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Unit I: Psychology’s History and Approaches
What is Psychology?
What are four questions early thinkers wondered?
Socrates and Plato concluded that:
Aristotle disagreed with Socrates and Plato. What did he say about knowledge?
According to Descartes, what was his conclusion in the relationship between the brain and muscles?
_________________________ was the English philosopher that believed the human mind at birth is a
blank slate, or tabula rasa.
a. He also founded empiricism, which is:
Who founded the first psychological laboratory in 1879?_________________________________
Structralism
How is this related to introspection?
What were the criticisms of structuralism?
Functionalism
The first female president American Psychological Association was:__________________________
The first woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology was:______________________________
Define experimental psychologists:
1
Development of Modern Psychology
Identify the main focus of study of the following people:
a. Ivan Pavlov –
b. Sigmund Freud –
c. Jean Piaget –
Define behaviorism (behaviorists):
a. How did John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner define psychology?
Define humanistic psychology (humanism)
What was the humanistic emphasis of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow?
What is cognitive neuroscience?
Today, how is psychology defined?
What is behavior?
What are mental processes?
Contemporary Psychology
What is the nature – nurture issue?
What is natural selection?
Who proposed this idea?
Define levels of analysis:
2
Describe the three levels:
Biological influences:
Psychological influences:
Socio-cultural influences:
Describe the focus of the following approaches. How does each perspective attempt to study and explain
human behavior?
Biological- (Neuroscience)
Evolutionary
Psychodynamic- (Psychoanalytical)
Behavioral
Cognitive
Humanistic
Social-cultural- (Cross-cultural)
Jobs and Subfields
Biological psychologists –
Development psychologists –
Cognitive psychologists –
3
Educational psychologists –
Personality psychologists –
Social psychologists –
Industrial-organizational psychologists –
Human factors psychologists –
Counseling psychologists –
Clinical psychologists –
Psychiatrists –
4
Unit II – Research Methods
Section 1 – The Need of Psychological Science
Define hindsight bias and give an example.
a. How is hindsight bias related to intuition?
How does overconfidence affect our everyday thinking?
a. How does hindsight bias and overconfidence relate to intuition?
What are the 3 main components of the scientific attitude?
What is critical thinking?
Section 2 – How Do Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions?
What is the scientific method?
What is a theory?
What is a hypothesis?
What are operational definitions? How do they keep biases in check?
What is replication? How is related to psychological research?
5
A theory is useful if:
a.
b.
What is a case study?
a. What do they often suggest?
b. How can they sometimes be misleading?
What is a survey?
a. Explain the wording effect of a survey.
b. Describe random sampling in terms of the representative sample.
Define population –
Define random sample –
What are naturalistic observations?
Case studies, surveys, and naturalistic observations do not explain behavior, but rather
__________________ behavior.
What is correlation?
6
a. What is a correlation coefficient?
b. What are scatterplots?
c. What is a positive correlation? A negative correlation? Give examples for each.
What is “the point to remember” in regards to a correlation coefficient?
What is an illusory correlation? Provide an example.
How do psychologists isolate cause and effect?
Explain random assignment.
How is an experiment different from correlational studies?
What is a double-blind procedure?
What is the placebo effectt
What is an experimental group?
7
What is a control group?
Why do researchers randomly assign people to these conditions?
In terms of experiments, define:
Independent variable
Confounding variable
Dependent variable
Section 3 – Statistical Reasoning in Everyday Life
What is “the point to remember” about statistics?
What is meant by measure of central tendency?
a. mode
b. median
c. mean
What is meant by variation? What scores are more reliable – those with low variability or high
variability?
8
Define range –
Define standard deviation
What is the normal curve?
What is statistical significance?
Section 4 – Frequently Asked Questions About Psychology
What is the purpose of an experiment?
Why do psychologists experiment/study animals?
What two issues emerge debating experimentation on animals?
a.
b.
What are the four ethical principles established when experimenting with people?
a.
b.
c.
d.
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Unit III: Biological Bases of Psychology
What is biological psychology?
Part 1 – Neural Communication
Why is it a benefit that there is not much difference between the brains of humans and animals?
Define neurons.
a. sensory neurons –
b. motor neurons –
c.
d.
e.
f.
interneurons dendrite axon –
myelin sheath –
 How is the myelin sheath related to multiple sclerosis?
g. action potential –
h. Using the terms ions, resting potential, and selectively permeable, describe the chemical events that
allow neurons to fire.
i. How do the security parameters changes when a neuron fires (include the term depolarize)? How
often can this process repeat?
j. What are excitatory signals and what are inhibitory signals?
 What is threshold?
What is a synapse?
Using the terms neurotransmitters and reuptake, describe the how neurons send information across the
synaptic gap.
How can neurotransmitters influence our motions and our emotions?
What discovery was made by Candace Pert and Solomon Snyder in regards to neurotransmitters?
What are endorphins and give an example of what they can do?
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What happens when the brain is “flooded” with opiate drugs such as heroin and morphine?
What is the difference between an agonist and an antagonist?
Part 2 – The Nervous System
What is the nervous system?
What is the peripheral nervous system?
a. somatic nervous system –
b. autonomic nervous system –
 sympathetic nervous system –
 parasympathetic nervous system –
What is the central nervous system?
a. Approximately how many neurons in the central nervous system?
b. What are neural networks?
c. Neurons that ____________ together ___________ wire together, helping learning occur.
d. What is the spinal cord and how does it work?
e. How do spinal reflex pathways work?
g. What happens if the spinal cord is severed?
Part 3 – The Endocrine System
What is the endocrine system?
a. What are hormones?
 What happens when they act on the brain?
b. How is the endocrine system similar to the nervous system?

Different from the nervous system?
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c. What are adrenal glands?
d. What aspects of our lives are influenced by the endocrine’s system of hormones?
e. What is the pituitary gland? Why is it the most influential endocrine gland?
The Brain
Section 1 – The Tools of Discovery: Having Our Head Examined
What is a lesion?
How else can scientists observe brain functions?
What is an electroencephalogram (EEG) and for what purpose is it used?
Describe the purpose of the following neuroimaging techniques:
a. CT (computed tomography) scan
b. PET (positron emission tomography) scan
c. MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
d. fMRI (functional MRI)
Section 2 – Older Brain Structures
What makes the brain of advanced mammals more complex?
Describe the location AND the function of the following older brain structures:
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Brainstem
Medulla
Reticular formation
Thalamus
Cerebellum
Pons
What is the limbic system?

What is the amygdala? Is this the only area that controls rage and fear? Explain.

What is the hypothalamus?
- Why is it referred to as the reward center?
-
What is reward deficiency syndrome?
Section 3 – The Cerebral Cortex
What is the cerebellum and what is its purpose?
Describe the cerebral cortex.
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What happens to the cerebral cortex as we “move up the ladder of animal life”?
The ________________ ________________ supports the billions of nerve cells in the cerebral
cortex, providing nutrients, insulating myelin, and guiding neural connections.
Describe the function of the four lobes located in each of the brain’s two hemispheres:
frontal lobe –
parietal lobe –
occipital lobe –
temporal lobe –
What is the motor cortex?
What body areas occupied the greatest amount of cortical space? Why?
Is it possible to move prosthetics just by thinking? Explain.
What is the sensory cortex?
What is the relationship between the sensitivity of a body region and the size of the sensory
cortex area devoted to it?
What additional areas provide input to the cortex besides touch?
What are association areas?
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How are association areas different than sensory and motor areas?
What do association areas in the frontal lobes enable?
What happens if there is frontal lobe damage?
What other mental functions are accomplished through association areas?
What is aphasia and what can cause it?
What is the “big point to remember” regarding language?
What is plasticity?
When are our brains most plastic?
Why is brain plasticity good news for those who are blind or deaf?
When is plasticity especially evident? Explain/give examples.
What is neurogenesis?
Section 4 – Our Divided Brain
The hemispheric specialization of the brain is called ___________________________.
15
What did neurosurgeons Vogel and Bogen speculate?
What is the corpus callosum?
What is a split brain? What happens when there is a split brain? (examples)
What happens when the “two minds” are at odds?
When is the left hemisphere more active? When is the right hemisphere more active?
Section 5 – Right-Left Differences in the Intact Brain
Indicate various functions performed by each side of the brain.
right brain –
left brain –
Section 6 – The Brain and Consciousness
What is consciousness?
What is the so-called “hard problem” in regards to consciousness?
What is cognitive neuroscience?
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What is dual processing?
What is the “big idea” in terms of consciousness?
Genetics, Evolutionary Psychology, and Behavior
Section 1 – Behavior Genetics: Predicting Individual Differences
Define behavior genetics:
Define environment:
What are chromosomes and how many do we have?
a. How many are donated by each parent?
What is DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)?
What are genes?
What is the difference between an active gene and an inactive gene?
What are genomes?
What are some examples of traits influenced by genes?
How are identical twins different from fraternal twins?
Shared genes can translate into ___________ _____________________.
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Are identical twins more behaviorally more similar than fraternal twins? Explain.
Who was the first researcher to study twins reared apart? What did he find through his continued
research of twins reared apart?
What are some criticisms of Bouchard’s studies?
How does adoption create a second type of real-life experiment?
What is the effect of the adoptive families on the adoptees’ personality?
In what areas are adopted children influenced by their adoptive parents?
What is heritability? What point does Myers (the author) stress about heritability?
What would happen as environments become more similar?
How do genes and environment (nature and nurture) work together? (describe using the term selfregulating)
What causes human differences?
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In terms of genes and experience, what is interaction? List an example.
Myers says forget nature v. nurture, instead think _____________ ____ ______________.
What is molecular genetics?
What is the goal of molecular behavior genetics?
Section 2 - Evolutionary Psychology: Understanding Human Nature
What is the focus of evolutionary psychologists?
What is natural selection?
What are mutations?
What does evolutionary psychologist Steven Pinker say about shared human traits?
What are five questions addressed by evolutionary psychologists?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
In terms of mating preferences, what do men look for and why? What do women look for
and why?
What are some criticisms of the evolutionary perspective?
Section 3 - Reflections on Nature and Nurture
What is the “great truth” about human nature?
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Unit VI: Sensation and Perception
Basic Principles of Sensation and Perception
 Sensation:

Perception:

Bottom-Up Processing:

Top-Down Processing:

Describe an example that illustrates the difference between sensation and perception:
A. Selective Attention
 Selective Attention:
o Example:
o Cocktail Party Effect:
o What does selective attention mean for how you should study? (or even do this reading
guide?!)
o Inattentional blindness:
o Change blindness:
B. Transduction
 What are the 3 steps that are basic to all our sensory systems? All our senses…

Tranduction:

Psychophysics:
C. Thresholds

Absolute Thresholds
o Example:

Signal Detection Theory:

o Example:
Subliminal:

Priming:
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o Example:

Difference Threshold (just noticeable difference):

Weber’s Law:
D. Sensory Adaptation
 Sensory Adaptation:
o Example:

Why do we have sensory adaptation—what is its important benefit?
Influences on Perception
 Perceptual Set:
o Example:

Extrasensory perception(ESP):

Parapsychology:

After reading the section “Thinking Critically About ESP”, do you believe that ESP exists?
Why/Why not?
Vision
A. The Stimulus Input: Light Energy
 Wavelength determines what?
 Hue:


Amplitude determines what?
Intensity:
B. The Eye
 Cornea:
 Pupil:

Iris:

Lens:

Retina:
o Accommodation:
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o Rods:
o Cones:
o Bipolar Cells:
o Ganglion Cells:

Optic Nerve:

Blind Spot:

Fovea:
C. Visual Information Processing
 After being processed in the retina, the optic nerve carries vision information to what part of the
brain?

Feature Detectors (Hubel & Wiesel):

Parallel Processing:
aka. our brain
is amazing!!
o Example:
D. Color Vision
 Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory:
o 3 colors our eyes are sensitive to:
o According to this theory, what causes colorblindness?

Opponent-Process Theory (by Hering):
o 3 sets of colors:
o Afterimages:
Visual Organization and Interpretation
A. Visual Organization
 Gestalt:
 What is the fundamental truth underlying all of the Gestalt principles?

Figure-ground:

Grouping:
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Gestalt
Grouping
Principle
Definition
Draw an example
Proximity
Continuity
Closure

Depth Perception:

Visual Cliff:

What did the visual cliff experiments demonstrate—is depth perception learned or not?

Binocular Depth Cues:
o Retinal Disparity:

Monocular Depth Cues:
o Relative Height:
o Relative Size:
o Interposition:
o Relative Motion:
o Linear Perspective:
o Light and Shadow:

Phi Phenomenon:

Perceptual Constancy:
o Examples:

Color Constancy:
*comparisons govern our perceptions

Example of size constancy:
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SOOOO many
cool illusions
with these 2!

Example of shape constancy:

Perceptual Adaptation:
o Example:
Hearing
 Audition:
A. The Stimulus Input: Sound Waves
 Amplitude determines what?
 Frequency determines what?
 What is sound measured in?
B. The Ear
 Outer Ear: Eardrum:

Middle Ear: 3 bones in middle ear:

Inner Ear: cochlea:

Summary of hearing: Vibrations cause the cochlea’s membrane to shake. This causes ripples in the
____________, bending the ____________ lining its surface. Hair cells convert the messages into
neurons that are then sent by the ____________ to the thalamus, then onto the _________ cortex in
the _________lobe.

What is the difference between sensorineural hearing loss and conduction hearing loss?

Way to fix hearing problems: Cochlear implant:

How do we interpret loudness of a sound?

How do we perceive pitch?
o Place Theory:
o Frequency Theory:
o Volley Principle:

How do we locate the source of sounds?
Module 21: The Other Senses
A. Touch
 What are the 4 distinct skin senses that make up touch? (aka. Your body has receptors for these 4)

Why do you need to feel pain?
24


Pain= combination of sense of touch and your BRAIN!!
Gate-Control Theory (for pain):

What are phantom limb sensations?

List 2 examples of psychological influences of pain.

List 2 examples of social-cultural influences of pain.
B. Taste
 What are the 4 basic tastes?

What is the newest 5th one? Describe it.

Taste is a chemical sense. What does that mean for how it works?
C. Smell
 What is the scientific name for smell? (hint: it starts with an O)
 Because it is a primitive sense, what part of the brain does smell bypass?
 Do we have a distinct receptor for each detectable odor?
 Smell’s have a huge power to trigger memories!
D. Body Position and Movement
 Kinesthesia:

Vestibular Sense:
o Where are the biological parts for your sense of equilibrium located?
E. Sensory Interaction
 Sensory Interaction:
o Example:

Embodied Cognition:
o Example:
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Unit V: Consciousness
Understanding Consciousness and Hypnosis
Consciousness
Figure 22.1 States of Consciousness
Spontaneous
1.
2.
3.
Physiologically
1.
Induced
2.
3.
Psychologically
1.
Induced
2.
3.
Hypnosis
Frequently Asked Questions about Hypnosis
Question
Answer
Two Explanations for Hypnosis:
As a social phenomenon
26
As Divided Consciousness
Figure 22.3: fill in appropriate information
Sleep Patterns
Biological Rhythms
Circadian Rhythms
Sleep Stages
REM Sleep
Alpha Waves (define and draw)
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Sleep
Hallucinations
Delta Waves
NRem
Five Theories of Sleep
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Sleep Deprivation, Disorders and Dreams
Effects of sleep loss
Figure 24.2: Effects of Sleep Deprivation (label and take notes)
28
Narcolepsy
Insomnia
Major Sleep Disorders:
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Cognitive
Development
Neural
Static
Neural
Pathways
Information
Processing
Freudian
Dream Theories
Theory
Description
Vocabulary
Manifest Content
Latent Content
REM Rebound
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Sleep Apnea
Night Terrors
Psychoactive Drugs
Drug
Action
Risky Use
Social
Impairment
Impaired
Control
Table 25.1 When is a drug a disorder?
Substance Use Disorder
Psychoactive Drugs
Tolerance
Addiction
Withdraw
31
Methampheta
mine
Cocaine
Nicotine
Opiates
Barbituates
Alcohol
Please read this module and fill in the appropriate information for each drug:
Drug
Type
Effects
32
33
Marijuana
LSD
Ecstasy
(MDMA)
Unit VI: Learning
Classical Conditioning
How do we learn?
Learning
Aristotle’s original conclusion
Habituation
Associative learning
Two forms of conditioning
1.
2.
Cognitive learning
Observational learning
Classical Conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
John B. Watson
Behaviorism
34
Label the picture of Pavlov’s experiments with the US, NS, US, UR, CS, and CR. Define each term in the
remaining space on the right.
Acquisition
Higher Order conditioning
Extinction
35
Spontaneous Recovery
Draw figure 26.6 and explain curve in the space to the right of the graph
Stimulus Generalization
Stimulus Discrimination
Module 27: Operant Conditioning
Skinner’s Experiments
Thorndike’s law of effect
Operant chamber
Reinforcement
Shaping
Discriminative stimulus
36
Types of Reinforcers (table 27.1)
Description
Positive Reinforcement
Examples from your life
Negative Reinforcement
Primary Reinforcers
Conditioned Reinforcers
Reinforcement Schedules
Schedule
Definition
Continuous
reinforcement
Fixed ratio
Variable ratio
Fixed-interval
Variable- Interval
Variable
Interval
Ratio
Table 27.2
Fixed
37
Punishment
Table 27.3
Type of Punishment
Positive Punishment
Definition
Examples from your life
Negative Punishment
What are the four major drawbacks of using physical punishment?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Module 29: Biology, Cognition and Learning
Explain John Garcia’s 1996 study on taste aversion
Cognition’s Influence on Conditioning
Cognitive map
Latent learning
38
Insight
Intrinsic motivation
The overjustification effect
Learning and personal control
Learned helplessness
The stages of learned helplessness
Internal Locus of Control
External Locus of Control
Self control
Module 30: Learning by observation
Observational learning
Modeling
Vicarious reinforcement & punishment
39
Please explain Bandura’s experiment
Mirror and imitation in the brain
Figure 30.4
Pain Response in brain
Empathy response in brain
What areas of the brain is this?
What areas of the brain is this?
Mirror neurons
Applications
Pro social effects
Behavior modeling
Anti social effects
40
Violence-viewing effect
Does viewing media violence trigger violent behavior?
41
Unit VII: Cognition
Module 31: Studying and Building Memories
Studying Memory
Memory
What are the two extremes of memory recall ability?
Memory Models
The Three Parts of an information-processing model:
1.
2.
3.
Parallel Processing
Connectionism
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s three stage model
1.
2.
3.
Figure 31.2 Copy the figure, label the parts and then explain in the space below
42
Working Memory
Building Memories: Encoding
Explicit memories
Effortful processing
Automatic processing
Implicit memories
Automatic Processing:
Procedural memory
Conditioned associations
What three things do we unconsciously automatically process?
1.
2.
3.
Effortful and Explicit Memories
Sensory memory
43
Iconic memory
Echoic memory
Capacity of short term and working memory
Effortful Processing Strategies
Chunking
Mnemonics
Hierarchies
Spacing Effect
Testing Effect
Levels of Processing
Shallow processing
Deep processing
Module 32: Memory Storage and Retrieval
For this module, fill in the table and label the appropriate parts on the brain
44
Amygdala
Basal
Ganglia
Cerebellum
Hippocampus
Parts of
Role in Memory
the Brain
The Amygdala, Emotions and Memory
Flashbulb memories
45
Synaptic Changes
Long—term potentiation
Effects of electric current through the brain
Copy Figure 32.5 in the space below
Retrieval: Getting Information out
What are three measures of retention?
1.
2.
3.
Retrieval Cues
Priming
Context dependent memory
State-dependent memory
46
Mood congruent
Serial position effect
Module 33: Forgetting, memory construction and memory improvement
Forgetting
What is the difference?
Retrograde Amnesia
Anterograde Amnesia
Encoding failure
Storage Decay
Retrieval Failure
Proactive Interference
Retroactive interference
Motivated forgetting
Freud’s Memory Repression
Copy Figure 33.6 in the space below
47
Memory Construction Errors
Misinformation and imagination
The misinformation effect
Imagination inflation
Source amnesia
Déjà vu
Discerning true and false memories
Children’s eyewitness recall
Improving memory: seven suggestions
48
Module 34: Thinking, Concepts and Creativity
Thinking and Concepts
Cognition
Concepts
Prototypes
Creativity
Convergent thinking
Divergent thinking
Sternberg’s five components of creativity
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
49
Module 35: Solving Problems and Making Decisions
Problem Solving: Strategies and Obstacles
Algorithms
Heuristics
Insight
Confirmation Bias
Mental Set
Forming Good and Bad decisions
Intuition
Representativeness Heuristic
Availability Heuristic
Overconfidence
Belief Perseverance
50
Framing
Perils and Powers of Intuition
Module 36: Thinking and Language
Language
Language Structure
Phonemes
Morphemes
Grammar
Language Development
Receptive language
Productive language
Babbling
One word stage
Two word stage
51
Telegraphic speech
Table 36.1 Summary of Language Development
Month
Stage
Explaining Language Development
How do we acquire language
Universal grammar
Statistical learning
Critical period
The Brain and language
Apsasia
52
What do each do?
Broca’s Area
Wernike’s Area
Label Broca and Wernike’s area on the brain
Language and Thought
Language influences thinking
Linguistic determination
Thinking in Images
53
Unit VIII:Developmental Psychology
Module 45: Developmental Issues, Prenatal Development, and the Newborn
Developmental Psychology:

3 major issues in developmental psych (name and define):
1.
2.
3.
A. Prenatal Development and the Newborn
 Zygotes:

Embryo:

Fetus:

Newborns prefer their mothers voice to their fathers immediately after birth. Why?

Teratogens:

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome:

Rooting reflex:

Habituation:
Module 46: Infancy and Childhood: Physical Development
 Maturation:
o Example:
54

By when do you have most of your brain cells?

Where is brain growth most rapid from ages 3-6?

What are the last areas of the brain to develop?

When is the average age of people’s earliest memories?
Module 47: Infancy and Childhood: Cognitive Development
 Who is the most famous developmental psychologist?

Cognition:

According to Piaget, what is the driving force behind our intellectual progression?

Schemas:
o Assimilate:

Example:
o Accommodate:

Example:
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
1. Sensorimotor Stage:

Age Range:

Object permanence:
o Example:
55
2. Preoperational Stage:

Age range:

Conservation:
o Example:

Symbolic thinking:

Egocentrism:
o Example:

Theory of mind:
3. Concrete Operational Stage:

Age range:
4. Formal Operational Stage:

Age range:
Vygtosky’s Scaffolding Theory of Cognitive Development
 According to Vygotsky, why do children increasingly think in works and use words to solve
problems by age 7?

What is the difference between Piaget’s and Vygtosky’s emphasis on children’s cognitive
development?
56

Zone of Proximal Development:
Module 48: Infancy and Childhood: Social Development
 Stranger Anxiety:

Attachment:

Summarize Harry Harlow’s study of attachment on monkeys.

Besides body contact, what else is important in forming an attachment?

Critical period:

Lorenz’s imprinting:
o Do human children imprint?

Describe Mary Ainsworth’s types of attachment
o Secure attachment:
o Insecure attachment:

Temperament:

Erikson’s Basic Trust:

Explain 2 different effects on a child if they are deprived of attachment.
57

Self-concept:

What is the difference between self-concept and self-esteem?
A. Parenting Styles
 Authoritarian:

Permissive:

Authoritative:

According to Baumrind, what kinds of parents do kids who have a high self-esteem tend to have?
Module 49: Gender Development
 Gender:

What is the difference between sex and gender?

Which gender tends to be more aggressive?

Explain the power differences people perceive between genders.

What did Carol Gilligan find about gender and social connectedness?
58

Which gender prefers working with people?

Gender roles:

Role:

What is the expected gender role of men vs. women in the US?
o Is that the same in other cultures?

Gender Identity:

Social Learning Theory:
o Example:

Gender Typing:

Transgender:
Module 50: Parents, Peers, and Early Experiences
 What is the general conclusion about which is more influential on development—nature or nurture?
59

How much credit or blame do you think your parents deserve for the person you are today? Why?
Module 51: Adolescence: Physical and Cognitive Development
 Adolescence:
A. Physical Development
 Puberty:

What are the psychological effects on boys who mature early?

What are the psychological effects on girls who mature early?

What happens to your neurons in your brain during adolescence?

What lobe of the brain matures during adolescence?
B. Cognitive Development
 During early teens, what is reasoning like?
Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development
Level

Focus
Example
What happens to children who learn to delay gratification?
Module 52: Adolescence: Social Development and Emerging Adulthood
 According to Erikson, what is the main crisis during adolescence?

Identity:
60

Social Identity:

Why is the first year of college such a challenge to many adolescents?
Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development
*Erikson’s stages ALWAYS comes up on the AP Test, so make sure you understand these!
Issue of Stage
Age Range
Description of Task
Trust vs. Mistrust
Autonomy vs.
Shame/Doubt
Initiative vs. Guilt
Industry vs.
Inferiority
Identity vs. Role
Confusion
Intimacy vs.
Isolation
Generativity vs.
Self-Absorption
Integrity vs.
Despair

Intimacy:

In Western cultures, what happens to the child-parent relationship as adolescents form their identity?

What goes hand in hand with positive parent-teen relationships?

Emerging Adulthood:
Module 54: Adulthood: Physical, Cognitive, and Social Development
 What are the names and age ranges of the three different types of adulthood?
61

Menopause:

What happens to strength and stamina as you age?

Why is physical activity important for older adults?

What happens to senses as you age?

What happens to your immune system as you age?

What happens to neural processing as you age?

Describe how older people remember meaningful information as compared to younger people.

Cross-sectional studies:

Longitudinal studies:

What is terminal decline of mental abilities?

Is there really a midlife crisis for most people?

Social Clock:

Does living together before marriage lead to less divorce?

Is there a such thing as “empty nest syndrome” for most couples when they children go off to
college?
62
Unit IX: Motivation, Emotion and Stress
Module 37: Motivational Concepts
Motivations:
Instinct theory
Drive-Reduction Theory
Arousal Theory
Instincts and Evolutionary Psychology
Instinct
The underlying assumption of evolutionary psychology
Drives and Incentives
Drive reduction theory
Drive
Homeostasis
Figure 37.1: label each part of the figure and explain how this process works if the need is water
Optimum Arousal
Yerkes-Dodson law
63
A Hierarchy of Motives
Abraham Maslow
Figure 37.3 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: Label, explain and give a real life example for each of the six
levels
64
Table 37.1
Theory
Strength
Weakness
Instinct Theory and Evolutionary Psych
Drive Reduction Theory
Optimal Arousal Theory
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Module 38: Hunger Motivation
Explain Ancel Key’s Study
Physiology of Hunger
Cannon & Washburn 1912
Body Chemistry and the Brain
Role of the brain
Glucose
How does a normal hypothalamus function?
65
What happens when the hypothalamus is damaged?
Set point
Basal metabolic rate
Why do some psychologists use the term set range instead of set point?
Figure 38.4: Label the digestive system showing where each hormone is produced
66
Where does each hormone originate and what is its role in appetite?
Hormone
Insulin
Production Area and Role
Ghrelin
Orexin
Leptin
PYY
The Psychology of Hunger
Taste Preferences by Culture
Situational Influences in Eating
Social Facilitations
Unit Bias
Food variety
67
Obesity and Weight control
Physiology of Obesity
Set point and metabolism
Genetic factors of obesity
Food and activity factors
Sleep loss
Social influence
Close Up: Waist Management
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
68
Module 39: Sexual Motivation
Physiology of Sex
Sexual Response Cycle : Please label the different stages of the cycle
Sexual Dysfunctions and Paraphilias
Erectile disorder
Premature ejaculation
Female orgasmic disorder
69
Paraphilias
Hormones and Sexual Behavior
Two side effects of sex hormones:
1.
2.
estrogens
testosterone
testosterone in women versus other mammals
Psychology of Sex
Figure 39.1 : Explain the role of each influence
External Stimuli
Imagined Stimuli
Module 40: Social Motivation, Affiliation Needs
Benefits of Belonging
Autonomy
70
Competence
Self esteem
Disruption of attachments
Pain of Being Shut Out
Module 41: Theories and Physiology of Emotion
Cognition and Emotion
Emotions
Two big questions of Emotion Theories
Historical Emotion Theories
James-Lange Theory
Cannon-Bard Theory
Schachter and Singer
Two Factor Theory
71
Figure 41.1 Please Label the brain figure and explain the pathways of emotion
Table 41.1 Summary of Emotion Theories
Theory Explanation of Emotions Your own Example
Module 42: Expressed Emotion
Detecting Emotion in Others
72
Gender and Emotion
Culture and Emotional Expression
Label each of the basic emotions in the pictures below, compare to figure 42.4
Effects of Facial Expressions
Facial Feedback Effect
Behavior Feedback Phenomenon
73
Module 43: Stress and Health
Stress
Stressors
Catastrophes
Significant life changes
Daily hassles
The Stress Response system
Fight of flight
General adaption syndrome
Cortisol
Telomeres
Tend and befriend
Oxytocin
74
Module 44: Stess and Illness
Psycho-physiological illness
Psychoneurommunology
Lymphocytes
Stress and Heart Disease
Coronary Heart Disease
Type A
Type B
75
Unit X: Personality
Module 55: Freud’s Psychoanalytic Perspective
Psychoanalytic Theory’s Core Ideas
Sigmund Freud
Free association
Psychoanalysis
Unconscious
Preconscious
Repress
Figure 55.1 Please label the iceburg structure and explain in the space below
Manifest content of dreams
Latent content of dreams
76
Personality Structure
Freud’s View of human personality
Id
Ego
Superego
Personality Development
Psychosexual stages
Erogenous zones
Table 55.1 Freud’s Psychosexual Stages
Stage
Focus
Oedipus Complex
Electra Complex
77
Identification
Gender identity
Fixate
Defense Mechanisms
Repression
Table 55.2 Seven Defense Mechanisms
Repression
Defense Mechanism
Unconscious Process
Example
78
Evaluating Freud’s Psychoanalytic Perspectives
Modern research
Slips of the tongue
Challenges to Repression
Module 56: Psychodynamic Theories
Psychodynamic
NeoFreudian and Psychodynamic Theoriests
Neofreudian
In the Venn Diagram below, please show the differences and similarities between Psychoanalytic (Freudian)
and Psychodynamic (neo-Freudian)
79
Carl
Jung
Karen
Horney
Alfred
Adler
In the table below, please incluide the biographical information of the top three psychodynamic
psychologists.
Collective unconscious
Assessing Unconscious Processes
Projective tests
Thematic apperception test
Rorschach inkblot test
Validity and reliability of projective tests
The Modern Unconscious Mind
Modern understanding of the unconscious includes (6 things)
80
False consensus effect
Terror-management theory
Module 57: Humanistic Theory
Humanistic theory
Abraham Maslow’s Self actualizing person
Hierarchy of needs
Self actualization
Self transcendence
Characteristic s of healthy, creative people
Peak experiences
Carl Roger’s Person Centered Perspective
Three conditions of growth
Self concept
Assessing the self
81
Evaluating humanistic theories
Influence in pop psychology
Criticism
Module 58: Trait Theories
Traits
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
Factor Analysis
Eysenck Personality Questionnaire
Biology and Personality
Brain arousal
Autonomic nervous system reactivity
Assessing traits
Personality inventories
Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory
Empirically derived
82
The big Five Factors
Three main questions of the big five factors
Evaluating trait theories
Person-situation controversy
Module 59: Social Cognitive Theories and Exploring the Self
Social Cognitive Perspective
Behavioral approach
Reciprocal influences
Figure 59.1 Please copy the figure and explain it in the space below
83
Three ways that individuals and the environment interacts
Optimism versus pessimism
Personal control
Attributional style
Excessive optimism
Blindness to one’s own incompetence
Assessing behavior in situations
84
Evaluating Social Cognitive Theories
Table 59.1 Please copy the table
Personality Theory
Key Proponents
Assumptions
85
View of Personality
Table 59.2 Please copy the table
Research
Description
Method
Perspectives
Benefits
Exploring the Self
Self
Spotlight effect
Benefits of self esteem
Self esteem
86
Weaknesses
Self efficacy
Effects of low self esteem
Self serving bias
Narcissism
Culture and self
Individualism
Collectivism
87
Unit XI: Testing and Individual Differences
Module 60: Introduction to intelligence
Intelligence
Intelligence test
One Ability or several?
Charles Spearmen
General intelligence (g)
Factor analysis
L.L. THurstone
Satoshi Kanazawa
Theories of Multiple Intelligence
Howard Gardner
Savant syndrome
Kim Peak (Rain Man)
Multiple intelligences
Grit
Sternberg’s Three Intelligences
88
Robert Sternberg
Analytical Intelligence
Creative Intelligence
Practical intelligence
Emotional Intelligence
Social intelligence
Emotional intelligence’s four components
Is Intelligence neurologically measurable
Brain size and complexity
Brain function
89
Table 60.1 Comparing Theories of Intelligence
Theory
Summary
Strengths
Module 61: Assessing Intelligence
The origins of Intelligence Testing
Francis Galton
Alfred Binet:
Mental age
Lewis Terman
Stanford-Binet Test
Intelligence Quotient
Modern Tests
Achievement tests
90
Other
Considerations
Aptitude tests
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
Principles of Test construction
Standardization
Normal curve
Flynn effect
Reliability
Test retest reliability
Split half scores
Validity
Content validity
Predictive validity
Module 62: Dynamics of Intelligence
Aging and Intelligence
Cross sectional evidence
91
Longitudinal evidence
Crystallized intelligence
Fluid intelligence
Stability over life span
Life spans of more intelligent people
Extremes of Intelligence
The low extreme
Intellectual disability
Criterion for intellectual disability
Down syndrome
The high extreme
Talented and gifted
92
Module 63: Studying genetic and environmental influences on intelligence
Twin and adoption studies
Heritability
Environmental Influences
Early environmental influences
Tutored human enrichment
Baby Einstein
Schooling and intelligence
Head start programs
Growth mindset
Module 64: Group Differences and the Question of Bias
Group Differences in Intelligence test scores
Racial and Ethnic Similarities and Differences
Considerations in environmental differences accounting for race differences (six)
93
The Question of Bias
Two meanings of bias
Test Takers Expectations
Spencer 1997
Stereotype Threat
Obama Effect
Steele 1995
94
Unit XII: Abnormal Behavior (Psychological Disorders)
Module 65: Introduction to Psychological Disorders
 Psychological Disorder:

Maladaptive:
o Example:
A. Understanding Psychological Disorders Causes
 In earlier times, what did people think the cause of disorders were?

Medical Model:

What do psychologists who believe in the biopsychosocial approach believe is the cause of disorders?
o What is the evidence of this belief?
B. Classifying Psychological Disorders
 Diagnostic and Statistical Manuel of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5):
o What is this used for?

What disorders have changed in the new edition of the DSM?

What do critics say against the DSM?
C. Labeling Psychological Disorders
 Summarize the layout of the Rosenhan study.

What can happen when we label a person with a disorder? (read this whole section before
answering!)

What are the benefits of diagnostic labeling?
95
D. Rates of Psychological Disorders
 What percentage of adults in America suffer from a mental disorder in a given year?

What are 5 risk factors for mental disorders? (see Table on pg. 658)
Module 66: Anxiety Disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Anxiety Disorders:

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD):
o What does it mean that the anxiety of GAD is free-floating?

Panic Disorder:

Phobia:

Social Anxiety Disorder (social phobia):

Agoraphobia:

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD):

When does OCD cross the line between normal and disorder?

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD):

What were old names for PTSD?

What determines whether a person suffers PTSD after a traumatic event?
 Posttraumatic Growth:
A. Understanding Anxiety Disorders, OCD, and PTSD—Causes
 Explain how we learn fear from the learning perspective.

Give an example of how an anxiety disorder might have been passed down from our biological
ancestors.
96

What 2 neurotransmitters might be involved in anxiety?
Module 67: Mood Disorders
 Mood Disorders:

What could be some biological reasons to developing depression after traumatic events?

Major-Depressive Disorder:

What are the 6 symptoms of depression?

Mania:

Bipolar Disorder:

What is disruptive mood dysregulation disorder?

Give some examples of behaviors someone would have during their manic phase.

Who is more at risk for depression—men or women?

What neurotransmitter is scarce during depression and overabundant during mania?

What second neurotransmitter is also probably involved in depression?

Why does excessive alcohol use correlate with depression?

What kinds of thought patterns do people with depression have? Give at least 3 examples.
Module 68: Schizophrenia
 Schizophrenia:
97

Psychosis:

Delusions:
o Example:

What is word salad?

Hallucinations:
o Example:

Explain what it means that disorganized thoughts may result from a breakdown in selective attention.

What is a flat affect?

What are positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

What are negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

What neurotransmitter is linked to schizophrenia? Too little or too much?

What parts of the brain are effected by schizophrenia?
Module 69: Other Disorders
A. Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders
 Somatic Symptom Disorder:

Conversion Disorder:

Illness Anxiety Disorder (Hypochondria):
B. Dissociative Disorders
 Dissociative Disorders:

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID):

What was the old name for DID?
98

Why do some people believe that DID is NOT a real disorder?

What evidence is there that DID IS a real disorder?
C. Eating Disorders
 Anorexia Nervosa:

Bulimia Nervosa:

Binge-Eating Disorder:

Give 2 examples of how the family environment might play a role in eating disorders.

Who is most vulnerable to eating disorders?
D. Personality Disorders
 Personality Disorders:

What does each cluster of personality disorders focus on?

Antisocial Personality Disorder:

Why do most criminals not have Antisocial Personality Disorder?

Is there a genetic link for Antisocial Personality Disorder?
99
Unit XIII:Treatment of Abnormal Behavior
Module 70: Introduction to Therapy, and Psychodynamic and Humanistic Therapies
 Psychotherapy:

Biomedical Therapy:

Eclectic Approach:

What are the 4 types of “talk therapies”?
A. Psychoanalysis and Psychodynamic Therapy
 Psychoanalysis:
o Founder of this therapy:

What does psychoanalytic therapy presume?

What is the goal of this therapy?
Techniques of Psychanalysis
 Free association:

Resistance:

Interpretation:

Transferring:

Why is this type of therapy not really used anymore?

Psychodynamic therapy:
B. Humanistic Therapies
 Insight therapies:

How is psychoanalytic therapy different from humanistic therapy?

Client-Centered Therapy:
o Founder of this therapy:
100


What 3 characteristics do therapists have to exhibit?
Active listening:

Unconditional positive regard:
Module 71: Behavior, Cognitive, and Group Therapies
A. Behavior Therapy
 Behavior Therapy:

How is behavior therapy different from psychodynamic and humanistic therapies?

Explain an example of how classical conditioning techniques can be applied to getting rid of
unwanted, learned behaviors.

Counterconditioning:

Exposure therapy:

Systematic desensitization:
o Person who created both techniques (important to know!!):

Explain an example of how you would use both of these therapies with a social anxiety.

Virtual reality exposure therapy:

Aversive conditioning:
o Example:

Does aversive conditioning work? (be sure to explain show vs. long run)

How does behavior modification work?

Token economy:
B. Cognitive Therapies
101

Give examples of disorders that are best treated by cognitive therapy.

Cognitive Therapies:

Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT):
o Person who created this (important to know!!):

Explain how Aaron Beck would treat depression.

Stress inoculation training:

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT):

What types of disorders are best treated by CBT?
C. Group and Family Therapies
 Group Therapy:

Family Therapy:

What is one of the most famous self-help groups?
Module 72: Evaluating Psychotherapies and Prevention Strategies
 What 3 reasons make psychologists skeptical about client testimonials of therapies effectiveness?

After doing meta-analysis studies, what is the general conclusion about the effectiveness of therapy?

Evidence-based practice:

What does a therapist do during eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy (EMDR)?

What are the 3 benefits of all forms of therapy?

Therapeutic alliance:

Why are minorities more likely to not use mental health services?
102


Resilience:
What is the alternative viewpoint to disorders, instead of dismissing the person as “crazy”?
Module 73: The Biomedical Therapies
A. Drug Therapies
 Psychopharmacology:

What needs to be used when testing a new drug to make sure it is actually effective and people are
not just getting results due to the placebo effect?

Antipsychotic drugs:
o Example name of antipsychotics:

Antianxiety drugs:
o Example names of antianxieties:

What is the criticism of antianxiety drugs?

Antidepressant drugs:

What other disorders are antidepressants used for?

What neurotransmitters do antidepressants effect?

What does SSRI stand for?

What disorder are mood stabilizing drugs mostly used to treat?

What is the name of the salt that is a mood stabilizer?
B. Brain Stimulation
 Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT):

What is ECT used to treat today?

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS):

What disorder is rTMS used to treat today?
C. Psychosurgery
 Psychosurgery:

Lobotomy:
103

What happened to people who had a lobotomy?
104
Unit XIV: Social Psychology
Module 74: Attribution, Attitudes, and Actions
 Social Psychologists:

Attribution Theory:

Fundamental Attribution Error:
o Example:

What cultures do not make the fundamental attribution error as much?

Self-serving bias (rewrite definition here because it belongs here too!):

Attitudes:

Give an example of how your attitude effects your actions.

Peripheral route persuasion:
o Example:

Central route persuasion:
o Example:
105

Foot-in-the-door phenomenon:
o Example:

Role:

Summarize Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment.

Festinger’s Cognitive Dissonance Theory:
o Example:
Module 75: Conformity and Obedience
 What is the chameleon effect?

Conformity:

Summarize Asch’s Conformity Experiments.

List 4 reasons that make people more likely to conform.
106

Normative Social Influence:

Informative Social Influence:

Summarize Milgrim’s Obedience Experiments.

Explain how the foot-in-the-door effect explains Milgrim’s experiment results.
Module 76: Group Behavior
 Social Facilitation:

Why do we perform better when other people are there?

Social Loafing:

What 3 things cause social loafing?

Deindividuation:
o Example:

Group Polarization:
107

Groupthink:

What is the difference between social control and personal control?

What is minority influence?

Culture:

Norms:
o Example:
Module 77: Prejudice and Discrimination
 Prejudice:

Prejudice is a 3 part mixture of:

Stereotypes:

Ethnocentrism:

Discrimination:

Give an example of how subtle prejudice lingers even though overt prejudice might be gone.

Just-world phenomenon:
o Example:
108

Ingroup:

Outgroup:

Ingroup Bias:

Scapegoat Theory:
o Example:

Other-race effect:

Hindsight bias (look up definition if have to):
Module 78: Aggression
 Aggression:

What are the 3 levels of biology involved in aggression?

What parts of the brain are involved in human aggression?

What chemical influences aggression?
109

Frustration-aggression principle:
o Example:

Social scripts:
o Example:

Explain the social script example of the rape myth.

After reading about violent video games, what do you believe—do violent video games cause
teenagers to become more violent?
Module 79: Attraction
 Mere Exposure Effect:

List 4 different aspects to attractiveness in all of the studies the book describes.

What does the reward theory of attraction say?

Passionate Love:
110

Companionate Love:

Equity:

Self-disclosure:
Altruism, Conflict, and Peacemaking
 Altruism:

Explain what happened to Kitty Genovese.

Bystander Effect:

Social Exchange Theory:

Reciprocity Norm:

Social-Responsibility Norm:

Conflict:

Social Traps:
111

Mirror-image perceptions:

Self-fulfilling prophecy:
o Example:

When does it help to put conflict parties into close contact?

Way to promote cooperation: Superordinate goals:

GRIT strategy:
112