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Eukaryotic cell
DNA
Gene
Histone
Chromatin
Centromere
Chromatid
Chromosome
Cytokinesis
Protein
Organelle
Enzyme
Mutation
Prokaryotic cell
Eukaryote
Interphase
Mitosis
Meiosis
Metabolism
Prokaryote
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Centriole
Spindle
Meristem cells
Homologous
Clones
Binary fission
Asexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction
Cells that have a nucleus inside a nuclear
envelope, and other membrane-bound
organelles.
Deoxyribonucleic acid – a polymer of nucleotide
molecules that form the instructions for the
synthesis of proteins found within organisms.
These nucleotides contain the 5-carbon sugar
deoxyribose.
A length of DNA that carries the code for
the synthesis of one (or more) specific
polypeptide.
Type of protein associated with DNA in
eukaryotes. DNA is wound around histone
proteins to form chromatin.
Material staining dark red in the nucleus during
interphase of mitosis and meiosis. It consists of
nucleic acids and proteins. Chromatin condenses
into chromosomes during prophase of nuclear
division.
The region of a chromosome where two
sister chromatids are joined together, and
where the spindle fibre attaches during
cell division.
A replicated chromosome appears as two
strands in early stages of cell division.
Each strand is a chromatid.
A linear DNA molecule wrapped around
histone proteins found in the nucleus.
Chromosomes become visible in
prophase of cell division.
The division of the cell, following nuclear
division, to form two new cells.
A polymer consisting of many amino acid
monomers covalently bonded together.
Structure inside a cell. Each organelle has
a specific function.
A protein molecule that acts as a
biological catalyst.
A cell lacking a membrane-bound nucleus.
A change in the structure of DNA, or in the
Prokaryotic genetic material exists as a
structure and number of chromosomes.
single circular DNA molecule called a
plasmid.
An organism having cells with a nucleus
and membrane-bound organelles.
The phase of the cell cycle where
synthesis of new DNA and organelles
takes place.
Nuclear division that results in the
formation of cells that are genetically
identical to the parent cell.
Nuclear division that results in the
formation of cells containing half the
number of chromosomes of the adult cell.
All the chemical reactions that take place
in an organism.
An organism with cells that do not contain
a true nucleus.
The phase of mitosis where the
chromosomes become visible as a pair of
sister chromatids joined at the
centromere.
The phase of mitosis where the
chromosomes line up at the equator of the
spindle.
In mitosis, the stage when the newly
separated chromatids are pulled towards
opposite poles of the nuclear spindle.
Final phase of mitosis. Two new nuclear
envelopes form around the two new
nuclei.
An organelle from which the spindle fibres
develop during cell division in animal cells.
A structure consisting of protein fibres found in
eukaryotic cells during cell division.
Chromosomes become attached to the spindle at
their centromeres, and spindle fibres guide the
movement of chromosomes to opposite end of
the cell at telophase.
Undifferentiated plant cells capable of
rapid cell division.
Chromosomes that have the same genes at the same loci.
Members of a homologous pair of chromosomes pair up
during meiosis. Diploid organisms, produced by sexual
reproduction, have homologous pairs of chromosomes – one
member of each pair from the male parent and the other
member from the female parent. (Can also be used to refer to
structures that have different functions but have a common
evolutionary origin, such as human arm and a bird wing.)
Genetically identical cells or individuals.
Method of cell division in bacteria. The
DNA replicates and the cell divides into
two, each having the same DNA as the
parent cell. It does not involve mitosis.
The production of a new individual formed
by the fusing of gametes from two
The production of genetically identical new
different parent organisms. The offspring
organisms by a single ‘parent’ organism.
have unique combinations of alleles
inherited from both parents.