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THE PHRASE
Phrase-
A group of related words used as a single part of speech that does not contain a ______ or its ___________.
1) Prepositional Phrase-
Includes a __________________, a noun or pronoun called the ____________________,
and any modifiers of that object.
Among the heroes of World War II was my grandfather.
The book is about love and understanding.
Commonly Used Prepositions and Compound Prepositions
About
Above
Across
After
Against
Along
Among
Around
As
At
Before
Behind
Below
Beneath
According to
Along with
Apart from
Aside from
As of
Because of
A. The Adjective Phrase:

Beside
Besides
Between
Beyond
But (except)
By
Down
Like
Near
Of
Off
On
Out
Outside
By means of
In addition to
In front of
Under
Underneath
Until
Unto
Up
Upon
With
In place of
In spite of
Instead of
Within
Without
----------------------
Next to
On account of
Out of
An adjective phrase tells ______________________ and _____________________.
The actors in the magazine were very famous. (which one)
An adjective phrase always ______________ the word it modifies, even if it is the ___________________.
Heather kept a photo album of her journey through Europe.

Over
Past
Since
Through
Throughout
To
Toward
A ___________________________ that modifies a noun or pronoun.
Nick had a bag of candy. (what kind)

During
Except
For
From
In
Inside
Into
He sent poems to American magazines.
More than one adjective phrase may modify the same word.
Heather’s journey on horseback from Boston to New York was long and difficult.
B. The Adverb Phrase:

An adverb phrase tells:
____________

A ___________________________ that modifies a verb, an adjective or an adverb.
___________
____________
____________
_____________________
More than one adverb phrase can modify the same ________________. Unlike adjective phrases, an
adverb phrase can ______________ the word it modifies.
During the Civil War, Louisa May Alcott worked in a hospital as a nurse for six months.
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2) Verbals and Verb Phrases:

Verbal: A form of a ______________ used as a ______________, ______________ or ______________.
The ____________________

The ____________________
The ____________________.
Verb Phrase: Consists of a ________________ and its __________________ and _________________.
The ______________________
A. The Participle:
The ______________________
The ______________________.
A verb form that is used as an _________________.
1) Present participles end in _____________.
Krista has taken singing lessons for years.
Screaming, the fans rushed the stage.
2) Most past participles end in ______ or ________. Others are irregularly formed.
The baked turkey tasted wonderful.
Confused and frightened, the kids ran.
Define each given term in the chapter.
3) The perfect tense of a participle is formed with the helping verb having (having, having been).
Having worked all day, Christina was ready.
B. The Participle Phrase:
Having been washed, the car gleamed in the sun.
Consists of a __________________ and all the words related to the participle.
Speaking eloquently, Amanda dazzled the audience.
Nodding his head, Kyle gave the answer.
Encouraged by his family, Pat submitted his movie script.
The teacher, often called Mr. L, loves books.
Participles and participle phrases can be removed from a sentence and the sentence will still make sense.
C. The Gerund :
A verb form ending in ____________ that is used as a _____________.

Subject:
Swimming is great exercise.

P.N.:
Devon’s hobby is dancing.

Direct Object:
She loves dancing

O of P:
In cooking, use butter sparingly.

Indirect Object:
He gave hunting all his attention.
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D. The Gerund Phrase :
Consists of a ________________ and all of the words related to the gerund.
Exercising regularly is important to your health.
My brother likes working at the gym.
An excellent way to build your vocabulary is reading good literature.
If a gerund or a gerund phrase is removed from a sentence, the sentence will not make sense.
E. The Infinitive:
A ____________________ that can be used as a _______________, _________________ or
_________________. An infinitive usually begins with _________.
1) Noun:
2) Adjective:
3) Adverb:

To fly was an ambition of many humans for centuries. (subject of was)

Some fish must swim constantly, or they start to sink. (DO of start)

My dream is to act. (PN identifying dream)

His attempt to fly was a failure. (modifies attempt- what kind?)

The person to ask is your father. (modifies person- which one?)

He went into the woods to hunt. (modifies the verb went- why?)

John was willing to help. (modifies the adjective willing-to what extent?)
Do not confuse an infinitive with a prepositional phrase. Prepositional phrases end with a noun/pronoun.
F. The Infinitive Phrase :
Consists of an __________________ and all of the words related to the infinitive.
1) Infinitives may have ___________________ and ___________________.

To finish early is our plan. (subject of the verb)

Lindsey wants to go to the beach. (DO of the verb wants)

Napoleon’s plan to conquer Europe failed. (modifies the noun plan)

Andrew was unable to play in the game. (modifies the adjective unable)
2) At times the (to) within the infinitive is omitted

Let us (to) sit down.

Make him (to) stop that horse.

Will you help me (to) finish?
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3) Appositives and Appositive Phrases:

Appositive: A ______________ or _______________ placed beside another noun or pronoun to
__________________or __________________ it.

An appositive _____________________ the word it identifies or explains.
I read Richard Wright’s book Native Son.
Tom Clancy, my father, wrote many books.
Donovan McNabb, an NFL quarterback, has an excellent pass rating.

The Appositive Phrase :
Consists of an __________________ and its modifiers.
1. We visited Boston Harbor, the site of the Boston Tea Party.
2. I plan to have a party on January 1, 2005, the first day of the new year.
3. Colorado is home to Vail Mountain, the best place in the world to ski.
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Phrase Review Sheet- True or False
1. Adjective and adverb phrases are always prepositional phrases.
2. An adjective phrase always follows the word it modifies even if that word is the object of the
preposition
3. An adverb phrase can precede or follow the word it modifies.
4. Adjective phrases modify by telling what kind or which one. Adverb phrases modify by
telling how, when, where, why, or to what extent.
5. The three types of verbals are the participle, the gerund and the infinitive.
6. Participles are verb forms used as adjectives. Most of the time they end in -d, -ed or -ing.
7. Participle phrases modify nouns and are usually offset by commas.
8. Participle phrases can be removed from a sentence and the sentence will still make sense.
9. Gerunds are verb forms ending in -ing that are used as nouns.
10. Within a sentence, a gerund can be a subject, direct object, indirect object, predicate
nominative or object of the preposition.
11. Gerunds can be removed from a sentence and the sentence will still make sense.
12. An infinitive is a verb form used as a noun, adjective or adverb.
13. Infinitives usually begin with the word to.
14. Infinitive phrases can easily be confused with prepositional phrase.
Explain the answer to question 14 on the lines below.
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Prepositional Phrases (1)
Place parentheses around the prepositional phrase in each of the following sentences. Then, underline
each object of the preposition. HINT: Sentences may contain more than one prepositional phrase.
1. Can I buy the outfit that’s inside the glass case next to the front door?
2. According to the study, a traffic signal should be installed next to the hospital.
3. Set the orange cones along the edge of the field beside the track.
4. After the trip, were the beach towels covered in sand and sunscreen?
5. Electric current, during this experiment, will flow around a closed circuit.
6. Jessica is riding a blue skateboard with long, red flames painted on its top.
7. Has anyone seen our suitcase with the broken handle?
8. During the early morning, a train usually rumbles past the school.
9. According to Lillian, this book is about dogs and cats.
Prepositional Phrases (2)
Place parentheses around the prepositional phrase in each of the following sentences. Then, underline
each object of the preposition. HINT: Sentences may contain more than one prepositional phrase.
1. Many stars together create cloudy bands of light.
2. Traveling clouds of dust are called nebulas.
3. Stars are formed from these nebulas.
4. Many stars in the sky died years ago.
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5. Some stars are hidden behind dark nebulas.
6. Even astronomers cannot see theses stars with powerful telescopes.
7. Star clusters held together by gravity are called galaxies.
8. Galaxies are found throughout the universe.
9. Alpha Centauri is the star closest to our solar system.
10. Scientists have many theories about star formation.
Using Prepositional Phrases as Modifiers
Revise the sentences below by adding prepositional phrases to modify the words that are italicized.
1. The first stone tools begin the story of invention.
____________________________________________________________________________________
2. Archeologists can provide clues.
____________________________________________________________________________________
3. To find these clues, archaeologists looked.
____________________________________________________________________________________
4. Perhaps the greatest invention was the wheel.
____________________________________________________________________________________
5. With the wheel, people could move heavy loads.
____________________________________________________________________________________
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6. The people probably found survival difficult.
____________________________________________________________________________________
Writing with Prepositional Phrases
Write sentences using the following prepositional phrases. Then underline the words the phrases
modify.
1. of all time
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. by the teacher’s desk
______________________________________________________________________________________
3. after the fireworks
______________________________________________________________________________________
4. with great care
______________________________________________________________________________________
5. across the river
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Prepositional Phrases (Adjective Phrases)
Place each prepositional phrase that functions like an adjective in parentheses. Then, draw an arrow
to the word that each adjective phrase modifies. HINT: Sentences may contain more than one
adjective phrase.
1. I read a book by Jack London.
2. The Call of the Wild is a story by a best-selling author about a dog’s survival.
3. The pet dog becomes a sled dog with brutal owners from the Klondike.
4. This is a program with many options.
5. The house on the hill has a better view.
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6. Save our neighbors some of our apples and pears.
7. The flags in the stadium fluttered as the breeze picked up.
8. Everyone except Clara and me will be there.
9. People in the audience laughed when the comedians began dancing.
10. Bring me the notepad on the counter, please.
11. Ants are amazing insects with clear divisions of labor.
12. The benches near the bus stop are usually empty.
13. It is the one with the gold label.
14. Are you sure that this is the right park on Fourth Street?
15. Mateo carefully vacuumed the edge of the carpet along the baseboards.
Prepositional Phrases (Adverb Phrases)
Place each prepositional phrase that functions like an adverb in parentheses. Then, draw an arrow to
the word that each adverb phrase modifies. HINT: Sentences may contain more than one adverb
phrase.
1. Lita reads for pleasure.
2. The crew rebuilt the engine quickly under the circumstances.
3. Graceful in front of the setting sun, the geese flew away.
4. During the previews and the movie, they sat silently.
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5. Hey, your little brother plays baseball well for a third grader.
6. Without a diagram, we knew where the battery was located.
7. Five quarters are lying in front of that grate.
8. The car is pretty dusty from that last sandstorm.
9. Why don’t you sit next to me and Yoko?
Participles and Participle Phrases
Underline the participle or participle phrase in each sentence, then draw an arrow to the word the
phrase modifies.
1. The tailor repaired my ripped jacket in just a few minutes.
2. A motorist driving recklessly through the town was arrested.
3. The book told about actual buried treasure in the United States.
4. Using combinations of leaves and stems, the Japanese make artful arrangements.
5. That extravagantly bound book is a first edition of Treasure Island.
6. The founding members of our nation showed great foresight.
7. James finally found his gym socks, stuffed into a corner of his dresser drawer.
8. The Cullinan, having a weight of 3,024 carats in its rough state, is the world’s largest diamond.
9. Fred, observing state law, switched on the car headlights as the rain began.
10. The scraping sound from outdoors was being made by a snowplow.
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Identifying Participles and Participle Phrases (1)
In each sentence, find a participle or participle phrase that modifies the underlined noun or pronoun.
Draw an arrow from the participle or participle phrase to the word it modifies.
1. Increased demand for food is the result of the growth in the world’s population.
2. The popular comedian bowed to the laughing audience.
3. The doctor examining me ordered a blood test.
4. Soothed by the music, Kevin fell asleep in his chair.
5. In the film about endangered species, I saw a bald eagle.
6. Tired after the long practice, the athlete stumbled.
7. Packing hurriedly, Tara forgot her shoes.
8. We frantically bailed water from the flooded basement.
9. Andrea, leaping several feet into the air, caught the softball.
10. A baked potato comes with every meal.
Identifying Participles and Participle Phrases (2)
Underline the participle or participle phrase in each sentence. Draw an arrow from the participle or
participle phrase to the word it modifies.
1. Taken for granted by most of us, paper is an essential part of our lives.
2. The paper used today has developed over many centuries.
3. Ancient Egyptians wrote on a sheet formed from stalks of a reed.
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4. The reed, called papyrus, grew along the Nile River.
5. Cut down, the reed stalks were sliced into thin strips.
6. Can you imagine the laborers working in the hot sun?
7. The papyrus strips, laid in crisscross layers, were pressed together into fairly smooth sheets.
8. Modern paper, however, started with a Chinese inventor serving Emperor He Di.
9. The inventor’s name was Cai Lun, also spelled Ts’ai Lun.
10. Arabs fighting near China’s borders captured Chinese papermakers and brought their art to the West.
Using Participles and Participle Phrases
Write a sentence for each of the following participles and participle phrases. Use a comma after each
participle or participle phrase that begins a sentence. Then, draw a line to the word that the participle
or participle phrases modifies.
1. watching the television _______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. pictured ___________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3. calling a friend ______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
4. confused __________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
5. leaving the mail on the table ___________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
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Using Participle Phrases in Writing
Combine the following pairs of sentences, using the boldfaced word to form a participle phrase. Use a
comma after each participle phrase that beings a sentence.
1. Japanese paper folding is known as origami. Japanese paper folding is of two kinds: traditional and
creative.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. Traditional origami calls for folding the colored paper into simple figures such as a butterfly or frog. It
has the greatest appeal for children.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3. Creative origami is used to make original, complex figures. Creative origami requires cutting, combining,
and pasting.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Identifying Gerunds and Gerund Phrases (1)
In each sentence, underline each gerund or gerund phrase.
1. A catamaran is a sailboat made by joining two separate hulls together.
2. Leaving a little space between the two hulls is important.
3. Natives of the South Seas invented the “cat” by tying two logs together.
4. Using paddles and sometimes sails made the “cats” go very fast.
5. People who ride on a “cat” enjoy skimming over the water and attracting the attention of curious
onlookers.
6. Jim’s goal for the summer is building a catamaran of his own.
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Identifying Gerunds and Gerund Phrases (2)
In each sentence, underline the gerund or gerund phrase. Then, label each, identifying how it is used:
S for subject, PN for predicate nominative, DO for direct object, or OP for object of a preposition.
1. Cheering the team gave me a sore throat.
2. Joanna’s mother enjoys preserving fruits and vegetables.
3. We stopped him from telling the secret.
4. Alicia’s worst fashion habit is wearing her sweater inside out.
5. Playing chess takes a great deal of concentration.
6. One of the more dangerous sports is skiing down almost-vertical slopes.
7. Mr. Karl doesn’t approve of coming late.
8. Thank you for listening to my explanation.
9. To get rid of the skunk odor, try washing the dog with tomato juice.
10. Hearing the wind moan scared the children.
Identifying Gerunds and Gerund Phrases (3)
In each sentence, underline the gerund or gerund phrase. Then, label each, identifying how it is used:
S for subject, PN for predicate nominative, DO for direct object, or OP for object of a preposition.
1. Eating tomatoes hardly seems a daring act today, but tomatoes were once thought to be poisonous.
2. Thomas Jefferson could count growing the first tomato in the United States among his
accomplishments.
3. Many people, by believing the tomato poisonous, slowed its acceptance.
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4. People eventually started appreciating the tomato’s value.
5. Although the tomato is no longer considered harmful, some doubt still exists about classifying it as a
fruit or a vegetable.
6. Labeling it as a fruit seemed logical to botanists.
7. Yet using a fruit in soups and sauces seemed strange to non-scientists.
8. The controversy continued, and eventually the Supreme Court was faced with deciding the issue.
9. The Court’s problem was satisfying both the scientific and the non-scientific worlds.
10. In 1893, the Court solved the problem by classifying the tomato as a vegetable for purposes of trade
only.
Using Gerunds and Gerund Phrases
Write sentences using the following gerunds or gerund phrases in the sentence parts indicated.
1. crossing an ocean (subject) ___________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. feeding the crew (object of the preposition) _______________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3. watching the sun set (predicate nominative) _______________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
4. feeling the boat rock (direct object) _____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
5. seeing strange, new lands (your choice of position) _________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
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Identifying Appositives and Appositive Phrases (1)
Underline the appositive or appositive phrase in the following sentences.
1. George Washington was awkward with women until he met his wife-to-be, Martha Custis.
2. No salary was paid to President Washington, our country’s first millionaire.
3. He did not live in the White House, today’s executive mansion, because it was not built until John
Adams’ administration.
4. Thomas Jefferson, author of the Declaration of Independence, was extremely well educated.
5. He was a gifted architect who designed Monticello, his home in Virginia.
6. Jefferson admired the work of Italian architect Andrea Palladio.
7. Jefferson’s most significant achievement, the Louisiana Purchase, doubled the size of the U.S.
8. At only 100 pounds, James Madison, our fourth president, was sickly throughout his life.
9. President John Quincy Adams kept an unusual pet, an alligator.
10. Andrew Jackson led the nation to a great victory, the Battle of New Orleans.
11. At his infamous inaugural party, a boisterous riot, Jackson fled for his life.
12. He was the only president ever to kill a man, a scoundrel, in a duel.
13. William Henry Harrison, a long-winded speaker, caught pneumonia while delivering his inaugural
speech.
14. His early death caused him to have the shortest term of all the presidents, only one month.
15. President Zachary Taylor grazed his horse, Old Whitey, on the White House lawn.
Identifying Appositives and Appositive Phrases (2)
Underline the appositive or appositive phrase in the following sentences.
1. Nancy Gold, the blonde-haired girl, was first in the spelling bee.
2. Football, a game loved by millions of people, is becoming even more popular.
3. Robots, which are machines, are made to act like people in the movies.
4. In “Superman,” a powerful foe, Lex Luthor, clashes with the hero.
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5. Most familiar materials – vinegar, brass, milk, and concrete – are mixtures of various substances.
6. The police chief, in the black jacket, watched over the crowd.
7. Of the band’s twelve early songs, the most popular is “Last Kiss,” their first song based on real events.
8. Alex Yu, a well-known stage actor, thinks that the play was very well done.
9. The fish with no scales has a better chance of survival.
10. Living matter, much of which is invisible to the naked eye, is composed mainly of four elements.
11. My aunt’s car, an old crate with a torn-up interior and a rattling engine, used to belong to my
grandfather.
12. Have you seen my cat, a long haired Persian?
13. Mr. McGinley, my science teacher, got married last week.
14. Nobody wanted the book, a thick hardback with a faded cover.
Identifying Appositives and Appositive Phrases (2)
Underline the appositive or appositive phrase in the following sentences. Then, draw an arrow from
the appositive or appositive phrase to the word it renames or identifies.
1. Franklin Pierce had dark, curly hair, his one outstanding physical feature.
2. James Buchanan relied on his niece Harriet as his official hostess.
3. Young Abraham Lincoln, a gangling boy, was largely self-educated.
4. While in the White House, Lincoln was saddened by the death of his son Willie.
5. Of all his children, only Lincoln’s son Robert lived to adulthood.
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Identifying Appositives and Appositive Phrases (3)
Underline the appositive or appositive phrase in the following sentences. Then, draw an arrow from
the appositive or appositive phrase to the noun it identifies.
1. A unique storyteller, Abraham Lincoln was known for his wit.
2. Lincoln, a good listener, learned from other people.
3. He was a good father to his three sons, Robert, Willie, and Tad.
4. The Lincoln boys had a pet turkey, Jack.
5. Lincoln gave his famous speech, the Gettysburg Address, at the dedication of the cemetery at
Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.
6. His great achievement, the Emancipation Proclamation, made slavery illegal.
Using Appositives and Appositive Phrases
Rewrite each of the following sentences, adding the appositive phrase shown in parentheses. Use
commas if necessary.
1. Ulysses S. Grant was surprisingly gentle with people and animals. (a military genius)
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. Grant was praised as the man most responsible for the Union victory in the Civil War. (a graduate of
West Point)
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3. President Grant is buried in New York City. (the largest city on the East Coast)
_____________________________________________________________________________________
4. President Theodore Roosevelt read Kenneth Grahame’s book to his children often. (The Wind in the
Willows)
_____________________________________________________________________________________
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5. Roosevelt became the namesake of one of America’s favorite toys. (the teddy bear)
_____________________________________________________________________________________
6. A Presidential cow lived on the White House grounds during William H. Taft’s term of office. (Mooly
Wooly)
_____________________________________________________________________________________
7. Taft once got stuck in the bathtub. (an extremely large man)
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Identifying Infinitives
Underline the infinitive in each sentence.
1. Bill’s goal is to become a psychiatrist someday.
2. Local patriots decided to throw the tea into the harbor.
3. Who wants to go with me to the game?
4. Paramedics arrived and tried to revive the victim.
5. Tony worked to earn money for a car.
6. Paula would like to learn some Spanish before her trip to Mexico.
7. The umpire stopped to clean home plate.
8. To save time, playwright George Bernard Shaw learned shorthand.
9. To listen well is an important skill.
10. The manager of the team didn’t want to miss the kickoff.
Identifying Infinitive Phrases (1)
Underline the infinitive in each sentence, and label how it is used: N for noun, ADJ for adjective, or
ADV for adverb.
1. To understand the difference between a democracy and a republic is important.
2. The captain struggled to regain control of the foundering ship.
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3. The political prisoner refused to denounce his principles.
4. Magellan’s ship was the first to circumnavigate the globe.
5. The class approved the decision to offer tutoring services to younger children.
6. Kara’s plan is to take a trip to Australia next year.
7. The hill above the town is the best place to watch the fireworks.
8. Prospective team members must promise to attend regular practice sessions.
Identifying Infinitive Phrases (2)
Underline the infinitive in each sentence, and label how it is used: N for noun, ADJ for adjective, or
ADV for adverb.
1. To get rich quickly is a dream for many people.
2. A few people act to make that dream come true.
3. About 100 years ago, the chance to strike it rich appeared in Alaska.
4. A few prospectors brave enough to explore the frozen interior found gold in the summer of 1896.
5. The first lucky adventurers hoped to stake their claims before word reached the outside world.
6. They had good reasons to worry about losing their opportunity.
7. When the first ship to carry gold out of Alaska reached Seattle the following summer, news of the
discovery spread like wildfire.
8. People from all over the world spent all their savings to make their way to Alaska.
9. Unfortunately, to come late to a gold rush guarantees disappointment.
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10. A few people made fortunes and left wealthy; others learned to love Alaska and stayed, with or without
gold.
Using Infinitive Phrases (1)
Use each of the following infinitive phrases in a sentence.
1. to revive the victim speedily
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. to provide a good target for the baseball player
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3. to arrange flowers attractively
_____________________________________________________________________________________
4. to swim in the Olympics
_____________________________________________________________________________________
5. to explore the depths of the ocean
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Using Infinitive Phrases (2)
Use each of the following infinitive phrases in a sentence.
1. to become fluent in French
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. to recall the year of the blizzard
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3. to write a best seller
_____________________________________________________________________________________
4. to avoid burning the toast
_____________________________________________________________________________________
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5. to earn money for college
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Writing With Infinitive Phrases
Rewrite each pair of sentences as a single sentence by changing the underlined sentence into an
infinitive phrase.
1. My family has made a decision. We will go to Alaska for two weeks.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. We will see the midnight sun. That is what I want most.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3. We’ve made the arrangements. We used our computer.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
4. We will leave for the airport very early. We will board our flight at 6 am.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
5. I will have trouble sleeping with the sky light all night. I expect this will be true.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
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