: the endothelium, the subendothelial layer and the subendocardial layer. The subendocardial layer contains Purkinje fibers.
2). Myocardium: it is mainly composed of cardiac muscle. Between the
muscle fibers there are small amount of loose connective tissue and
capillaries.
3). Epicardium: the epicardium is the visceral layer of the pericardium
which covers the exterior of the heart. It is a serous membrane formed by
simple squamous epithelium on its surface and a thin layer of loose
connective tissue beneath.
Ⅳ. Choose the correct answers for each question.
1.B
2.D
3.B
4.B
5.A
6.B
7.A
8.B
9.D
10.C
Ⅴ. Choose the true or false by “T”&”F”
1.F
2.T
3.F
4.T
5.T
6.T
7.T
8. F
Wang jun-yan
- 49 -
BLOOD AND HAEMOPOIESIS
Ⅰ. Definitions
1. erythrocyte
2. neutrophil
3. platelet
4. reticulocyte
II. Fill in the blanks
1. Blood is a specialized form of
and
, consisting of
.
2. The blood cells include
,
, and
3. Mature erythrocytes in mammalian have no
.
, no
In human, they are shaped like
.
.
4. The cytoplasm of erythrocytes mainly contains a large amount of
________, the normal value of which is about
in male and
in female.
5. Reticulocytes are the
erythrocytes which are recently released by
bone marrow into the bloodstream containing small amounts of
.
6. On the basis of specific granules in the cytoplasm, the leukocytes may be
classified into two categories:
and
.
7. Based on the different specific granules in their cytoplasm, granulocytes
consist of
,
, and
agranulocytes include
, and
8. Blood platelets are the fragments of
no
; while
.
in bone marrow , and have
. Each platelet has two regions: a central deeply basophilic
and a peripheral pale homogeneous
.
9. The maturation process of blood cells can be divided into three stages:
,
, and
10. During the process of haemopoiesis,
change into any type of blood cell.
- 50 -
.
has the ability to
III. Questions
1. Describe the categories and normal value of blood cells.
2. Describe the structural features of five types of leukocytes under light and
electron microscope.
3. Summarize the major changes in the maturation course of the erythrocytic
series cells.
IV. Choose the correct answer for each question.
1. Serum is different from plasma in that it is devoid of (
)
A. fibrinogen
B. erythrocytes
C. all proteins
D. hormones
E. leukocytes
2. Normal concentration of leukocytes in humans is(
)
A. (4.2～5.5)×1012/L
B. (4～10)×109/L
C. (3.5～5)×1012/L
D. (105～135)×1012/L
E. (100～400)×109/L
3. Which of the following statements is NOT true of mature erythrocytes?
(
)
A. biconcave discs in shape
B. 7.5～8.5 m in diameter
C. a nucleus with two lobes
D. rich in hemoglobin
E. have no organelles
4. Reticulum in reticulocytes is remnants of the (
A. nucleus
- 51 -
)
B. lysosomes
C. mitochondria
D. endoplasmic reticulum
E. ribosomes
5. The basis of classification of leukocytes is the (
)
A. cell size
B. morphology of nucleus
C. specific granules
D. non-specific granules
E. phagocytizing capacity
6. Which of the following statements is NOT true of neutrophils? (
)
A. Account for 50%-70% of the total circulating leukocytes
B. They are agranulocytes
C. They have a polymorphous nucleus with 2～5 lobes
D. They contain specific granules and azurophilic granules
E. Neutrophilic granules contain bactericidal phagocytins
7. Which of the following blood cells is increased in number after active
invasion
of bacteria? (
)
A. neutrophils
B. monocytes
C. lymphocytes
D. erythrocytes
E. eosinophils
8. The cells phagocytosing antigen-antibody complex are (
A. monocytes
B. neutrophils
C. platelets
- 52 -
)
D. erythrocytes
E. eosinophils
9. Which type of cells is associated with the allergic reaction and serves as
an anticoagulant? (
)
A. platelets
B. monocytes
C. neutrophils
D. basophils
E. eosinophils
10. Peroxidase is NOT present in
(
)
A. neutrophils
B. monocytes
C. lymphocytes
D. basophilis
E. eosinophils
11. Which of following statements is NOT true of basophils? (
)
A. Constitute about 3%-8% of the leukocyte population
B. Contain large, dark blue-staining granules with Wright stain
C. Specific granules contain heparin and histamine
D. Nucleus may be not clear because of overlap with granules
E. May be associated with allergic reaction
12. Which of following statements does NOT refer to monocytes? (
)
A. account for about 3%-8% of the leukocyte population
B. They are the largest cells in blood
C. Azurophilic granules contain heparin and histamine
D. have a horseshoe or kidney-shaped nucleus
E. differentiate into macrophages when leaving out of blood vessels
13. Which of following statements is NOT true of platelets? (
A. normal counts range (150-300)×109/L
- 53 -
)
B. They are fragments of megakaryocytes
C. have a hyalomere and a granulomere
D. The function is to stop bleeding
E. associated with allergic reaction
14. Histamine in blood is mainly released by the
(
)
A. macrophages
B. eosinophils
C. mast cells
D. basophils
E. neutrophils
15. During parasite infection, the cells that are increased in number are (
A. monocytes
B. lymphocytes
C. neutrophils
D. eosinophils
E. basophils
16. The earliest hematopoietic cells are derived from the (
A. yolk sac
B. amniotic cavity
C. liver
D. spleen
E. bone marrow
17. The azurophilic granules actually are the (
A. chromosomes
B. lysosomes
C. ribosomes
D. phagosomes
E. pinosomes
- 54 -
)
)
)
18. Platelets would LEAST likely adhere to which of the following
structures? (
)
A. collagen
B. other platelets
C. microfibrils associated with elastin
D. normal endothelium
E. damaged endothelium
V. Choose the true or false by “T”&“F”
1. Blood is a specialized form of connective tissue proper, consisting of
blood cells and plasma. (
)
2. For examining the morphology of blood cells, blood smear is usually
used and stained with Wright or Giemsa stain. (
)
3. The special shape of erythrocytes facilitates gaseous exchange. (
)
4. The biconcave shape of red blood cells is maintained by microtubules
and microfilaments. (
)
5. The young erythrocytes in the bloodstream often containing ribosomes
are termed reticulocytes.(
)
6. According to having granules in their cytoplasm or not, leukocytes are
classified into two groups: granulocytes and agranulocytes. (
)
7. The cytoplasm of basophils has specific granules containing heparin and
histaminase.(
)
8. Monocytes are capable of crossing capillary walls, and differentiate
into lymphocytes. (
)
9. All cells in blood are end cells, which no longer divide. (
)
10. Erythrocytes functions within blood vessels, while leukocytes function
mainly outside the vessels. (
)
11. Mature erythrocyte has no nucleus, but has some organelles. (
- 55 -
)
ANSWERS
Ⅰ. Definitions
1. erythrocyte
The erythrocytes of mammals have no nucleus and in humans they are
biconcave discs 7-8 m in diameter. The cytoplasm mainly contains a
large amount of haemoglobin (Hb). In a smear, RBC stains red. The
periphery of RBC is redder than the center of it. The normal concentration
of erythrocytes in blood is approximately 4.5-5 million per cubic
millimetre in women and 5 million per cubic millimetre in men. The chief
function of RBC is to transport O2 from the lungs to the tissue and
transport CO2 from the tissue to the lungs.
2. neutrophil
Neutrophils are the most numerous of the leukocytes in human blood and
constitute 60-70% of the leukocyte population. They are about 12m in
diameter, with a highly polymorphous nucleus, consisting of 2-5
sausage-shaped lobes, interlinked by a fine thread of chromatin. The
cytoplasm is filled with fine granules, the majority of which are
neutrophilic. Under the electron microscope, the granules present in
neutrophils are seen to be surrounded by a membrane and can be
separated into two types: azurophilic and specific.
Azurophilic
granules contain lysosomal enzymes and peroxidase, while specific
granules contain alkalin phosphatase and bactericidal phagocytins.
Neutrophils are actively mobile and phagocytic. They are one of the most
important lines of defence against the bacterial infection.
3. platelet
Platelets are 150~300 thousand per cubic millimetre of blood. They are
derived from megakaryocytes of bone marrow, and are enucleated,
disc-like cell fragments 2-5m in diameter. In stained blood smears, they
often appear in clumps, irregular in shape. Each platelet has two regions: a
- 56 -
deeply basophilic granular zone (the granulomere),usually
centrally-located, and a pale homogeneous peripheral zone (the
hyalomere). Platelets are related to the functions of hemostasis and
coagulation.
4. reticulocyte
The young erythrocytes which are recently released by bone marrow into
the bloodstream often contain small amounts of residual ribosomal RNA.
Such erythrocytes are termed reticulocytes. They are larger than
erythrocytes and their cytoplasm contains basophilic dots or delicate
network.These structures indicate they are able to synthesis Hb. The
normal value of them is less than 1% of the total RBC.
The percentage of reticulocytes may indicate the functional states of the
bone marrow.
II. Fill in the blanks
1. connective tissue, blood cells(formed elements), blood plasma.
2. erythrocytes(RBCs), leukocytes(WBCs), platelets.
3. nuclei, organelles, biconcave discs.
4. haemoglobin (Hb), 12~15 g/100ml,10.5~14g/ 100ml.
5. young, residual ribosome.
6. granulocytes, agranulocytes.
7. neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes.
8. megakaryocytes, nuclei, granulomere, hyalomere.
9. the problast stage, the blast stage, the mature stage.
10. haemocytoblast.
III. Questions
- 57 -
1. Describe the categories and normal value of blood cells.
Erythrocyte
male:
4-5 million/ mm3
female:
4.5-5 million / mm3
s
granulocytes
Leukocytes
5-10 thousand/mm3
agranulocyte
Platelets
neutrophils
60-70%
eosinophils
1-3%
basophils
0-1%
lymphocytes
20-30%
monocytes
3-8%
s
150-300 thousand/mm3
2. Describe the structural features of five types of leukocytes under light
and electron microscope.
(a) Neutrophils
Neutrophils are the most numerous of the leukocytes in human blood and
constitute 60-70% of the leukocyte population. They are about 12m in
diameter, with a highly polymorphous nucleus, consisting of 2-5
sausage-shaped lobes, interlinked by a fine thread of chromatin. The
cytoplasm is filled with fine granules, the majority of which are neutrophilic. Under the electron microscope, the granules present in neutronphils are seen to be surrounded by a membrane and can be separated into
two types: azurophilic and specific. Azurophilic granules contain lysosomal enzymes and peroxidase, while specific granules contain alkalin
phosphatase and bactericidal phagocytins.
(b) Eosinophils
Eosinophils constitute about 1-3% of the leukocyte population and
measure 10~12m in diameter. The nucleus usually has two lobes, and
the cytoplasm is
packed with coarse acidophilic granules. These gran-
ules are surrounded by a unit membrane and contain acid phosphatase
and histaminase.
- 58 -
(c) Basophils
Basophils number only 0-1% of the blood leukocytes. They measure
about 12m in diameter and have an irregular large nucleus which is
generally S-shaped. The cytoplasm contains large, dark blue-staining
granules containing heparin and histamine. Often the granules obscure
the nucleus and stain metachromatically. Examination with an electron
microscope shows that the granules are very electron-dense and bounded
by a membrane.
(d) Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes constitute about 20~30% of the total leukocyte population.
They range in diameter from 7~12m, but the smaller lymphocytes with
a diameter ranging between 6-8m are in the majority in circulating
blood, while there is only a small percentage of medium-sized and large
lymphocytes. The smaller lymphocyte has a spherical nucleus,
sometimes with an indentation. Its chromatin is condensed and appears
as coarse clumps, so that the nucleus is intensely stained in the usual
preparations. The cytoplasm of the small lymphocyte is scanty and
appears as a thin rim in blood smears. It is slightly basophilic, assuming
a light-blue colour in stained smears. Azurophilic granules are present in
lymphocytes. The cytoplasm is lacking in organelles but contains many
free ribosomes and polyribosomes.
(e) Monocytes
Monocytes with a diameter varying from 14~20m constitute only 3-8%
of the leukocytes of normal blood. Their nuclei are oval, horseshoe, or
kidney- shaped and is generally eccentrically placed. The nuclei do not
stain as deeply as that of the lymphocytes. The cytoplasm is basophilic
and shows bluish-gray colour in stained smears. Azurophilic granules
are also present in this cell-type, which are in fact lysosomes under
electron microscope. The cytoplasm also contains some rough endo- 59 -
plasmic reticulum but fewer free ribosomes than are found in
lymphocytes.
3. Summarize the major changes in the maturation course of the
erythrocytic series cells.
(a) the cell volume decreases;
(b) nucleoli diminish in size until they become invisible under the light
microscope;
(c) the diameter of the nucleus decreases, and the chromatin becomes
increasingly more dense until the nucleus presents a pyknotic
appearance and is finally extruded from the cell;
(d) the number of basophilic polyribosomes decreases and the amount of
acidophilic haemoglobin increases within the cytoplasm;
(e) the quantity of mitochondria and other organelles diminishes.
IV. Choose the correct answer for each question.
1. A
10. C
2. B
3. C
11. A
4. E
12. C
5. C
13. E
6. B
14. D
7. A
15. D
8. E
9. D
16. A
17. B
18. D
V. Choose the true or false by “T”&“F”
1. F
2. T
3. T
4. F
5. T
6. F
7. F
8. F
9. F
10. T
11. F
Hu zhi-mei
- 60 -
LYMPHATIC ORGANS
Ⅰ. Definitions
1. lymphoid nodule
2. blood-thymus barrier
3. splenic corpuscle
4. recirculation of lymphocyte
Ⅱ. Fill in the blanks
1. Lymphocytes are widely distributed, according to their different developments, structures and immune functions; they can be classified as
,
and
.
2. In the lymphatic tissue,
comprises a framework, the
meshes of which are filled with
and other immune cells.
3. According to the constitutions and functions, lymphatic organs can be
classified as
, including thymus and bone marrow, and
, including lymph nodes, spleen and tonsils.
4. The lymphocytes in the thymus are also termed
distribute in
, mainly
, occuping 85%~90% of the thymus cells in
the cortex.
5. Blood-thymus barrier is composed of _____________, ____________,
____________, ___________and
.
6. Diffuse lymphatic tissue lies in the deep portion of the cortex in lymph
nodes, most lymphocytes in this zone are
termed thymus dependent area or
, so this area is
.
7. Medulla lies in the deep portion of the lymph nodes, it is composed of
and
8.
.
is the largest peripheral lymphatic organs, which is on
the pathway of circulation system.
9. The parenchyma of the spleen is divided into three parts:
______________ and
.
- 61 -
,
10. Red pulp occupies most space of the parenchyma of the spleen, it is
composed of
and
11. The functions of the spleen are
.
,
and
.
Ⅲ. Questions
1. Describe the structures of the lymph nodes.
2. Describe the structures of the spleen.
Ⅳ. Choose the correct answers for each question
1. Which description about the lymphoid nodules is WRONG? (
)
A. They are also termed lymphoid follicles
B. They are mainly composed of dense B-lymphocytes
C.Tthey are spheroid or ovoid
D. Sometimes have a germinal centre and a cap
E. They have prominent interdigitating cells
2. The cortex of the lymph nodes does NOT have (
)
A. lymphoid nodule
B. paracortical zone
C. postcapillary venules
D. cortical lymphatic sinuses
E. capsule
3. T-lymphocytes of the lymph nodes are mainly distribute in (
A. surperfacial cortex
B. paracortical zone
C. medullary cords
D. lymph sinus
E. germinal centre
4. The thymus-dependent region of the spleen is (
A. splenic corpuscle
B. splenic cord
- 62 -
)
)
C. white pulp
D. peri-arterial lymphatic sheath
E. marginal zone
5. The red pulp of the spleen is composed of (
)
A. splenic sinuses and splenic corpuscles
B. splenic cords and peri-arterial lymphatic sheath
C. splenic cords and splenic sinuses
D. splenic corpuscles and marginal zone
E. splenic sinuses and marginal zone
6. Which discription of the marginal zone of spleen is WRONG? (
)
A. lies between the white pulp and the red pulp
B. consists of T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, macrophages and
erythrocytes
C. It is an important pathway which transports lymphocytes from blood
to the spleen
D. plays a major role in capturing antigen and initiates an immune
response
E. belongs to the white pulp of the spleen
7. When stimulated by an antigen, which part of the lymph nodes forms the
lymphoid nodule (
)
A. superfacial cortex
B. paracortical zone
C. superfacial cortex and paracortical zone
D. medullary cords
E. lymphatic sinuses
8. The major cell which the lymph nodes filter lymph and detach antigens
are (
)
A. the endothelial cells
B. reticular cells
- 63 -
C. B-lymphocytes
D. plasma cells
E. macrophages
9. The characteristic structure of the thymus is (
)
A. splenic corpuscle
B. thymic corpuscle
C. white pulp
D. peri-arterial lymphatic sheath
E. trabecula
10. Which one does NOT compose the blood-thymus barrier (
)
A. a continuous capillary endothelial layer and the basement membrane
of the endothelial layer
B. the tight junction between the thymocytes
C. a peri-vessel space containing some macrophages
D. a continuous epithelial reticular cells layer
E. the basement membrane of the epithelial reticular cells
Ⅴ. Choose the true or false by “T”&”F”
1. The major lymphatic organs are the thymus, lymph nodes, spleen and
tonsils.(
)
2. The spleen is treated as the central (or primary) lymphatic organ.(
)
3. Peripheral (or secondary) lymphatic organs develop earlier than the
central lymphatic organ.(
)
4. In the cortex of thymus, small lymphocytes, sometimes termed
thymocytes, mainly predominate.(
)
5. In the lymph nodes, the T-lymphocytes mainly distribute in the
superficial cortex.(
)
6. The germinal centre of the lymphoid nodule is the proliferation site for
B-lymphocytes.(
)
- 64 -
7. The primary function of the lymph nodes is the production of
lymphocytes which give rise to the immune response.(
)
8. The white pulp of the spleen contains numerous postcapillary
venules.(
)
9. In well-developed splenic corpuscles, a cap, dark zone and light zone
can be seen.(
)
10. In the spleen, the marginal zone belongs to the white pulp.(
)
ANSWERS
Ⅰ. Definitions
1. lymphoid nodule
Lymphoid nodules are composed of large number of densely aggregated
lymphocytes, which is mainly composed of B lymphocytes. When
stimulated by an antigen, a lymphatic nodule responds by forming a
germinal centre, which is composed of a dark zone, a light zone and a
cap.
2. blood-thymus barrier
The blood-thymus barrier is formed by a continuous capillary
endothelial layer, the basement membrane of the endothelial layer, a
peri-vessel space containing some macrophages, the basal lamina of the
epithelial reticular cells and a continuous epithelial reticular cell-layer.
3. splenic corpuscle
splenic corpuscles are typical lymphatic nodules, composed mainly of
B-lymphocytes. In well-developed splenic corpuscles, a cap, dark zone
and light zone can also be seen.
4. recirculation of lymphocyte
Lymphocytes in the bloodstream, produced originally in the lymphoid
tissue or organs and carried by the circulation of blood through the
- 65 -
lymphatic vessels, re-enter the lymphoid tissue or organs by crossing the
walls of postcapillary venules.
Ⅱ. Fill in the blanks
1. T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, NK cells
2. reticular tissue, lymphocytes
3. central lymphatic organ, peripheral lymphatic organ
4. thymocytes, thymic cortex
5. a continuous capillary endothelial layer, the basement membrane of the
endothelial layer, a peri-vessel space containing some macrophages, the
basement membrane of the epithelial reticular cells , a continuous
epithelial reticular cell-layer
6. T-lymphocytes, paracortical zone
7. medullary cords, medullary sinuses
8. spleen
9. white pulp, marginal zone, red pulp
10. splenic cords, splenic sinuses
11. blood filter, immunological defence, production of blood cells, blood
storage
Ⅲ. Questions
1. Describe the structures of the lymph nodes.
Lymph nodes are covered by a definite capsule of connective tissue, which is continuous with a number of septa or trabeculae extending into the
parenchyma of the organs.
The parenchyma is divided into the cortex and medulla.
The cortex is located beneath the capsule, it is composed of
superfacial cortex, paracortical zone and cortical lymphatic sinuses.
Superfacial cortex is mainly composed of lymphoid nodules, is the
proliferation site for B-lymphocytes. The paracortical zone lies in the deep
portion of the cortex, filled with diffuse lymphatic tissue, and mainly are
- 66 -
T-lymphocytes. This zone characteristically contains numerous
postcapillary venules, they are critical to lymphocyte recirculation.
Cortical lymphatic sinuses are located among the capsule, trabeculae and
lymphatic nodules, divided into sub-capsular sinuses and peritrabecular
sinuses.
The medulla is in the deep part of the lymph nodes, composed of
medullarycords and medullary sinuses.
2. Describe the structures of the spleen.
Spleen is the largest peripheral lymphatic organs, on the pathway of
circulation system.
The spleen is surrounded by a connective tissue capsule, which itself is
covered by a serous membrane, the peritoneum.
The parenchyma of the spleen is divided into three parts: white pulp,
marginal zone and red pulp.
The white pulp consists of two kinds of structure: peri-arterial
lymphatic sheath and splenic corpuscles. A layer of dense lymphatic
tissue encircling an artery forms a peri-arterial lymphatic sheath. The
small artery, known as the central artery, is located in the centre of the
lymphatic sheath. The cells present within the sheath are predominantly
T-lymphocytes associated with macrophages and interdigitating cells. This
structure is equivalent to the thymus-dependent region. The lymphatic
nodules in the white pulp is also termed splenic corpuscles. At the
intervals of the white pulp, the lymphatic tissue surrounding the arteriole
thicken into ovoid masses, the splenic corpuscles. These locate beside the
peri-arterial lymphatic sheath, have a germinal centre in their centre.
These are the response when B-lymphocytes are activated.
The marginal zone located between the white pulp and the red pulp,
the main lymphocytes are B-lymphocytes, and have many macrophages
and hemocytes. The marginal zone harbours an abundance of blood
- 67 -
antigens and thus plays a major role in the spleen’s immunological activity,
as they can initiate an immune response.
The red pulp occupies most space of the parenchyma of the spleen, it is
composed of splenic cords and splenic sinuses. The type of lymphocytes
in the splenic cords is B-lymphocytes, in the splenic sinuses is blood
sinusoid.
Ⅳ. Choose the correct answers for each question
1. E
2. E
3. B
4. D
5. C
6. E
7. A
8. E
9. B
10. B
Ⅴ. Choose the true or false by “T”&”F”
1.T
2.F
3.F
4.T
5.F
6.T
7.T
8.F
9.T
10.F
Wang jun-yan
- 68 -
DIGESTIVE TRACT
Ⅰ. Definitions
1. plica
2. intestinal villus
3. chief cell
4. parietal cell
Ⅱ. Fill in the blanks
1. From the inside to the outside the wall of the digestive tract (esophagus,
stomach, small intestine and large intestine) can be divided into four
，
layers：
，
and
.
2. The mucosa is the most important layer of the digestive tract, it can be
subdivided into
,
and
.
3. The adventitia of oesophagus is composed of connective tissue, which is
called
; while the outer layer of stomach is formed
by
, which consists of
4. Plicae are formed by
and
.
and
, which
both protrude into the lumen of digestive tract.
5. Gastric glands can be divided into
and
,
.
6. Foundic glands consist of five kinds of cells, they are:
,
7.
,
and
.
can produce hydrochloric acid, while
can secrete pepsinogen.
8. Three structures that can expand the surface area of the small intestine,
they are:
,
and
.
9. Intestinal villi are finger-like projections, which consist of a core
of
, and are covered by
- 69 -
.
10. In the lamina propria of intestinal villi, there are three structures
relating to the absorption, they are:
and
,
.
11. There are a lot of
glands, which are located in the
submucosa of the duodenum.
Ⅲ. Questions
1. Describe the structures and functions of intestinal villi .
2. Describe the general structure of digestive tract .
3. Describe the organizational structure of stomach wall .
Ⅳ. Choose the correct answers for each question
1. Which of the following statements is true about plicae . (
)
A. Both mucosa and submucosa protrude into the lumen of the digestive
tract.
B. Submucosa together with muscularis externa protrude into the lumen
of the digestive tract.
C. Epithelium and lamina propria protrude into the lumen of the
digestive tract.
D. Only mucosa protrudes into the lumen of the digestive tract.
2. Intestinal villi are composed of (
)
A. absorptive cells and goblet cells
B. simple columnar epithelium and lamina propria
C. absorptive cells and endocrine cells
D. mucosa and submucosa
E. submucosa and muscularis externa
3. Which of the following cells is NOT included in the foundic glands
(
)
A. chief cells
B. parietal cells
C. Paneth cells
- 70 -
D. endocrine cells
E. mucous neck cells
4. The large intestinal glands are composed of all of the following cells
EXCEPT (
)
A. absorptive cells
B. goblet cells
C. endocrine cells
D. Paneth cells
E. undifferentiated cells
5. Which of the following descriptions is NOT true about chief cell (
)
A. The cell is columnar in shape and the cytoplasm is stained basophilic.
B. There are many zymogen granules in the cytoplasm.
C. There are abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum in the cytoplasm.
D. Membranous granules exist in the cytoplasm.
E. It can secrete pepsin.
6. Which of the following cells can secrete hydrochloric acid (
)
A. parietal cells
B. chief cells
C. endocrine cells
D. Paneth cells
E. mucous neck cells
7. Which of the following statements is NOT true about absorptive cell
(
)
A. The cell is columnar in shape.
B. Numerous closely-packed cilia at the free surface of the cell form a
striated border.
C. The nucleus is ovoid and located toward the base.
D. A layer of glycoprotein filaments covers the plasma membranes of
microvilli.
- 71 -
E. There are abundant smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the cytoplasm.
8. Which of the following statements is NOT true about esophagus (
)
A. The epithelium is composed of non-keratinised stratified squamous
epithelium.
B. Mucus-secreting esophageal glands are present in the submucosa.
C. The adventitia is a serous membrane.
D. The muscularis externa is formed by both skeletal muscle and smooth
muscle in the middle third of portion.
E. There is only one layer in the muscularis mucosae.
9. Which of the following structures does NOT have goblet cells?
A. small intestinal columnar epithelium
B. large intestinal columnar epithelium
C. small intestinal gland
D. large intestinal gland
E. gastric epithelium
10. The wall of the digestive tract is composed of (
)
A. mucosa ,submucosa, muscularis externa and adventitia
B. mucosa ,submucosa, muscularis externa and serosa
C. mucosa ,submucosa, muscularis externa and fibrosa
D. mucosa ,submucosa and adventitia
E. tunica intima, tunica media and tunica adventitia
Ⅴ. Choose the true or false by “T” & “F”
1. Plicae are composed of both epithelium and lamina propria. (
)
2. Parietal cells are large deeply basophilic cells , which are pyramidal or
spherical in shape. (
)
3. The lamina propria of intestinal villi contains the central lacteals,
fenestrated capillaries and scattered skeletal muscle cells. (
4. The wall of the digestive tract can be divided into four layers,
mucosa ,submucosa, muscularis and adventitia. (
- 72 -
)
)
5. The gastric glands are composed of chief cells, parietal cells, Paneth
cells, stem cells and mucous neck cells. (
)
6. Numerous goblet cells exist in the epithelium of stomach. (
7. Chief cells can secrete pepsinogen. (
)
)
8. The epithelium of the esophagus is simple columnar epithelium. (
)
9. The muscularis externa of the oral cavity , pharynx, upper esophagus
and the anus is formed by skeletal muscle. (
)
10. The adventitia of stomach is serous membrane. (
)
ANSWERS
Ⅰ. Definitions
1. plica
Plicae are composed of both mucosa and submucosa; They can expand
the surface area and are good for absorption.
2. intestinal villus
Intestinal villi are finger-like projections,which consist of a core of
lamina propria covered by simple columnar epithelium. The lamina
propria is composed of loose connective tissue. The central lacteal,
fenestrated capillary, scattered smooth muscle cells which are found in
the cores of the villi are associated with the small intestine’s absorptive
function.
3. chief cell
Chief cells are columnar in shape. The nuclei lie in the basal half of the
cells.Large secretory granules containing pepsinogen, are found in the
apical cytoplasm.The basal cytoplasm is strongly basophilic.Under the
electron microscope, abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi
complex and mitochondria are present in the cytoplasm . Chief cells can
secrete pepsinogen.
- 73 -
4. parietal cell
Parietal cells are large deeply eosinophilic cells , which are pyramidal
or spherical in shape. The nuclei are centrally-placed. Under the
electron microscope, there are abundant intracellular secretory
canaliculus and tubulovesicular system in the cytoplasm. Parietal cells
can produce hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor.
Ⅱ. Fill the blanks
1. mucosa , submucosa, muscularis and adventitia
2. epithelium , lamina propria , muscularis mucosa
3. fibrosa, serosa, connective tissue, mesothelium
4. mucosa, submucosa
5. cardiac glands, pyloric glands and gastric glands
6. chief cells, parietal cells, mucous neck cells, endocrine cells,
undifferentiated cells
7. Parietal cells, chief cells
8. circular Plicae, intestinal villi, microvilli
9. lamina propria, simple columnar epithelium
10. central lacteal, fenestrated capillary, scattered smooth muscle
11. duodenal glands
Ⅲ. Questions
1. Describe the structure and function of intestinal villi
Intestinal villi are finger-like projections,which consist of a core of
lamina propria covered by simple columnar epithelium.The lamina
propria is composed of loose connective tissue. The central lacteal,
fenestrated capillary, scattered smooth muscle cells which are found in
the cores of the villi are associated with the small intestine’s absorptive
function.
2. Describe the general structure of digestive tract
- 74 -
The wall of the digestive tract can be divided into four layers: mucosa ,
submucosa, muscularis externa and adventitia.
(1) The mucosa is composed of epithelium ,lamina propria and
muscularis mucosa.The stratified squamous epithelium of the oral
cavity, pharynx,esophagus and anus is capable of withstanding
abrasion.Tall columnar epithelium lines in the lumen of the stomach,
small intestine and large intestine.This type of epithelium has
absorptive and secretory functions. The lamina propria is a layer of
loose connective tissue containing minor digestive glands, blood
vessels and lymphatic tissue. Muscularis mucosa is composed of thin
smooth muscle.
(2) The submucosa consists of loose connective tissue containing larger
blood vessels, lymph vessels and submucous plexus.
(3) With the exception of the oral cavity, pharynx, upper esophagus and
the anus, where skeletal muscle is to be found, the muscularis externa is
made up of smooth muscle which is usually arranged into two layers:
an inner circular and an outer longitudinal layer. Between the two
layers is a vascular plexus and a nerve plexus.
(4) The adventitia can be subdivided into two kinds: fibrosa and
serosa. The adventitia of esophagus and the last paragraph of large
intestine is composed of fibrosa, while the outer layer covering stomach,
small intestine and colon is formed by serosa.
3. Describe the organizational structure of gastric wall
Gastric wall can be divided into four layers: mucosa, submucosa,
muscularis externa and adventitia.
(1) The mucosa is composed of epithelium ,lamina propria and
muscularis mucosa. The epithelium is simple columnar epithelium,
which is mainly composed of surface mucus cell. No goblet cells are
present in the epithelium. Lamina propria contains a large number of
- 75 -
gastric glands, which are composed of chief cells which can secrete
pepsinogen., parietal cells which can produce hydrochloric acid and
intrinsic factor, mucous neck cells which can produce mucus and
endocrine cells which can produce hormones ,as well as undifferentiated
cells which are stem cells.
Muscularis mucosa is composed of thin smooth muscles.
(2) The submucosa consists of loose connective tissue containing larger
blood vessels, lymph vessels and submucous plexus.
(3) The muscularis externa is relatively thick, with three layers of smooth
muscle.
(4) The adventitia is a serous membrane.
Ⅳ. Choose the correct answers for each question
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D
5. E
6. A
7. B
8. C
9. E
10. A
Ⅴ. Choose the true or false by “T”&”F”
1. F 2. F
3. F
4. T
5. F
6. F
7. T
8. F
9. T 10. T
Gao wei
- 76 -
DIGESTIVE GLAND
Ⅰ. Definitions
1. hepatic lobule
2. portal area
3. pancreas islet
4. bile canaliculus
Ⅱ. Fill the blanks
1. The three pairs of large salivary glands are
and
,
.
2. According to the different secretions, the acinus can be divided into two
kinds, they are
and
.
3. According to the diameter of the ducts in large salivary glands, the duct
system consists of
,
and
,
.
4. The secretory unit of the exocrine pancreas is
acinus.
, which are the beginnings of intercalated ducts, are
usually visible in the lumen of acini.
5. In pancreas islets,
secrete glucagon which can raise
blood sugar levels; B-cells secrete
which can lower
blood sugar levels; D-cells produce
;
secrete pancreatic polypeptide.
6.
is the basic structural unit of the liver, which
is a polygonal prism with a
at its centre. Anasto-
mosing plates of
extend radially from the centre.
Between the plates
and
7. The lining of hepatic sinusoids consists of
can be found.
and
.
8. The perisinusoidal space is an interstitial space between
and
. Small numbers of
- 77 -
are
present in the perisinusoidal space. They contain
and store
.
9. Portal areas are found in the angles where adjacent
meet. They contain the 'portal triad', which comprises
and
,
.
Ⅲ. Questions
1. Describe the structure of pancreas islets
2. Describe the structure of hepatic lobules
Ⅳ. Choose the correct answers for each question.
1. Centroacinar cells are (
)
A. the beginnings of intercalated ducts, which are usually visible in the
lumen
B. the epithelial cells of striated ducts
C. acinar epithelial cells
D. endothelium
E. myoepithelial cells
2. Which of the following descriptions is NOT true about hepatocytes
(
)
A. Hepatocytes are large polyhedral cells.
B. The cytoplasm is strongly basophilic.
C. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in secreting bile.
D. Numerous rough endoplasmic reticulum are found in the cytoplasm.
E. Microbodies eliminate the poison of peroxide
3. The characteristics of Kupffer cells are all of the following EXCEPT
(
)
A. Kupffer cells are irregular in shape.
B. Kupffer cells are found dispersed amongst the endothelial cells.
C. They have no abilities to phagocytose.
D. Kupffer cells can remove bacteria and foreign bodies.
- 78 -
E. They can deal with antigens and are involved in immune response.
4. Which of the following statements is NOT true about hepatic sinusoids
(
)
A. The epithelial cells appear highly fenestrated.
B. No membrane is present on the surface of the fenestrae.
C. The basal lamina around sinusoids is incomplete.
D. Tight junctions exist between adjacent endothelial cells.
E. Sinusoids radiate from the central vein in a lobule.
5. Which is NOT a characteristic of the perisinusoidal space (
)
A. The perisinusoidal space is an interstitial space between the
endothelial cells of sinusoids and the hepatocytes.
B. Reticular fibers are present in the space.
C. Small numbers of fat-storing cells are found in it.
D. The fluid inside the space is similar in composition to plasma.
E. Villi of hepatocytes reach into the perisinusoidal space.
6. A-cells of pancreas islets can secrete (
)
A. glucagon
B. insulin
C. pancreatic polypeptide
D. somatostatin
E. none of the above
7. The wall of the bile canaliculi is composed of (
)
A. simple squamous epithelium
B. the plasmalemmas of apposing hepatocytes
C. simple cuboidal epithelium
D. simple columnar epithelium
E. pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
8. Which of the following structures is responsible for a detoxifying
function (
)
- 79 -
A. rough endoplasmic reticulum
B. Golgi complex
C. smooth endoplasmic reticulum
D. lysosome
E. mitochondria
9. The basic structural unit of the liver is (
)
A. hepatocyte
B. bile canaliculus
C. hepatic plate
D. hepatic lobule
E. hepatic sinusoid
10. Which of the following may lead to Diabetes (
)
A. lack of glucagon secreted by A-cells
B. lack of insulin secreted by A-cells
C. lack of somatostatin secreted by B-cells
D. lack of pancreatic polypeptide secreted by A-cells
E. lack of insulin secreted by B-cells
Ⅴ. Choose the true or false by “T”&”F”
1. Each hepatic lobule is a polygonal prism, with a central vein at its
centre. (
)
2. Centroacinar cells are acinar epithelial cells.(
)
3. Pancreas juice is secreted by endocrine portion. (
)
4. The cytoplasm of hepatocytes is strongly basophilic. (
)
5. PP-cells secrete somatostatin which inhibits the release of glucagon and
insulin. (
)
6. Only serous acini are present in the sublingual glands. (
)
7. B-cells secrete glucagon which increases blood sugar levels. (
)
8. The nuclei of mucous cells are round and pale against the basal portion
of the cells. (
)
- 80 -
9. The exocrine pancreas is composed of a large number of mucous acini
and ducts. (
)
10. The fat-storing cells contain fat droplets and store vitamin A. (
)
ANSWERS
Ⅰ. Definitions
1. hepatic lobule
The hepatic lobule is the basic structural and functional unit of the
liver.Each hepatic lobule is a polygonal prism, with a central vein at its
centre. Anastomosing plates of hepatic cells (hepatic plates), hepatic
sinusoids, perisinusoidal spaces and bile canaliculi extend radially from
the central vein.
2. portal area
Portal areas are found in the angles where adjacent hepatic lobules meet.
They comprise interlobular arteries (branches of the hepatic artery),
interlobular veins (branches of the portal vein), and the interlobular bile
ducts (branches of hepatic duct ). Small amounts of connective tissue
accompanied by small lymphatics and nerves are found in portal areas.
3. pancreas islet
The endocrine cells of the pancreas are grouped into small spherical
clusters known as islets of Langerhans. The islets are scattered among
the exocrine acini, and are extensively vascularised by fenestrated
capillaries. Four different cell-types can be distinguished, they are：
A-cells，B-cells, D-cells and PP-cells.
4. bile canaliculus
The bile canaliculi is the first and smallest biliary passage, extends
throughout the entire liver. It is formed by opposing membranes of two
- 81 -
adjioning hepatocytes. The short, irregular microvilli of adjacent
hepatocytes protrude into the canalicular lumen. Hepatocyte lateral
borders are reinforced with desmosomes, and tight junctions sequester
contents of canalicular lumina and prevent bile leakage. Hepatocytes
cells secrete bile into canalicular lumina but no comminication usually
exists between bile in the canaliculi and the bloodstream.
Ⅱ. Fill the blanks
1. submandibular gland, sublingual gland, parotid gland
2. mucous acinus, serous acinus
3. intercalated ducts, striated ducts, interlobular ducts, lobar and major
excretory ducts
4. serous, centroacinar cells
5. A-cells, insulin, somatostatin, PP-cells
6. hepatic lobule, central vein, hepatocytes, hepatic sinusoids,
perisinusoidal spaces
7. endothelial cells, Kupffer cells
8. endothelial cells, hepatocytes, fat-storing cells, fat droplets ,vitamin A.
9. hepatic lobules, interlobular arteries, interlobular veins, interlobular bile
ducts.
Ⅲ. Questions
1. Describe the structure of pancreas islets
The endocrine cells of the pancreas are grouped into small spherical
clusters known as pancreas islets. The islets are scattered among the
exocrine acini, and are extensively vascularised by fenestrated
capillaries. Four different cell-types can be distinguished, they are:
A-cells, B-cells, D-cells and PP-cells. A-cells are relatively large in size
and are usually located at the periphery of an islet. A-cells secrete
glucagon, which increases blood sugar levels. B-cells secrete insulin,
which lowers blood sugar levels. D-cells produce somatostatin which
- 82 -
inhibits the release of glucagon and insulin. PP-cells secrete pancreatic
polypeptide.
2. Describe the structure of hepatic lobules
The hepatic lobule is the basic structural and functional unit of the liver.
Each hepatic lobule is a polygonal prism, with a central vein at its centre.
Anastomosing plates of hepatic cells (hepatic plates), hepatic sinusoids,
perisinusoidal spaces and bile canaliculi extend radially from the central
vein.
(1) central vein: The central vein is very thin-walled and its endothelial
cells are continuous with those of the sinusoids and lie in a meshwork of
fine reticular fibres.
(2)hepatic plates: Hepatic plates consist of a row of closely-packed
hepatocytes. Hepatocytes are polygonal cells. The centrally-located
nucleus is spherical, with a prominent nucleolus and scattered chromatin
granules. About 25 % of the hepatocyte population are binucleate. The
cytoplasm is filled with abundant organelles and inclusions.
(3) hepatic sinusoids: Sinusoids form an extensive sponge work between
the plates of hepatic cells. They radiate from the central vein in a lobule.
They are relatively large and irregular. The lining of sinusoids consists
of endothelial cells and Kupffer cells. Plasma has direct access to the
hepatocytes, which facilitates metabolic exchange between the liver and
the blood.
(4) perisinusoidal space: is an interstitial space between the endothelial
cells of sinusoids and the liver cells. The microvilli of the hepatocytes
extend into the perisinusoidal space, allowing active metabolic exchange
between the liver and the plasma. Reticular fibres and small numbers of
fat-storing cells are found here. These fat-storing cells contain fat
droplets and store vitamin A.
- 83 -
(5) The bile canaliculi radiate from the central vein. Tight junctions
involving the plasmalemmas of apposing hepatocytes form impermeable
seals along the length of the canaliculi. In this way, bile is prevented
from entering perisinusoidal spaces.
Ⅳ. Choose the correct answers for each question.
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D
5. E
6. A
7. B
8. C
9. D
10. E
Ⅴ. Choose the true or false by “T”&”F”
1. T
2. F
3. F 4. F
5.F
6. F
7. F
8. F
9. F
10. T
Gao wei
- 84 -
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Ⅰ. Definitions
1. blood-air barrier
2. typeⅡpulmonary alveolar cell
3. interalveolar septum (alveolar septum)
4. typeⅠpulmonary alveolar cell
Ⅱ. Fill in the blanks
1. The wall of the trachea is composed of three layers
and
.
2. The bronchial tree system is divided into
and
3. Respiratory portion of lungs is composed of
and
,
,
.
,
.
Ⅲ. Questions
1. Describe the structure and function of two types of pulmonary alveolar
cells.
2. Describe the structure of the trachea.
Ⅳ. Choose the correct answers for each question.
1. Which contains numerous alveoli (
)
A. bronchiole
B. alveolar duct
C. terminal bronchiole
D. intrapulmonary bronchus
E. interalveolar septum
2. The interalveolar septum does NOT contain(
A. alveolar capillary
B. elastic fibers
C. macrophage
D. dust cell
E. secretory cell
- 85 -
)
3. Which cell is NOT present in epithelium of trachea (
)
A. brush cell
B. ciliated columnar cell
C. endothelial cell
D. basal cell
E. goblet cell
Ⅴ. Choose the true or false by “T” & “F”
1. Alveolar macrophages belong to the mononuclear phagocyte system.
(
))
2. TypeⅠpulmonary alveolar cells are also termed secretory cells. (
)
3. The conducting portion of lungs includes the bronchi and respiratory
bronchioles.(
)
4. The walls of respiratory bronchioles are populated with alveoli. (
)
ANSWERS
Ⅰ. Definitions
1. blood-air barrier
Air in the alveoli is separated from capillary blood by a three-layered
structure termed the blood-air barrier, which is made up of the
continuous endothelium of capillary, the fused basement membranes of
the endothelium and typeⅠpulmonary alveolar cells, and typeⅠ
pulmonary alveolar cells.
2. typeⅡpulmonary alveolar cell
TypeⅡpulmonary alveolar cells are also termed secretory cells, which
are round or roughly cuboidal, have large, round nuclei, under an
electron microscope have rough endoplasmic reticulum, a welldeveloped Golgi apparatus and rich free ribosomes.
- 86 -
TypeⅡpulmonary alveolar cells synthesize and srcrete pulmonary
surfactant,which contains complexes of phospholipids,protein,and
carbohydrate that become part of fluid coating the alveolar surfaces.
Surfactant’s detergent-like property prevents collapse of alveoli by
reducing surface tension ,thereby facilitating alveolar inflation during
inspiration.Type Ⅱcells can become into typeⅠpulmonary alveolar
cells.
3. interalveolar septum (alveolar septum)
The interalveolar septum contains alveolar capillaries, elastic and
reticular fibres, and macrophages.
4. typeⅠpulmonary alveolar cell
TypeⅠpulmonary alveolar cells are extremely attenuated cells which
line most of the surface area of the alveolus. They are squamous cells,
the cytoplasmic portion at the site of nuclei is slightly thickened, which
make up an alveolar wall. Under an electron microscope organelles
such as Golgi complex, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria are
grouped aroud the nucleus,reducing the thickness of the blood-air
barrier and leaving large areas of cytoplasm cvirtually free of arganelles.
All typeⅠpulmonary alveolar cells have occluding junctions that
prevent the leakage of tissue fluid into the aleolar air space. The main
role of these cells is to provide a barrier of minimal thickness that is
readily permeable to gases.
Ⅱ. Fill in the blanks
1. mucosa, submucosa, adventita
2. the conducting portion, the respiratory portion
3. respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli
Ⅲ. Questions
1. Describe the structure and function of two types of pulmonary
alveolar cells.
- 87 -
TypeⅠpneumocytes are squamous alveolar epithelial cells, which make up
an alveolar wall and blood-air barrier. TypeⅡpneumocytes are also termed
secretory cells, which are round or roughly cuboidal cells with large round
nuclei, under an electron microscope have rough endoplasmic reticulum, a
well - developed Golgi apparatus and osmophilic multilamellar bodies.
These bodies contain rich surfactant. The surfactant present may reduce
the surface tension, plays a role in stabilizing alveolar expansion.
2. Describe the structure of the trachea.
The wall of the trachea is composed of three layers: mucosa, submucosa
and adventitia.
The mucosa is covered with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium,
which may be divided into five types: ciliated columnar cells, brush cells,
goblet cells, basal cells, small granular cells.
The submucosa is composed of loose connective tissue and blood vessels,
lymphatics and numerous mixed glands.
The adventitia is constructed of the cartilage rings surrounded by dense
connective tissue.
Ⅳ. Choose the correct answers for each question.
1. B
2. E
3. C
Ⅴ. Choose the true or false by “T” & “F”
1. T
2. F
3. F
4. T
Hong wei
URINARY SYSTEM
- 88 -
Ⅰ. Definitions
1. nephron
2. filtration membrane
3. juxtaglomerular cell
4. macula densa
5. renal corpuscle
Ⅱ. Fill in the blanks
1. Nephron consists of
and
.
2. Renal tubule can be divided into three segments
and
,
.
3. Renal corpuscle is composed of
and
4. Henle’s Loop is made up of
,
.
and
5. Renal corpuscle has two poles
.
and
.
6. Parietal layer of Bowman' s capsule is
epithelium.
7. Visceral layer of Bowman' s capsule is
, the secondary
processes of it interdigitate, defining elongated spaces is called
.
8. Filtration membrane is also called
of
, It is composed
,
and
9. The longest segment of renal tubule is
and
.
, its functions are
.
10. Under light microscope the cell free surface of proximal convoluted
tubule presents
, its function is
11. Thin segment is lined by
epithelium.
12. The juxtaglomerular complex is composed of
and
.
,
.
13. Juxtaglomerular cells are derived from the smooth muscle cells in the
wall of the
.
- 89 -
14. Under electron microscope the structures of increasing surface areas of
cell of proximal convoluted tubules have
and
,
.
15. The glomerular capillary is
under electron
microscope
Ⅲ. Questions
1. What is the component of the filtration membrane? If it is damaged
seriously, what can be occurred in the urine? .
2. What is the structure and function of renal glomerulus?
3. What is the component and function of the juxtaglomerular complex?
4. What is the component of nephron?
5. Compare the structures of proximal convoluted tubule with distal
convoluted tubule under light microscope.
Ⅳ. Choose the correct answers for each question
1. Which is right about the component of nephron(
)
A. renal corpuscle, urinary tubule and thin segment
B. renal corpuscle, distal convoluted tubules and thin segment
C. renal corpuscle, proximal tubules, distal tubules and thin segment
D. renal corpuscle, proximal tubules, distal convoluted tubules and thin
segment
E. renal corpuscle, distal tubules and thin segment
2. Which is wrong about the features of renal corpuscle(
)
A. It is composed of glomerulus and Bowman' s capsule
B. It has vascular pole and urinary pole
C. the vascular pole which the afferent arteriole enter the glomerulus
D. Its urinary pole connects with distal convoluted tubule
E. The glomerulus is surrounded by Bowman' s capsule
3. Which is NOT structures of nephron(
A. renal corpuscle
- 90 -
)
B. collecting tubule
C. thin segment
D. proximal tubule
E. distal tubule
4. Which is WRONG about the features of proximal tubule(
)
A. The cytoplasm of epithelial cell is weakly basophilic
B. The epithelial cell is large, pyramidal or cuboidal
C. The boundary of cell is not clear
D. Nucleus is round and basally-located
E. Brush borders on the free surface of cells are present
5. Which is wrong about the features of distal tubule(
)
A. Epithelial cell is cuboidal in shape
B. Nucleus is round and centrally-coated
C. Cell boundary is clear
D. The microvilli of the free surface of cells are short and loose
E. The basal infoldings are not obvious
Ⅴ. Choose the true or false by “ T” ﹠“ F”
1. Nephron consists of Bowman's capsule and renal tubules.(
2. The glomerular capillary is continuous capillary. (
)
)
3. Slit pores between adjacent secondary processes of podocytes are
covered by slit membranes.(
)
4. Macula densa locates at the urinary pole of renal corpuscle.(
)
5. Juxtaglomerular cells are derived from the smooth muscle cells in the
wall of the efferent arteriole.(
)
6. A renal glomerulus is a cluster of capillaries between afferent and
efferent arterioles.
(
)
7. The juxtaglomerular complex consists of three structures: juxtaglomerular cells, macula densa and intraglomerular mesangial cells.(
- 91 -
)
8. Macula densa is a special region of the proximal tubule. Its cells
become tall, narrow and are closely packed together.(
)
ANSWERS
Ⅰ. Definitions
1. nephron
Nephron is basic structural and functional unite of kidney, it is composed
of renal corpuscle and renal tubule.
2. filtration membrane
Filtration membrane consists of fenestrated endothelium of capillary,
basement membrane and slit membrane of podocytes.
3. juxtaglomerular cells
Juxtaglomerular cells are derived from the smooth muscle cells in the
wall of the afferent arteriole. They are cuboidal in shape and cytoplasm
contains granules. They can secrete rennin.
4. macula densa
Macula densa is a special region of the distal tubule, situated near to the
afferent arteriole. Its cells become tall, narrow and closely packed
together. It is ionic receptor.
5. renal corpuscle
Renal corpuscle is spherical and that part of nephron responsible for the
filtration of plasma. It includes glomerulus and Bowman's capsule.
Ⅱ. Fill in the blanks
1. renal corpuscle, renal tubule
2. proximal tubules, distal tubules, thin segment
3. glomerulus, renal capsule
4. proximal straight tubule, distal straight tubule, thin segment
- 92 -
5. vascular pole, urinary pole
6. simple squamous epithelium
7. podocyte, slit pore
8. filtration barrier, endothelium of fenestrated capillary, basement
membrane, slit membrane of podocyte
9. proximal convoluted tubule, re-absorption secretion
10. brush border, increasing free surface areas of cell of proximal convoluted
tubules and adding re-absorption
11. simple squamous epithelium
12. juxtaglomerular cell, macula densa, extraglomerular mesangial cell
13. afferent arteriole
14. microvilli , lateral processes, basement plasma infolding
15. fenestrated capillary
Ⅲ. Questions
1. What is component of the filtration membrane? If it is damaged
seriously ,what can be occurred in the urine?
(1) fenestrated endothelium of capillary, basement membrane and slit
membrane of podocyte.
(2) Proteins and blood cells (erythrocyte )
2. What is the structure and function of renal glomerulus?
It is cluster of capillaries between afferent and efferent arterioles,
It is fenestrated capillary under electron microscope
It is responsible for the filtration of plasma
3. What is the component and function of the juxtaglomerular
complex?
Juxtaglomerular cell
produce renin
macula densa
ionic receptor.
extraglomerular mesangial cell
transport information
4. What is the component of nephron?
- 93 -
Renal corpuscle
glomerulus
renal capsule
proximal tubule
proximal convoluted tubule
straight part of proximal tubule
Renal tubule
thin segment
Henle’s Loop
straight part of distal tubule
distal tubule
distal convoluted tubule
5. Compare the structures of proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) with
distal convoluted tubule (DCT) under light microscope.
PCT
Shape
DCT
Lumen is small and
Lumen is large and
irregular,wall is thick
regular,wall is thin
large pyramidal or
Epithelial cell
small, cuboidal
cuboidal
Nucleus
round, basally-located
round, centrally-located
Cell's boundary
no clear
clear
Cytoplasm
strongly acidophilic
weakly acidophilic
Brush borders
present
no present
Basal striation
present
present, more obvious
Ⅳ. Choose the correct answers for each question
1. C
2. D
3. B
4. A
5. E
ⅤChoose the true or false by “ T” ﹠“ F”
1. F
2. F
3. T
4. F
5. F
6. T
7. F
8. F.
Ren yi-min
- 94 -
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Ⅰ. Definitions
1. paracrine secretion
2. parafollicular cell
3. Herring body
4. hypophyseal portal system
5. diffuse neuroendocrine system（DNES）
6. adrenal chromaffin cell
7. steroid-secreting cell
Ⅱ. Fill in the blanks
1. According to the variability in chemical nature of hormones, endocrine
cells are classified in two types:
and
.
2. The thyroid follicles are mainly lined by
epithelium.
Its function is to synthesize the
hormones.
3. The parafollicular cells or C-cells are found as part of the
or as isolated clusters between
.
4. The chief cells in parathyroid glands secret
, which
serum Ca2+ levels.
5.The adrenal cortex can be subdivided into three layers from external to
internal side in order :
,
；secreting
and
and
,
, respectively.
6. H-E stain allows the recognition of three cell types in the pars distalis of
adenohypophysis:
,
and
.
7. The neurosecretions of hypothalamus are transported along the axons
and accumulate at their ending in the pars nervosa. Here they form
- 95 -
structures known as
, which are visible in the light
microscopy, containing
and
8. Hypophyseal portal system consists of
and
.
,
.
9. The diffues neuroendocrine system (DNES) consists of APUD (amine
precursor uptake and decarboxylation and
.
10. The chromaffin cells are found in the
of adrenal gland.
The chromaffin cells can produce
and
.
11.Steroid-secreting cells have the characteristic ultrastructures:
,
,
, ect.
12. Thyroid colloid is composed of a glycoprotein called
.
13. The secretions of endocrine cells are called
circulate in the blood and act on the
. They
tissues or organs.
14. The children who are hypothyroid from birth may present
characterized by arrested
and
,
development.
15. The hypophysis (pituitary gland) consists of
and
. The former is subdivided into three portion:
and
.The latter is
,
and
.
16. Excessive production of the growth hormones may result in
in children, conversely, result in
.
17. The glucocorticoids are mainly secreted by the
affect the metabolism of
,
, they
, and
18. The luteinizing hormones (LH) promote
.
and
in the female; while stimulate testosterone production by
cells in males, so they are also called
19. Prolactins are secreted by
.
cells in the pars distalis of
hypophysis. Oxytocins are synthesized by the
20. The activities of cells of the pars distalis are controlled by
hormones and
hormones of hypothalamus .
- 96 -
.
Ⅲ. Questions
1. The structural characteristics of endocrine glands
2. The main hormones of regulating blood calcium and their origin
3. How does hypothalamus communicate with the hypophysis
4. The structure and function of thyroid gland.
5. The main structure and function of adrenal cortex
6. The structural features and functions of pars distalis
Ⅳ.Choose the correct answers for each question.
1.The containing nitrogen-secreting cells (
)
A. have no secretory granules
B. are rich in smooth endoplasmic reticulum
C. have well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum
D. have mitochondria with tubule and vesicular cristae
E. have many lipid droplets
2. Usually, the thyroid epithelium is (
A. cuboidal
B. high columnar
C. squamous
D. goblet-like
E. variety of size
3. Cretinism results from (
)
A. more thyroid hormones
B. less thyroid hormones
C. more growth hormones
D. less growth hormones
E. less calcitonin
4. Calcitonin-secreting cells are (
)
A. the chief cells in parathyroid glands
B. the parafollicular cells in thyroid
- 97 -
)
C. the follicular epithelium in thyroid
D. the cells of zona fasciculata in adrenal glands
E. the cells of zona reticularis in adrenal glands
5. In adrenal glands (
)
A. the zona glomerulosa secretes glucocorticoids
B. the zona fasciculata secretes mineralocorticoids
C. the zona reticularis secretes androgen
D. the chromaffin cell secretes oxytocin
E. the chromaffin cell secretes vasopressin
6. The pars distalis does not contain (
)
A. acidophils
B. chromophobes
C. basophils
D. pituicytes
E. endothelium
7. Herring bodies contain hormones synthesized by (
)
A. pituicytes
B. secretory neurons (supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei) of
hypothalamus
C. acidophils
D. basophils
E. chromophobes
8. The basophils of adenohypophysis do not secrete (
)
A. thyrotropin
B. corticotropin
C. follicle-stimulating hormone
D. interstitial cell stimulating hormone
E. prolactin
9. The excessive secreting the growth hormone results in (
- 98 -
)
A. Cretinism
B. Pituitary gigantism
C. Pituitary midget
D. Diabetes insipidus
E. Cushing syndrome
10. The neurohypophysis releases (
)
A. prolactin and growth hormone
B. gonadotropic hormone and thyrotropin
C. corticotrophin and prolactin
D. vasopressin and oxytocin
E. prolactin and oxytocin
Ⅴ. Choose the true or false by “T” & “F”
1. The endocrine system does not act alone in the control of body functions. It interacts closely with the nervous system and the immune
system. (
)
2. The hypophyseal portal system is of utmost importance because it
contains hypothalamic hormones that control the function of the cells of
neurohypophysis.(
)
3. Besides the endocrine glands, there are many isolated endocrine cells in
the body.(
)
4. The endocrine glands include the adrenal glands, the thyroid, and the
hypophysis, as well as the sweat glands.(
)
5. Many endocrine cells produce hormones that act at a short distance by
diffusing through the extracellular matrix.This is called paracrine
secretion. (
)
6. The endocrine cells are always very close to continuous capillaries duo
to no ducts.(
)
7. The neurohypophysis synthesizes the hormones and releases the
hormones into the blood.(
)
- 99 -
8. Calcitonin from the parathyroid gland lowers blood Ca2+ concentration.(
)
9. As a result of the dissolution of the lipids during tissue preparation, the
fasciculata cells in adrenal gland appear vacuolated in common
histological preparations.(
)
10. The pars nervosa of neurohypophysis consists of secretory cells, axons
from hypothalamic neurons, pituicytes and fenestrated capillaries. (
)
ANSWERS
Ⅰ. Definitions
1. paracrine secretion
Many endocrine cells produce hormones that act at a short distance by
diffusing through the extracellular matrix. This is called paracrine
secretion.
2. parafollicular (C- cell )
The parafollicular, or C- cell, is found as the part of the follicular
epithelium or as the isolated clusters between thyroid follicles.
Parafollicular cells are larger and less stained than thyroid follicular cells
with the light microscope. These cells are responsible for the synthesis
and secretion of calcitonin, a hormone whose main effect is to lower
blood calcium levels by inhibiting bone resorption. Secretion of
calcitonin is triggered by an elevation in blood calcium concentration.
3. Herring body
The secretory neurons in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei make
the production of the neurosecretory material. The neurosecretions are
transported along the axons and accumulate at their endings in the pars
nervosa. Here they form structures known as Herring bodies, which are
visible in the light microscope and conain the two hormones:
- 100 -
argininevasopressin—also called antidiuretic hormone (ADH)—and
oxytocin.
4. hypophyseal portal system
The superior hypophyseal arteries divide into a primary capillary plexus
in the median eminence and the neural stalk. These capillaries then rejoin
to form hypophyseal portal veins that develop into a secondary capillary
plexus in the adenohypophysis . This hypophyseal portal system is of
utmost importance because it carries neurohormones from the median
eminence to the adenohypophysis where they control the function of the
cells of this part of the hypophysis.
5. diffues neuroendocrine system (DNES)
The diffues neuroendocrine system (DNES) consists of APUD (amine
precursor uptake and decarboxylation) and secretory neurons. DNES
cells are largely derived from the neural crest cells of the embryonic
nervous system and can be identified and localized by immunocytochemical methods or other cytochemical techniques for specific amines.
These cells are widespread throughout the organism: in the respiratory,
the urinary, the gastrointestinal systems, the thyroid and the hypophysis.
6. adrenal chromaffin cell
The adrenal chromaffin cells are also called medullary cells. The
secretory granules of medullary cells appear brown color with chromatecontaining fixative.
These granules contain epinephrine or norepinephrine.
7. steroid-secreting cell
Cells that secrete steroids are found in various organs of the body (eg,
testes, ovaries, adrenals). They are polyhedral or rounded acidophilic
cells with a central nucleus and a cytoplasm that is usually—but not
invariably—rich in lipid droplets. The ultrastructure of steroid-secreting
cells contain the abundance of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum,
- 101 -
spherical or elongated mitochondria with tubular cristae, lipid droplets,
and Golgi complex.
Ⅱ. Fill in the blanks
1. steroid-secreting cells, nitrogen-based-secteting cells
2. A simple cuboidal epithelium, thyroxine and triiodthyronine (thyroid
hormones)
3. follicular epithelium, thyroid follicles
4. parathyroid hormone, high (increase)
5. zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis, mineralocorticoids,
glucocorticoidsand, androgens
6. chromophobes, basophils, acidophols
7. Herring bodies, oxytocin, vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone)
8. primary capillary plexus, hypophyseal portal vein, secondary capillary
plexus
9. secretory neurons
10 adrenal medulla, epinephrine, norepinephrine
11. Rich smooth endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria with tubular cristae,
rich lipid,
droplets
12. iodinated thyroglobulin
13. hormones, target
14. Cretinism, physical, mental
15. adenohypophysis, neurohypophysis, pars distalis, pars tuberalis, pars
intermedia, pars nervosa, infundibulum
16. pituitary gigantism, pituitary midget
17. zona fasciculata, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates
18. ovulation, corpus luteum formation, Leydig, interstitial cell
stimulating hormones
19. mammotropic, supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei in hypothalamus
- 102 -
20. hypothalamic releasing hormones, hypothalamic release inhibiting
hormones
Ⅲ. Questions
1. The structure characteristics of endocrine glands
Endocrine glands are ductless. The endocrine cells may form anastomosing cords interspersed between dilated blood capillaries (e.g.
adrenal gland, parathyroid, anterior lobe of the pituitary); or they may
arrange themselves as vesicles or follicles filled with noncellular material
(e.g. the thyroid gland). The secretions of endocrine cell are called the
hormones, which are picked up and transported to target site of action by
the bloodstreams.
2. The main hormones of regulating blood calcium and their origin
The parafollicular, or C-cell in the thyroid glands are responsible for
the synthesis and secretion of calcitonin, a hormone whose main effect is
to lower blood calcium levels by inhibiting bone resorption. .
The chief cells of parathyroid glands secrete the parathyroid hormone,
which increases the number and activity of osteoclasts and thus promotes
the absorption of the calcified bone matrix and the release of Ca2+ into
the blood. The results increase the concentration of Ca2+ in the blood.
3. How does hypothalamus communicate with the hypophysis
(1)directly
The neurohypophysis consists of the pars nervosa and the
neural stalk. The pars nervosa is composed of unmyelinated axons of
secretory neurons situated in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei.
The hormones of supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei are transported
along the axons of these neurons and accumulate in the ends of these
axons, which are situated in the neurohypophysis. These hormones are
released by exocytosis, enter capillaries of the neurohypophysis, and are
distributed by the blood.
- 103 -
(2)indirectly
The hypophyseal portal system
The main mechanism
takes place through peptide hormones produced in the hypothalamic
aggregates of neurosecretory cells and stored in the median eminence .
When liberated, they are transported to the pars distalis through the
hypophyseal portal system and act on specific cells of the pars distalis.
Most of these hormones are hypothalamic-releasing hormones and
hypothalamic-inhibiting hormones.They may affect the function of the
hypophysis and consequently the function of many organs and tissues.
4. The structure and function of thyroid gland
Thyroid tissue is composed of 20–30 million thyroid follicles. An
extensive blood and lymphatic capillary network surround the follicles.
The follicles are lined by a simple squamous epithelium and their central
cavity contains the colloid containing thyroglobulin. The thyroid
epithelium rests on a basal lamina. These cells are rich in rough
endoplasmic reticulum, well-developed Golgi complex, abundant
lysosomes, and small secretory granules. The thyroid epithelium function
is to synthesize the hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3),
which are important for growth, for cell differentiation, and for the
control of oxygen consumption and the basal metabolic rate in the body.
Thyroid hormones affect the metabolism of proteins, lipids, and
carbohydrates.
Another type of cell present in the thyroid, the parafollicular, or C-cell,
is found as part of the follicular epithelium or as isolated clusters
between thyroid follicles. Parafollicular cells are larger than thyroid
follicular cells and with the light microscope appear less stained. They
have a small amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum, long mitochondria,
a large Golgi complex and numerous small granules. These cells are
responsible for the synthesis and secretion of calcitonin, a hormone
- 104 -
whose main effect is to lower blood calcium levels by inhibiting bone
resorption.
5. The structure features and functions of adrenal cortex
The cells of the adrenal cortex, which have the typical ultrastructure of
steroid-secreting cells, synthesize and secrete steroid hormone.
The adrenal cortex can be subdivided into three concentric layers: the
zona glomerulosa, the zona fasciculata, and the zona reticularis.
These layers occupy 15%, 65%, and 7%, respectively, of the total
volume of the adrenal glands.
(1)The layer immediately beneath the connective tissue capsule is the
zona glomerulosa, in which columnar or pyramidal cells are arranged in
closely packed, rounded, or arched cords surrounded by capillaries. The
main product of the zona glomerulosa is a mineralocorticoid called
aldosterone.
(2)The next layer of cells is known as the zona fasciculata because of
the arrangement of the cells in one- or two-cell thick straight cords that
run at right angles to the surface of the organ and have capillaries
between them. The cells of the zona fasciculata are polyhedral, with a
great number of lipid droplets in their cytoplasm. The zona fasciculata
and possibly the zona reticularis secrete glucocorticoids, especially
cortisol.
(3)The zona reticularis, the innermost layer of the cortex, lies between
the zona fasciculata and the medulla; it contains cells disposed in
irregular cords that form an anastomosing network. These cells are
smaller than those of the other two layers. Lipofuscin pigment granules
in the cells are large and quite numerous.They produce the dehydroepiandrosterone, a weak androgen.
6. The structure features and functions of pars distalis
- 105 -
The main components of the pars distalis are cords of cells interspersed
with capillaries. The pars distalis accounts for 75% of the hypophysis.
The electron microscopy show the cells of pars distalis have numerous
secretory granules, long mitochondria, cisternae of rough endoplasmic
reticulum, and Golgi complex. Common stains allow the recognition of
three cell types in the pars distalis: chromophobes and two types of
chromophils called basophils and acidophils. The subtypes of basophil
and acidophil cells are named for the hormones they produce.
Chromophobes do not stain intensely and probably are undifferentiated
cells.
Acidophils, accounting for 40% of pars distalis of hypophysis, are large
and polyhedral in shape. The cytoplasm of them contains acidophlic
secretory granules. They secret hormones—growth hormone (GH,
somatotropin) and prolactin (PRL).
Basophils, accounting for 10% of pars distalis of hypophysis, vary in
size and in shape. The cytoplasm of them contains basophlic secretory
granules. They secret hormones —follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH),
luteinizing hormone (LH), thyrotropin (TSH), adrenocorticotropin
(ACTH).
Ⅳ. Choose the correct answers for each question.
1. C
2. A
3. B
4. B
5. C
6. D
7. B
8. E
9. B
7. F
8. F
9. T
10. D
Ⅴ. Choose the true or false by “T” & “F”
1. T
2. F
3. T
4. F
5. T
6. F
10. F
Liang yu
- 106 -
EYES AND EARS
Ⅰ. Definitions
1. rod cell of photoreceptor
2. cone cell of photoreceptor
Ⅱ. Fill in the blanks
1. The wall of the eye ball is divided into
,
and
three layers.
2. Cornea is transparent. From anterior to posterior, it’s composed of five
layers
and
,
,
,
.
3. The iris is composed of loose connective tissue containing
and
and
.The iris is divided into
,
three parts.
4. The choroid is composed mainly of loose connective tissue which is
heavily
and
.
5. The retina contains four layers of cells, proceeding inwards from the
exterior they are
,
,
and
.
6. Photoreceptor cells are photosensitive bipolar neurons. There are two
types:
and
.
7. Cones contain three photopigments, the three photopigments are
sensitive to
,
or
light.
8. The spiral organ of Corti is the site at which mechanical vibrations are
translated into
. It consists of
arranged in a complex manner.
Ⅲ. Questions
1. Why is cornea transparent?
2. What is the ten layers structure of the retina?
- 107 -
and
Ⅳ. Choose the correct answers for each question.
1. Refracting medias of the eyeball are the (
)
A. fovea centralis
B. tarsus
C. optic disc
D. cornea
E. sclera
2. Which of he following cells sensitive to night vision (
)
A. the Kupffer cells
B. the goblet cells
C. the spiral organ of Corti
D. the cones
E. the rods
3. Each of following statements concerning corneal layers is true EXCEPT?
(
)
A. the epithelium is stratified squamous
B. the endothelium has a basement membrane
C. the stroma is acellular
D. the stroma contains collagen
E. Bowman’s menbrance is anterior to Descemet’s membrance
4. Which of the following statements best describes the functional histology
of the sclera? (
)
A. It is covered by an epithelium.
B. It contains more blood vessels than the choroid layer.
C. It is richly pigmented.
D. It has few fibroblasts and collagen fibers.
E. Its anterior component is modified to form the cornea.
5. Which of the following membrane conducts traveling wave of deform at?
(
)
- 108 -
A. reticular membrane
B. tectorial membrane
C. basilar membrane
D. vestibular membrane
E. tympanic membrane
6. Which of the following membrane secreted from spiral limbus and makes
contact with tips of hair cells? (
)
A. reticular membrane
B. tectorial membrane
C. basilar membrane
D. vestibular membrane
E. tympanic membrane
7. Which of the following membrane covered by stratified squamous
epithelium on lateral surface? (
)
A. reticular membrane
B. tectorial membrane
C. basilar membrane
D. vestibular membrane
E. tympanic membrane
8. The description of tunica vascularis，which one is WRONG (
)
A. Mainly comprise by loose connective tissue
B. rich in blood vessels
C. rich in chromatophore cell
D. rich in photoreceptor cell
E. light intensity will cause some structural changes
9. Which is NOT a characteristic of a ganglion cell of retina (
A. These are multipolar neurons.
B. located in the innermost layer of the retina
C. dendrite with bipolar cells to form the synapse
- 109 -
)
D. axons be part of the optic nerve
E. before other cells in the retina to stimulate the feelings of light
10. Which one of the following receive color and high lights (
)
A. pigment epithelial cell
B. cone cell
C. rod cell
D. bipolar cell
E. ganglion cell
Ⅴ. Choose the true or false by “T” & “F”
1. Both the anterior chamber and the posterior chamber contain a protein
rich fluid called aqueous humor. (
)
2. Descemet’s membrance can be seen with the light microscope to be a
thin homogeneous structure. (
)
3. The endothelium of the cornea is typical simple squamous epithelium.( )
4. The lens has 3 principal components: lens capsule; subcapsular
epithelium and lens fibers. (
)
5. The anterior part of the retina is photosensitive and constitutes the inner
lining of the ciliary body and the posterior part of the iris.(
)
6. The optical part of the retina is a more complex structure and consists of
the following layers: an outer layer of photosensitive cells, the rods and
cones; a layer of bipolar neurons ; a layer of ganglion cells. (
)
7. The corneoscleral junction or limbus is an area of transition from the
transparent collagenous bundles of the cornea to the white opaque fibers
of the sclera. (
)
8. The functions of the vestibulocochlear apparatus are related to
equilibrium and hearing. (
)
9. The external ear has an regular form and consists mainly of a plate of
elastic cartilage covered by a layer of skin on both sides. (
- 110 -
)
10. The supporting cells disposed between the receptors are columnar and
prismatic , with their nuclei at the top of the cell and microvilli in its
surface membrane. (
)
ANSWERS
Ⅰ. Definitions
1. rod cell of photoreceptor
Rods are highly-modified neurons. Each rod has a rounded ceil body with
a small, spherical, darkly-stained nucleus. Two processes arise from
opposite ends of the cell body. The one directed towards the pigment
epithelium has a cylindrical outer segment and an inner segment.Rod cells
showed long and thin rod-shaped lateral protrusions, said rod, depending
on the rod outer segment of the film,
there are many parallel disks by
repeatedly folded plasma membrane formed gradually after the formation
of isolated and at the end with the cell membrane shedding. Membrane
disc inlaid with the rhodopsin.
2. cone cell of photoreceptor
The outer protrusions of cone cells are like a cylindrical cone, known as
cones. Cone outer segment disc membranes are not separated with the
membrane and does not fall off.
The membrane disc inlaid with the
visual pigment.
Ⅱ. Fill in the blanks
1. fibrosa, tunica vascularis, retina
2. corneal epithelium, Bowman's membrane, substantia propria, descemet’s
membrane,
corneal endothelium
3. blood vessels, pigments, anterior border layer, iris stroma, iris epithelium
4. vascularised, pigmented.
5. pigment epithelium, photoreceptor cells, bipolar cells, ganglion cells
6. rods, cones
- 111 -
7. red, green, blue
8. nervous impulses, supporting cells, hair cells
Ⅲ. Questions
1. Why is cornea transparent?
Since it has to be transparent to allow light to enter the eye, there are no
blood vessels in the cornea. It is composed of very tightly packed collagen
fibers just like the sclera (i.e., the white of the eye). But whereas the
collagen fibers in the sclera are randomly packed together (thus making it
opaque), the fibers in the cornea are packed together in an organized
pattern which is what makes it transparent.
2. What is the ten layers structure of the retina.
The retina is the innermost layer of the eyeball.
Under the light microscope, the retina is seen to have ten layers which are
in fact made up of the cell bodies and processes of the four cell-types
already mentioned. From the surface in contact with the choroid inwards,
the layers are as follows:
(i) The pigment epithelium.
(ii) A layer of rods and cones consisting of the outer and inner
segments of the rods and cones.
(iii) An external limiting membrane formed from the outer ends of
Müller's cells.
(iv) in outer nuclear layer containing the nuclei of the rods and cones.
(v) An outer plexiform layer consisting of a dense network of axons of
rods and cones, dendrites of bipolar cells, and processes of horizontal
cells.
(vi) An inner nuclear layer containing the nuclei of bipolar cells,
horizontal cells, amacrine cells and Müller's cells.
(vii) An inner plexiform layer consisting of axons of bipolar cells,
amacrine cell processes, and ganglion cell dendrites.
- 112 -
(viii) A ganglion cell layer consisting of cell bodies of ganglion cells.
(ix) A nerve fibre layer consisting mainly of axons of ganglion cells.
(x) An internal limiting membrane comprising the terminations of the
processes of Müller's cells and their basement membrane.
Ⅳ. Choose the correct answers for each question.
1. D
2. E
3. C
4. E
5. C
6. B
7. E
8. D
9. E
10. B
Ⅴ. Choose the true or false by “T” & “F”
1. T
2. F
3. T
4. T
5. F
6. T
7. T
8. T
9. F
10. F
Yao qing-bin
- 113 -
SKIN
Ⅰ. Definitions
1. keratohyalin granule
2. melanin granule
3. hair bulbs
4. hair papilla
Ⅱ. Fill in the blanks
1. Skin is mainly composed of
tissue and
2. Skin consists of two layers
and
3. The appendage of skin includes
and
tissue.
.
,
,
.
4. Epidermis is
epithelium.
5. Epidermis is composed of two types of cells
6. The thick epidermis includes five layers
,
.
,
,
and
7. Dermis can be divided into two layers
and
8. The stratum basale of epidermis rests on the
composed of
and
.
, it is mainly
cells.
9. Above the stratum spinosum, it is
, the cells of this
layer are filled with
granules.
10. Superficial to the stratum lucidum, it is
, the cells
of this layer are filled with
.
11. The hair is divided into two parts
and
12. The hair root is surrounded by
; its lower end is
enlarged and termed
.
13. The growing point of hair is
.
14. The arrector pili are a bundle of
connecting
the papilla of the dermis and the hair follicle.
Ⅲ. Questions
- 114 -
1. Describe the structure of dermis?
2. Describe the structure of hair?
3. Describe the structure the epidermis?
Ⅳ. Choose the correct answers for each question
1. Which are components of skin? (
)
A. epidermis and mesothelium
B. epidermis and endothelium
C. epidermis and epithelium
D. epidermis and dermis
E. mesothelium and dermis
2.Which is developing layer of epidermis
A. stratum corneum
B. stratum granulosum
C. stratum lucidum
D. stratum spinosum
E. stratum basale
3.Which layer keratohyalin granules are mainly found in(
A.stratum granulosum
B.stratum corneum
C.stratum spinosum
D.stratum lucidum
E.stratum basale
4.Which is WRONG about reticular layer of dermis(
A. is irregular dense connective tissue
B. contains a lot of paralleling collagenous fibers
C. contains a lot of interlacing elastic fibers
D. contains blood vessels
E. contains sweat glands
5.Which is WRONG about hair(
)
- 115 -
)
)
A. Hair root is implanted in the skin
B. Hair is composed of horny cells
C. Hair root is surrounded by hair follicle
D. Hair papilla is growing point of hair
E. Hair includes hair shaft and hair root
ⅤChoose the true or false by “ T” ﹠“ F”
1. Skin is composed of epidermis and endothelium.(
)
2. The epidermis consists of a non-keratinized stratified squamous
epithelium.(
)
3. The skin appendages include hairs, nails, sebaceous glands and sweat
glands.(
)
4. Beneath the epidermis lies the hypodermis.(
)
5. In all epidermis five layers can be distinguished.(
)
6. The cell of the epidermis can be classified two types: keratinized cells and
non-keratinized cells.(
)
7. Non-keratinized cells include melanocytes, Langerhans cells and
Merkel’s cells.(
)
8. The dermis can be subdivided into two layers: the papillary layer and
hypodermis layer.(
)
9. The reticular layer is thicker and composed of irregular dense connective
tissue.(
)
10. The dermis contains bundles of paralleling collagenous fibers and elastic
fibers.(
)
ANSWERS
Ⅰ. Definitions
1. keratohyalin granule
They distribute in cytoplasm of granular layer of epidermis, which are
heavily stained hematoxylin (strongly basophilic granules), under
electron microscope, they are not enveloped by membrane.
- 116 -
2. Melanin granule
The cytoplasm of melanocyte contains melanosomes. When
melanosomes are filled with melanin, they are termed melanin granules.
3. hair bulb
The lower end of hair root and hair follicle are enlarged and termed the
hair bulb.
4. hair papilla
The bottom of the hair bulb is invaginated and filled with the hair papilla,
which is composed of connective tissue rich in nerve fibers and blood
vessels. Hair papilla provides the nutrition for the hair bulb.
Ⅱ. Fill in the blanks
1. epithelial tissue, connective tissue
2. epidermis, dermis
3. hairs, nails, sebaceous glands, sweat glands
4. keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
5. keratinized cells , non-keratinized cells
6. stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum,
stratum corneum
7. papillary layer, reticular layer
8. basement membrane, columnar or cuboidal
9. stratum granulosum, keratohyalin granules
10. stratum corneum, keratin
11. hair shaft, hair root
12. hair follicle, hair bulb
13. hair bulb
14. smooth muscle
Ⅲ. Questions
1. What is the structure of dermis?
- 117 -
The dermis is composed of connective tissue. It can be subdivided into
two layers: the papillary layer and the reticular layer. The papillary
layer is the part of the dermis that fuses with the epithelium, and is formed
by numerous papillae. It contains finer collagenous fibers, rich capillaries
and nerve endings. The reticular layer is thicker and composed of irregular
dense connective tissue. It contains bundles of interlacing collagenous
fibers and elastic fibers, blood vessels, hair follicle, sebaceous glands and
sweat glands are also present in large numbers.
2. What is the structure of hair?
Hair is divided into two parts: hair shaft and hair root. The free part of
a hair outside the skin is termed the hair shaft. The hair root is implanted
in skin and is surrounded by a hair follicle. A hair is composed of
regularly-arranged horny cells. Hair follicle consists of epithelial and
connective tissues. The lower end of hair root and hair follicle are
enlarged and termed the hair bulb. The bottom of the hair bulb is
invaginated and filled with the hair papilla, which is composed of
connective tissue rich in nerve fibers and blood vessels. Hair papillae
nourish the hair bulbs.
3. What is the structure of five layers of the thick epidermis?
1) Stratum basale
LM:
This is a layer of low columnar or cuboidal cells resting on a
basement membrane.
EM :
In cytoplasm there are free ribosomes and keratin filaments
Between adjacent cells desmosomes are present.
2) Stratum spinosum
LM:
Stratum spinosum is composed of 4 ~10 layers of larger
polyhedral cells. Many spinous processes are to be found on
the cell surface.
EM:
In cytoplasm there are lamellated granules (membrane-coated)
- 118 -
containing glycolipid and steroid and bundles of keratin
filaments.
3) Stratum granulosum
LM:
Stratum granulosum is composed of 3~5 layer of flattened
spindle-shaped cells. Their nuclei and organelles are degenerate. In cytoplasm there are keratohyalin granules which are
intensely basophilic.
EM:
Bundles of keratin filaments increase. A number of lamellated
granules are present and migrate to the periphery of the cell or
even to the intercellular space. keratohyalin granules are no
membrane-coated.
4) Stratum lucidum
LM:
Stratum lucidum is made up of 3-4 layers of flattened cells.
The nuclei and organelles of cells no longer exist. They appear
as red homogeneous and transparent
5) Stratum corneum
LM:
Stratum corneum consists of many layers of flattened horny
cells. The nuclei and organelles lost.
EM:
The cytoplasm of horny cells filled with keratin. The lipid
sheet between cells and thickened cell membrane are present.
Ⅳ. Choose the correct answers for each question
1. D
2. E
3. A
4. B
5. D
ⅤChoose the true or false by “ T”﹠“ F”
1. F
2. F
3. T
4. F
5. F
6. T
7. T
8. F
9. T
10. F
Ren yi-min
- 119 -
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Ⅰ. Definitions
1. spermatogenic cell
2. blood- testis barrier
3. Leydig cells
Ⅱ. Fill in the blanks
1. The seminiferous tubules are lined with a specialized stratified epithelium
known as
.
2. The seminiferous epithelium rests upon a
types of cells
and
and consists of two
.
3. From the periphery to the lumen of seminiferous epithelium, successive
generations of spermatogenic cells are distinguishable. These includes
,
,
,
,
4. Among spermatogenic cells,
.
are situated adjacent to the basal
membrane.
5.
migrate from the basal compartment to the middle zone of
the seminiferous tubule and become the largest spermatogenic cells within
the seminiferous epithelium.
6. By the first meiosis, one primary spermatocyte divided into two
meiosis, one secondary spermatocyte divided into
7. By the
two
which are haploid.
8. Each spermatid is transformed by a complex process of differentiation,
termed
, into a
.
9. Tight junctions are present between two adjacent
near their
bases, which isolate spermatogonia from more luminal germ cells.
10. The Sertoli cells
constitute the principle components of the
blood-testis barrier.
11. Leydig cells are present in the
tissue. They can secrete
.
- 120 -
.
12. The epididymis is divided into a head, body and tail. The head of the
epididymis is formed by
, the body and tail of the
epididymis are formed by
.
Ⅲ. Questions
1. Describe the histological structure of seminiferous tubules.
2. Describe the structure and function of Sertoli cells.
3. Describe the components and function of the blood- testis barrier.
4. Describe the structure and function of Leydig cells.
Ⅳ. Choose the correct answers for each question.
1. Which of the following descriptions is NOT about seminiferous
tubules?(
)
A. The seminiferous tubules are lined with seminiferous epithelium.
B. The seminiferous epithelium rests upon a basement membrane.
C. Around the basement membrane is to be found the limiting membrane
(tunica propria)
D. The limiting membrane is composed of collagen fibrils and myoid cells.
E. Leydig cells are interposed between spermatogenic cells.
2. Which of the following cells are NOT included in the spermatogenic
cells?(
)
A. spermatogonia
B. primary spermatocytes
C. Sertoli cells
D. spermatids
E. spermatozoa
3. Which of the following cells are short-lived and divided quickly, thus few
of them is seen in a section of a seminiferous tubule?(
A. primary spermatocytes
B. secondary spermatocytes
C. spermatogonia
- 121 -
)
D. spermatids
E. spermatozoa
4. Which of the following events is NOT occurred during spermiogenesis?
(
)
A. formation of the acrosome
B. condensation and elongation of the nucleus
C. formation of the flagellum
D. discharge of organelles and cytoplasm which are not required
E. the third meiosis
5. Which of the following descriptions is NOT true about Sertoli cells?(
)
A. Sertoli cells support, nourish, regulate and release germinal elements.
B. Sertoli-Sertoli tight junctions constitute the principle component of
blood testis barrier.
C. Sertoli cells secrete testosterone.
D. Sertoli cells phagocytose degenerated germinal cells and spermatogenic
residual bodies.
E. Sertoli cells secrete androgen-binding proteins
6. Which of the following structure is NOT included in the blood- testis
barrier? (
)
A. endothelium and basement membrane of capillary
B. limiting membrane
C. basement membrane of seminiferous tubule
D. between basement membrane and spermatogonia
E. tight junction between adjacent Sertoli cells
7. Which of the following cells are transformed into spermatozoa? (
A. spermatogonia
B. Sertoli cells
C. Leydig cells
D. spermatids
- 122 -
)
E. spermatocytes
8. Which of the following cells can secrete testosterone？(
)
A. Leydig cells
B. Sertoli cells
C. spermatogonia
D. spermatids
E. spermatozoa
9. Which of the following description is NOT true about the epididymis.
(
)
A. The ductus epididymis is lined with a simple columnar epithelium.
B. The head of the epididymis is formed by efferent ductus.
C. The body and tail are formed by the convolutions of the ductus
epididymis.
D. The epididymis has both absorption and secretion functions.
E. The epididymis is divided into a head, body and tail.
V. Choose the true or false by “ T”﹠“ F”
1. The seminiferous tubules are lined with a specialized stratified epithelium
known as the seminiferous epithelium.(
)
2. The seminiferous epithelium consists of spermatogenic cells and Leydig
cells.(
)
3. A primary spermatocyte can divided into two secondary spermatocytes by
the first meiosis.(
)
4. The spermatids are haploid not only in terms of the number of
chromosomes present but also in the amount of DNA.(
5. Each spermatid is divided into 2 spermatozoa.(
)
)
6. The primary spermatocytes are short-lived and divided quickly to produce
secondary spermatocytes, few of them are seen in a section of
seminiferous tubule.(
)
7. The Leydig cells are interposed between the spermatogenic cells.(
- 123 -
)
8. The Sertoli cells have numerous lateral processes which form concavities
surrounding differentiating spermatogenic cells.(
9. The Sertoli cells can secrete androgen.(
)
)
10. The Leydig cells are present in the interstitial tissue and can secrete
testosterone.(
)
ANSWERS
Ⅰ. Definitions
1. spermatogenic cell
Spermatogenic cells are a group of cells, including spermatogonia,
primary spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes, spermatids and
spermatozoa.
2. blood- testis barrier
Blood-testis barrier consists of four layers: endothelium and basement
membrane of capillary; basement membrane of the seminiferous tubule,
limiting membrane and Sertoli cells tight junctions.
3. Leydig cell
Leydig cells are present in the interstitial tissue. The cells usually occur in
group. The cells are large and polygonal in shape. The nucleus is round
with 1 or 2 prominent nucleolus and cytoplasm is acidophilic. Leydig cells
exhibit typical ultrastructural features of steroid secretory cells. Leydig
cells can secrete testosterone.
Ⅱ. Fill in the blanks
1. seminiferous epithelium
2. basement membrane, spermatogenic cells, Sertoli cells
3. spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes,
spermatids and spermatozoa.
4. spermatogonia
- 124 -
5. primary spermatocytes
6. secondary spermatocytes
7. spermatids
8. spermiogenisis, spermatozoa
9. Sertoli cells
10. tight junction
11. interstitial tissue, testosterone
12. efferent ductules, ductus epididymis
Ⅲ. Questions
1. Describe the histological structure of seminiferous tubules.
From interior to exterior, the wall of seminiferous tubules consists of
seminiferous epithelium, basement membrane and limiting membrane.
Seminiferous epithelium consists of spermatogenic cells and Sertoli cells.
Spermatogenic cells are a group of cells, including spermatogonia,
primary spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes, spermatids and
spermatozoa. In the limiting membrane, collagen fibrils and myoid cells
can be seen.
2. Describe the structure and function of Sertoli cells.
Sertoli cells are columnar or pyramidal in shape and are interposed
between spermatogenic cells. Such cells are characterized by an elongated
nucleus which is often triangular in shape. A large prominent nucleolus is
readily visible. Untrastrucurally, Sertoli cells contain abundant smooth
endoplasmic reticulum and developed Golgi complexes. The cells have
numerous lateral processes which form concavities surrounding
differentiating spermatogenic cells. Sertoli cells have following functions：
1) support, protect, nourish, regulate and germinal elements;
2) participation in blood-testis barrier;
3) phagocytose degenerated germinal cells and spermiogenic residual
bodies;
- 125 -
4) secretion of androgen binding protein.
3. Describe the components and function of blood -testis barrier.
Blood-testis barrier consists of four layers: endothelium and basement
membrane of capillary; basement membrane of the seminiferous tubule,
limiting membrane and
Sertoli cells tight junctions. The barrier excludes
the genetically different haploid germ cells from the immune system of the
body and protects the seminiferous epithelium against auto-immune
reaction.
4. Describe the structure and function of Leydig cells.
Leydig cells are present in the interstitial tissue. The cells usually occur in
group. The cells are large and polygonal in shape. The nucleus is round
with 1 or 2 prominent nucleolus and cytoplasm is acidophilic. Leydig cells
exhibit typical ultrastructural features of steroid secretory cells. Leydig
cells can secrete testosterone.
Ⅳ. Choose the correct answers for each question.
1. E
2. C
3. B
4. E
5. C
6. D
7. D
8. A
9. A
V. Choose the true or false by “ T” ﹠“ F”
1. T
2. F
3. T
4. T
5. F
6. F
7. F
8. T
9. F
10. T
Li jin-ru
- 126 -
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Ⅰ. Definitions
1. follicles of ovary
2. primordial follicle
3. ovulation
4. corpus luteum
5. menstrual cycle
Ⅱ. Fill in the blanks
1. Primordial follicle is composed of one centrally located
and one layer of flattened
which is peripherally located.
2. The development of follicles can be divided into four
stages:
,
,
3. Both
and
,
.
are termed growing
follicles.
4. Cumulus oophorus is the important structure of follicle, which
includes
,
,
,
.
5. In secondary follicle, the theca folliculi is differentiated into two layers:
and
and
6.
. The former is rich in
; the latter has plenty of
.
days before the expected onset of the next menstruation ovulation
occurred. During the process of ovulation, enzymes of the follicular fluid
lead to a rupture of the follicular wall,
and
,
together with the liquor folliculi are released into pelvic
cavity.
7. The corpus luteum constitutes of two kinds of cells:
and
.
8. The corpus luteum can be classified into corpus luteum of
(the oocyte is not fertilized) and corpus luteum of
case of fertilization).
- 127 -
(in the
9. The endometrium of uterus can be divided into two main layers, a
superficial
and a deeper
.
10. During menstrual cycle, three phases can be distinguished
and
,
.
Ⅲ. Questions
1. Describe the structure of a secondary follicle.
2. Describe the formation, structure and function of corpus luteum.
3. Describe the cyclic histological changes of endometrium during menstral
cycle.
Ⅳ. Choose the correct answers for each question.
1. Which of the following description is true about the primordial follicles?
(
)
A. The primordial follicle consists of a primordial oocyte and a layer of
flat follicle cells.
B. The primordial follicle consists of a primary oocyte and a layer of flat
follicle cells.
C. The primordial follicle consists of a primary oocyte and a layer of
cuboidal follicle cells.
D. The primordial follicle separate from the surrounding connective
tissue by zona pelllucida.
E. The primordial follicle separate from the surrounding connective
tissue by theca folliculi.
2. Which of the following follicles does NOT have zona pellucida? (
A. primadial follicle
B. primaryfollicle
C. secondary follicle
D. growing follicle
E. mature follicle
- 128 -
)
3. Which of the following structure is NOT included in the secondary
follicle? (
)
A. zona pellucida
B. corona radiata
C. cumulus oophorus
D. theca folliculi
E. secondary oocyte
4. Which of the following structure is NOT included in the mature follicle?
(
)
A. zona pellucida
B. corona radiata
C. cumulus oophorus
D. mature oocyte
E. theca folliculi
5. When does ovulation occur？(
)
A. the 28th day in a menstrual cycle
B. the 7 th day in a menstrual cycle
C. the 21th day in a menstrual cycle
D. the 14th day in a menstrual cycle
E. the 1th day in a menstrual cycle
6. Which of the following descriptions is NOT true about the corpus luteum?
(
)
A. The corpus luteum continues to produce estrogen and progesterone
during the whole process of pregnancy.
B. The corpus luteum is formed after ovulation.
C. The corpus luteum regressive to form fibrous corpus albicans about 10
days after ovulation, if the oocyte is not fertilized.
D. The corpus luteum is vascularised.
- 129 -
E. The corpus luteum consists of two types of cell: granulose lutein cell
and theca lutein cell.
7. The average length of a menstrual cycle is (
)
A. 21days
B. 25days
C. 28days
D. 35days
E. 38days
8. Which of the following descriptions is NOT true about the secretory
phase of a menstrual cycle? (
)
A. The uterine glands become more coiled
B. The basal layer of endometrium become thicker
C. The helical artery become more coiled
D. The secretory phase last for exactly 14 days.
E. The uterine glands start to secrete
V .Choose the true or false by “ T” ﹠“ F”
1. The medulla of ovary consists of follicles and corpus luteum in various
stages.(
)
2. The primordial follicle is composed of a primary oocyte and a layer of
flat follicle cells.(
)
3. The primary follicle is composed of a primary oocyte and several layers
of flat follicle cells.(
)
4. In the secondary follicle, the secondary oocyte is located at the cumulus
oophorus.(
)
5. In the secondary follicle, the granulosa cells surrounding the oocyte are
arranged radially to form the corona radiate.(
)
6. The theca interna of growing follicles derived from follicle cells.(
7. Because of its endocrine function, the corpus luteum is richly
vascularised.(
)
- 130 -
)
8. Follicles can degenerate and perish only at the stage of secondary
follicle.(
)
9. Fourteen days before the expected onset of the next menstruation,
ovulation occurs.(
)
10. During menstrual phase, the basal layer of endometrium is
sloughed.(
)
ANSWERS
Ⅰ. Definitions
1. follicle of ovary
Each follicle is composed of a central oocyte and surrounding follicle
cells. The follicles have four stages：primordial follicles, primary follicles,
secondary follicles and mature follicles.
2. primordial follicle
In primordial follicle, a primary oocyte is centrally located. The primary
oocyte is surrounded by a single layer of squamous follicle cells, which
are separated from the surrounding connective tissue by a basal lamina.
3. ovulation
Fourteen days before the expected onset of menstruation, mature follicle
is ruptured, the secondary oocytes with its zona pellucida, corona radiata
and the liquor folliculi are released into the pelvic cavity, and this
process is called ovulation.
4. corpus luteum
Corpus luteum is a group of endocrine cells in ovary. Corpus luteum is
composed of two types of cell: granulose lutein cells and theca lutein
cells. Corpus luteum can secrete progesterone and estrogen.
5. menstrual cycle
- 131 -
In the sexually-mature, non-pregnant female the genital organs undergo
periodically-recurring changes by the hormones of the hypothalamusadenohypophyseal-ovarian axis; such cyclic changes are termed the
menstrual cycle. The average length of a menstrual cycle is 28 days.
During a menstrual cycle, three typical phases can be distinguished: the
menstrual phase, the proliferative and the secretory phase.
Ⅱ. Fill in the blanks
1. primary oocyte, follicle cells
2. primordial follicle, primary follicle, secondary follicle, mature follicle
3. primary follicle, secondary follicle
4. primary oocyte, zona pellucida, corona radiata, follicle cells
5. theca interna, theca externa, theca cells, capillary, collagen fibers
6. 14, secondaary oocyte, zona pellucida, corona radiata
7. granulosa lutein cells, theca lutein cell
8. menstruation, pregnancy
9. functional layer, basal layer
10. the menstrual phase, the proliferative and the secretory phase.
Ⅲ. Questions
1. Describe the structure of a secondary follicle.
Secondary follicles develope from the primary follicles.
A primary oocyte is located in the center of the follicles and become
larger.
Corona radiata: the granulose cells surrounding the oocyte are arranged
radially to form the corona radiate.
Zona pellucida: a homogeneous-like, eosinophilic membrane situated
between primary oocyte and corona radiate.
Antrum folliculi and liquor folliculi: layers of follicle cell gradually
increase, small spaces appear between follicle cells and then small spaces
- 132 -
gradually fuse into a large cavity called antrum folliculi which is filled
with liquor folliculi.
Zona granulosa: follicle cells surrounding the follicular cavity form the
follicle wall, which is called zona granulose
Theca: Follicular stroma cells together with the connective tissue form a
theca, which is differentiated into two layers; theca interna and theca
externa. Theca interna is rich in capillaries and stroma cells. The stroma
cells are polygonal or spindle in shape and with characteristics of steroid
secreting cells. Theca externa is mainly composed of collagen fibrils.
2. Describe the formation, structure and function of corpus luteum.
After ovulation, the ruptured follicles collapses, zona granulosa and
theca folliculi folds into the cavity. During the following three days, the
granulose cells are transformed into granulose lutein cells while the cells
in the theca interna are transformed into theca lutein cells. Because of its
endocrine function, the corpus luteum is richly vascularised. Corpus
luteum can secrete progesterone and estrogen. Depending on whether
fertilization, the corpus luteum can be divided into corpus luteum of
menstruation, and corpus luteum of pregnancy. Corpus luteum can mainly
secrete of estrogen, progesterone.
3. Describe the cyclic histological changes of endometrium during a
menstrual cycle.
A menstrual cycle is divided into menstrual phase, proliferative phase and
secretory phase.
Menstrual phase (days 1- 4 ): no fertilization takes place, corpus
luteum degenerates, the production of estrogen and progesterone subsides,
this cause vasoconstriction of helical arteries leading to ischemia, degeneration and necrosis of the functional layer. When the estrogen level rises
again, vasodilation causes bleeding and the shedding of the necrotic
tissue.
- 133 -
Proliferative phase (days 5-14): the functional layer regenerate from the
cells of the basal layer. Stimulated by the developing follicles, all the
endometrium structures begin to proliferate. The tubular glands are tubular
initially and become coiled and their cells start to store glycogen. The
helical arteries begin to sprout into the functional layer. The thickness of
endometrium increases.
Secretory phase (days 15-28): Caused by an increasing of production of
progesterone by the corpus luteum, the uterine gland become more coiled
and their cells accumulate glycogen. The helical arteries become more and
more coiled; endometrium continues to thicken up to 5mm.
Ⅳ. Choose the correct answers for each question.
1. B
2. A
3. E
4. D
5. D
6. A
7. C
8. B
V. Choose the true or false by “ T” ﹠“ F”
1. F
2. T
3. F
4. F 5. T
6. F
7. T
8. F
9. T
10. F
Li jin-ru
- 134 -
GENERAL HUMAN EMBRYOLOGY
Ⅰ. Definitions
1. fertilization
2. cleavage
3. blastocyst
4. implantation
5. placental barrier
6. chorion
7. decidua
8. inner cell mass
9. capacitation
10. acrosome reaction
11. morula
12.cleft lip
13.cleft palate(main part)
Ⅱ. Fill in the blanks
1. The movements of fetus can be felt by the mother during the
.
2. If the intestinal loop does not go back the body of fetus by the 10th to 12th
week,
will occur in umbilicus of infant.
3. The placenta consist of
and
.
4. During the second week of gestation, the germ disc is composed of
and
.
5. By the 5th day after fertilization, the membrane around the blastocyst,
called the
, degenerates and disappears. While impla-
ntation is began.
6. The cells of primitive pit proliferate, migrate cephalic between ectoderm
and endoderm and form
the
which induces the formation of
.
- 135 -
7. The mesoderm are divided into three parts:
and
,
,
.
8. The formation of
fold,
fold and
folds converts the flat embryonic disc into the
shaped embryo.
9. Implantation takes place the outside of the uterus resulting in
10.The
.
is not obliterated in its proximal part and forms
Meckel’s diverticulum.
during the 3rd
11. Primordial germ cells are originated from
week.
12. By the end of
week, the external appearance of embryo
looks like human. By the full-term the fetus is more
length, more
cm in
in weight.
13. The external genitalia of fetus are recognizable in the
14. The
months.
at the cranial end of the disc consists of a small
region of tightly adherent ectoderm and endoderm cells that represents
the future opening of the oral cavity.
15. The
divides the lateral plate mesoderm into two layers:
(1) a
layer and (2) a
layer.
16. The bilaminar germ disc is connected to the trophoblast by the
17. If
.
does not close its lumen, the fetal
urine is leaked from the newborn’s umbilicus.
18. The
is incorporated into the body and forms the primitive
gut. The
connects with
by the vitelline
stalk (duct).
19. Fetal membranes include the following:
,
,
,
20. The umbilical cord at full term contains
( artery ) and
umbilical veins ( vein ).
- 136 -
,
.
umbilical arteries
21. During the development of stomach it rotates ______degree clockwise
around its longitudinal axis (viewed from the cranial end).
22. Pharyngeal apparatus includes
;
and
;
.
Ⅲ. Questions
1. Briefly describe the formation of the embryonic mesoderm
2. Briefly describe the structure and function of placenta
3. Briefly describe what each germ layer normally contributes to the tissues
or organs of embryo
4. Briefly describe the formation of the primitive streak
5. Briefly describe the formation of the neural tube
Ⅳ. Choose the correct answers for each question
1. Before spermatozoa achieve the ability to fertilize the oocyte, they must
undergo (
)
A. spermatogenesis
B. meiosis
C. mitosis
D. capacitation
E. cleavage
2. The number of chromosomes of gametes is halved during
(
)
A. mitotic division
B. the first meiosis
C. the second meiosis
D. spermiogenesis
E. fertilization
3. After the fertilized ovum divides from one cell into 12 to 16 cells, it is
known as a/an
(
)
A. blastocele
B. blastocyst
- 137 -
C. embryoblast
D. trophoblast
E. morula
4. Each cell of the zygote, which becomes smaller with each division, is
termed a(
)
A. blastocele
B. blastocyst
C. blastomere
D. blastula
E. morula
5. Where and when does fertilization normally occur?
(
)
A. Ovary, immediately after ovulation
B. Vagina, within 12 hours after ovulation
C. Internal os of the uterus, within 1 day after ovulation
D. Ampulla of the oviduct, within 1 day after ovulation
E. Anterior wall of the uterine body, within 2 days after ovulation
6. The blastocyst is completely embedded in the endometrial stroma by
days(
)
A. 1-2
B. 3-4
C. 5-6
D. 8-9
E. 11-12
7. The most characteristic event that occurs during the third week is(
A. the appearance of endodermal cells
B .the formation of the primitive streak
C. the appearance of the amniotic cavity
D. the formation of the primitive yolk sac
E. all of the above
- 138 -
)
8. The epiblast layer, after the intraembryonic mesoderm is formed, is
termed the (
)
A. trophoblast
B. hypoblast
C. endoderm
D. ectoderm
E. amnion
9. Until the end of the fourth week, intraembryonic mesoderm is actively
formed from the(
)
A. primitive streak
B. notochord
C. trophoblast
D. extraembryonic mesoderm
E. endodermal cells
10. The neural tube is formed from the
(
)
A. notochord
B. mesenchyme
C. amniotic ectoderm
D. intraembryonic paraxial mesoderm
E. the thickening of ectoderm at the cephalic end of the embryo
11. In human embryo the first primordial germ cells are found in the (
A. surface ectoderm
B. metanephros
C. yolk sac
D. allantois
E. mesonephros
12. A chorionic villus does NOT contain (
A. maternal blood vessels
B. fetal blood vessels
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)
)
C. syncytiotrophoblast cell layer
D. loose connective tissue
E. cytotrophoblast layer
13. The constituent cells of the somite may differentiate into all of the
following tissues EXCEPT(
)
A. epidermis
B. dermis
C. cartilage
D. muscle
E. bone
14. The intermediate mesoderm is the progenitor of the (
)
A. spinal cord
B. deep fascia
C. genital ducts
D. visceral muscle
E. sympathetic ganglia
15. The neural tube is produced under induction of the (
)
A. amnion
B. yolk sac
C. notochord
D. somite
E. primitive streak
16. Which of the following statements about the lateral mesoderm is
FALSE? (
)
A. Intraembryonic coelom (cavity)forms in it
B. It divides into the visceral layer and parietal layer
C. The visceral laye covers the ectoderm
D. Somatic mesoderm develops into the bones of the body wall
E. Abdominal cavity is derived from the intraembryonic coelom(cavity)
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17. The endodermal germ layer ultimately gives rise to all of the following
EXCEPT (
)
A. the epithelial lining of the bladder
B. the epithelium of the digestive tract
C. the alveolar cells of the lungs
D. the parenchyma of the liver
E. the parenchyma of the spleen
18. Which of the following cells does NOT have the correct number of
chromosomes? (
)
A. zygote (44 + 2 sex chromosomes)
B. mature ovum (22 + 1 sex chromosome)
C. spermatogonium (44 + 2 sex chromosomes)
D. first polar body (22 + 1 sex chromosome)
E. primordial germ cell (22 + 1 sex chromosomes)
19. What is the lowest percentage of morphologically normal sperm in a
semen sample compatible with normal fertility? (
)
A. 10%
B. 20%
C. 40%
D. 60%
E. 80%
20. A lady of 32 becomes pregnant. The ovum, which was fertilized, was
probably derived from an oogonium (
)
A. 2 weeks ago
B. 2 months ago
C. 20 years ago
D. more than 30 years ago
E. at any time since puberty
21. The cloacal membrane is composed of the(
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)
A. ectoderm
B. endoderm
C. mesoderm
D. ectoderm and endoderm
E. ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm
22. Which of the following are NOT derived from the neural crest? (
A. spinal cord
B. spinal ganglia
C. autonomic ganglia
D. adrenal medulla
E. the parafollicular cells of the thyroid
23. The cells in the amniotic fluid would have which of the following
origins?(
)
A. fetus only
B. mother only
C. mother and father
D. fetus and mother
E. mother, father and fetus
24. The placenta is an endocrine gland, which secretes (
A. chorionic gonadotropin
B. progesterone
C. estrogen
D. human placental lactogen
E. all of the above
25. Fetal membrane does NOT include the (
A. amnion
B. chorion
C. placenta
D. umbilical cord
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)
)
)
E. yolk sac
26. The intervillous spaces contain (
)
A. fetal blood
B. maternal blood
C. a mixture of maternal and fetal blood
D. the blood with a high CO2 content
E. the blood with a low oxygen content
27. Human chorionic gonadotropin is first produced by syncytiotrophblast
(
)
A. within 1 week of fertilization
B. 2 weeks after fertilization
C. 4 weeks after fertilization
D. 2 months after fertilization
E. 4 months after fertilization
28. Completion of the second meiosis of the oocyte occurs during the (
A. fertilization
B. ovulation
C. cleavage
D. secondary follicle
E. matrue follicle
29. The oocyte is fertilized (
)
A. prior to the first maturation division
B. during the first maturation division
C. between the first and second maturation division
D. during the second maturation division
E. after the second maturation division
30. The specific receptors (ZP3) for sperm are located on/in the (
A. corona radiate
B. zona pellucida
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)
)
C. cell membrane of the oocyte
D. cytoplasm of the oocyte
E. nucleus of the oocyte
31 .Which of the following statements about rotation of the midgut loop are
true when viewed from the front? (
)
A. The midgut loop undergoes a total rotation of 270°counterclockwise.
B. The midgut loop a total rotates 180°clockwise.
C. The midgut loop a total rotates 270°clockwise.
D. The midgut loop undergoes a total rotation of 180°counterclockwise.
E. The midgut loop rotates only 90°counterclockwise.
32. A newborn infant coughs and regurgitates its milk when fed, and has
respiratory distress when it cries. What congenital malformations would
you consider in the diagnosis of the infant’s problems?(
)
A. treacheal atresia
B. esophageal atresia or tracheoesophageal fistula
C. the agenesis of lungs
D. the agenesis of the heart
E. hyaline membrane disease
ⅤChoose the true or false by “ T” ﹠“ F”
1. The zona reaction prevents penetration of an oocyte by more than one
sperm (polyspermy).(
)
2. Test- tube- babies grow up in vitro throughout development. (
)
3. The end in which the primitive streak appears, is the cephalic end of the
germ disc. (
)
4. The inner cell mass of the blastocyst will develop into the embryo proper.
(
)
5. The hindgut, caudal part of the primitive gut, remains in connection with
the yolk sac by the vitelline stalk before six weeks of gestation. (
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)
6. The ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm are all derived from the epiblast
cells. (
)
7. In the testis, spermatogonia, Sertoli cells and interstitial cells of Leydig
are all developed from the intermediate mesoderm. (
)
8. Fetal membranes possess functions of protection, nutrition and production
of hormones.(
)
9. Extraembryonic mesoderm covers the yolk sac, amnion and
cytotrophoblast. (
)
10. In the placenta the maternal and fetal blood are mixed to promote the
substance exchange.(
)
11. The two medial nasal prominences fuse to form the philtrum. (
)
12. The cleft palate(main part) results from a lack of fusion of palatine
shelves. (
)
ANSWERS
Ⅰ. Definitions
1. fertilization
It is a series of processes that a female gamete (oocyte) and a male
gamete(sperm) contact and fuse to form a single cell---- zygote
2. cleavage
The zygote undergoes a series of mitotic divisions, increasing the numbers
of cells. These cells, which become smaller with each cleavage division,
are known as blastomeres.
3. blastocyst
About 4 days after fertilization, blastomeres in number reach more a
hundred cells, the morula begins to present intercellular spaces and then
become a single cavity, filling with the fluid. At this time the embryo is
called a blastocyst.
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The structures of blastocyst: polar trophoblast, trophoblast, inner cell mass,
blastocyst cavity
4. implantation
The blastocyst implants in the endometrium along the anterior or posterior
wall of uterus. It begins in the 5th -6th day; finishes in the 11th-12th day.
5. placental barrier
Separates the maternal and fetal blood in placenta
At the beginning:
endothelium of fetal vessels
connective tissue of villi
cytotrophoblast
syncytiotrophoblast
After the 4th month:
endothelium of fetal vessels
syncytium
6. chorion
Chorion consists of the trophoblast (cytotrophoblast & syncytiotrophoblast)
and extraembryonic mesoderm. Two parts: chorion frondosum; chorion
leave.
7. decidua
The endometrium after the implantation is called decidua. It is divided into
decidua parietalis, decidua basalis, decidua capsularis.
8. inner cell mass
A small cluster of cells, located at one side in the blastocyst , called inner
cell mass which initiate to form the embryo ( epiblast and hypoblast).
9. capacitation
Capacitation is a period of conditioning in the female reproductive tract
that in the human lasts approximately 7 hours. Much of this conditioning,
which occurs in the uterine tube, entails epithelial interactions between the
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sperm and mucosal surface of the tube. During this time a glycoprotein
coat and seminal plasma proteins are removed from the plasma membrane
that overlies the acrosomal region of the spermatozoa. Only capacitated
sperm can pass through the corona cells and undergo the acrosome
reaction.
10. acrosome reaction
Which occurs after binding to the zona pellucida, is induced by zona
proteins. This reaction culminates in the release of enzymes needed to
penetrate the zona pellucida, including acrosin and trypsin-like
substances.
11. morula
Approximately 3 days after fertilization, cells of the compacted embryo
divide again to form a 16-cell morula (mulberry).The morula just enters
the uterin cavity.
12. cleft lip
It occurs when the median nasal prominence fails to fuse with the
maxillary prominence.
13. cleft palate(main part)
The cleft palate (main part) results from a lack of fusion of palatine
shelves.
Ⅱ. Fill in the blanks
1. 16th week
2. congenital umbilical hernia
3. decidua basalis, chorion frondosum
4. epiblast, hypoblast
5. zona pellucida
6. notochord, neural tube .
7. paraxial (somites), intermediate, lateral plate mesoderm
8. head, tail, lateral, C (cylindrical)
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9. ectopic pregnancy
10. vitelline stalk
11. endoderm
12. 8th, 50 (CHL), 3400g
13. 3rd
14. buccopharyngeal membrane
15. intraembryonic cavity, parietal, visceral
16. connecting stalk
17. urachus
18. endoderm, midgut, yolk sac
19. chorion, amnion, yolk sac, allantois, umbilical cord
20. two umbilical arteries, one umbilical vein
21. pharyngeal arches, pharyngeal grooves, pharyngeal sacs, pharyngeal
membranes
22. 90
Ⅲ. Questions
1. Briefly describe the formation of the embryonic mesoderm .
At 3rd week after fertilization, the primitive streak appears on the surface
of the epiblast. Primitive streak cells invaginate into the epiblast and
hypoblast to form new layer---- mesoderm. While epiblast changes name
as ectoderm; hypoblast are replace by new cells---endoderm.
2. Briefly describe the structure and function of placenta
Disc shaped, two surfaces----maternal and fetal surfaces
Structures: Maternal decidua basalis and fetal chorion frondosum.
The placental barrier separates the maternal blood from fetal blood
Functions: exchange gasses, nutrients and waste products; secrete
hormones
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3. Briefly describe what each germ layer normally contributes to the
tissues or organs of embryo
Ectoderm
Neural tube--- brain and spinal cord
Neural crest--- peripheral never system
Superficial ectoderm--- epidermis of skin
Mesoderm
Paraxial mesoderm (somite)--- mesenchyme, muscle, bone,
dermis of skin
Intermediate mesoderm
--- urinary system, gonads
Lateral plate mesoderm
--- parietal layer, visceral layer
embryonic cavity
Endoderm
primitive gut
--- epithelium of digestive tract,
respiratory tract, ect.
4. Briefly describe the formation of the primitive streak
About the 15th day after fertilization, on the surface of the epiblast, a
cellcord, which is proliferated by the epiblast, appears along the
longitudinal midline on either side of the germ disc, known as the primitive
streak.
Once the cells have invaginated, some displace the hypoblast, creating the
embryonic endoderm, and others come to lie between the epiblast and
newly created endoderm to form mesoderm. Cells remaining in the
epiblast then form ectoderm.
5. Briefly describe the formation of the neural tube
At the beginning of the third week of development, the ectodermal germ
layer has the shape of a disc that is broader in the cephalic than the caudal
region. The notochord induces the overlying ectoderm to thicken and
form the neural plate. Cells of the plate make up the neuroectoderm and
their induction represents the initial event in the process of neurulation.
Once induction has occurred, the elongated, slipper-shaped neural plate
gradually expands toward the primitive streak. By the end of the third
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week, the lateral edges of the neural plate become more elevated to form
neural folds, and the depressed mid-region forms the neural groove.
Gradually, the neural folds approach each other in the midline, where they
fuse. Fusion begins in the cervical region (fifth somite) and proceeds
cranially and caudally. As a result, the neural tube is formed. Until fusion
is complete, the cephalic and caudal ends of the neural tube communicate
with the amniotic cavity by way of the cranial and caudal neuropores,
respectively. Closure of the cranial neuropore occurs at approximately day
25, whereas the posterior neuropore closes at day 27.
Neurulation is then complete, and the central nervous system is represented
by a closed tubular structure with a narrow caudal portion, the spinal cord,
and a much broader cephalic portion characterized by a number of
dilations, the brain vesicles.
Ⅳ. Choose the correct answers for each question
1. D
2. B
3. E
4. C
5. D
6. E
7. B
8. D
9. A
10. E
11. C
12. A
13. A
14. C
15. C
16. C
17. E
18. E
19. E
20. D
21. D
22. A
23. A
24. E
25. C
26. B
27. B
28. A
29. D
30.B
31. A
32. B
ⅤChoose the true or false by “ T” ﹠“ F”
1. T
2. F
10. F 11.T
3. F
4. T
5. F
6. T
7. F
8. T
9. T
12.T
Liang yu
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