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WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION __________________ CIMO/MG-9/Doc. 5.1(2) (3.III.2011) _______ COMMISSION FOR INSTRUMENTS AND METHODS OF OBSERVATION ITEM: 5.1 CIMO MANAGEMENT GROUP Ninth Session Original: ENGLISH Geneva, Switzerland 5 - 8 April 2011 CIMO GUIDE Update of the Satellite Observations Chapter of the CIMO Guide Summary and purpose of document In response to an action agreed by the Expert Team on Satellite Systems at its fifth meeting (ET-SAT-5, 26-29 April 2010) new material has been developed with the aim to replace the current Chapter on Satellite Observations in the Guide to Meteorological Instruments and Methods of Observation (CIMO Guide, Part II, Chapter 8), which dates back to 1994. Given the considerable development and diversification of space-based observation capabilities over the past seventeen years, and the increasing importance of spacebased observation data for WMO Members, in particular for NWP, for severe weather warning, for Nowcasting, for global climate and environment monitoring, the ET-SAT felt the need to not only update the current Chapter 8 but to expand it substantially. In view of the variety of physical variables that need to be addressed, it is furthermore suggested that a new part (tentatively Part IV) of the CIMO Guide be entirely dedicated to space-based observation. A preliminary draft has been developed and is being submitted to ET-SAT Members for review. Its outline is attached, and the full draft document (163 pages) is available for download at: http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/sat/meetings/documents/ET-SAT-6_Doc08-1-add.zip . The objective is to introduce to the fundamental principles and the main features of space-based observation. The document aims at raising the technical awareness of the reader on satellite capabilities, explaining the advantages and limitations of spacebased observation, and helping WMO Members to consider the best use of these capabilities as an increasingly important source of observation data. This contribution to the CIMO Guide is meant to complement the Dossier on the Space-based Global Observing System (often designated as the “GOS Dossier”), which provides a more comprehensive inventory of current and planned satellites and instruments, as well as an analysis of the capabilities and gaps in key observations. The GOS Dossier is available for download ( ftp://ftp.wmo.int/Documents/PublicWeb/sat/DossierGOS/) and is updated at least every year. ACTION PROPOSED - - The CIMO Management Group is invited: to consider the proposal to dedicate a new Part of the CIMO Guide to satellite observation to provide guidance to ET-SAT that will discuss this issue on 12-15 April 2011. ________________ CIMO/MG-9/Doc. 5.1(2), p. 2 Proposed Outline for a Future Part IV of the CIMO Guide The full draft text (163 pages) is to be downloaded from: http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/sat/meetings/documents/ET-SAT-6_Doc08-1-add.zip 1 1.1 1.2 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.2.4 1.2.5 1.2.6 1.3 PREAMBLE Historical perspective Specific features of space-based remote sensing Spatial and temporal coverage Spatial integration Indirect measurements Calibration Validation Satellite lifecycle Updated Programme information 2. 2.1 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1.3 2.1.4 2.1.5 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.3.1 2.2.3.2 2.2.3.3 2.2.3.4 2.2.4 2.2.4.1 2.2.4.2 2.2.4.3 2.2.5 2.2.5.1 2.2.5.2 2.2.5.3 2.3 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 PRINCIPLES OF EARTH OBSERVATION FROM SPACE Orbits and Earth viewing from space Field of view from satellites and instruments - Instrument swath Orbital period, geostationary orbit, observing cycle, repeat cycle Orbital precession, sunsynchronous orbits, drifting orbits Elliptical orbits Launchers and injection into orbit - Services of the platform Principles of remote sensing The electromagnetic spectrum utilised for remote sensing The basic laws of the interaction between e.m. radiation and matter Observations in the atmospheric windows Emerging radiation Measurements in VIS+NIR+SWIR Measurements in MWIR and TIR Measurements in MW Observations in absorption bands The radiative transfer equation Profiles retrieval Limb sounding Active sensing Radio occultation Radar Lidar Data circulation and processing Data transmission Data processing Communication services 3. 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.1.4 3.2 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.2.4 3.3 REMOTE SENSING INSTRUMENTS Instruments basic characteristics Scanning, swath, observing cycle Spectral range: radiometers and spectrometers Spatial resolution (IFOV, pixel, MTF) Radiometric accuracy Visible and Infrared imagers Multi-purpose imaging VIS/IR radiometer High resolution optical imager Medium-resolution VIS/NIR spectro-radiometer Multi-channel/direction/polarization radiometer Infrared sounders CIMO/MG-9/Doc. 5.1(2), p. 3 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.4 3.4.1 3.4.2 3.4.3 3.4.4 3.5 3.5.1 3.5.2 3.5.3 3.5.4 3.5.5 3.6 3.6.1 3.6.2 3.6.3 3.6.4 3.7 3.7.1 3.7.2 3.7.3 3.7.4 3.8 3.8.1 3.8.2 3.8.3 3.8.4 3.9 3.9.1 3.9.2 3.9.3 3.9.4 3.9.5 3.10 3.10.1 3.10.2 3.10.3 3.10.4 Narrow-band channel IR radiometer Medium-resolution IR spectrometer Microwave imagers and sounders Multi-purpose imaging MW radiometer Low-frequency MW radiometer Non-scanning MW radiometer Absorption-band MW radiometer/spectrometer Spectrometers for atmospheric chemistry High-resolution nadir-scanning SW spectrometer High-resolution nadir-scanning IR spectrometer Limb-scanning SW spectrometer Limb-scanning IR spectrometer Limb-scanning MW spectrometer Special instruments Broad-band radiometer Solar irradiance monitor Lightning imager GNSS radio-occultation receiver Radar Radar altimeter Radar scatterometer Cloud and precipitation radar Imaging radar (SAR) Lidar Backscatter lidar Doppler lidar Lidar altimeter Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) In-situ measurements at platform level Gradiometer / accelerometer Satellite-to-Satellite ranging system Magnetometer Electric field sensor Space environment monitor Navigation and positioning systems Laser retroreflector Radio-positioning system GNSS receiver Star tracker 4. 4.1 4.1.1 4.1.2 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.2.4 4.2.5 4.3 4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.3 4.3.4 4.3.5 4.4 SATELLITE CONSTELLATIONS Operational meteorological satellites Satellite constellation in geostationary orbits Specialised Atmospheric missions Precipitation Radio occultation Atmospheric radiation Atmospheric chemistry Atmospheric dynamics Missions to ocean and ice Ocean topography Ocean colour Sea surface wind Sea surface salinity Waves Land observation missions CIMO/MG-9/Doc. 5.1(2), p. 4 4.4.1 4.4.2 4.4.3 4.5 4.5.1 4.5.2 4.6 4.6.1 4.6.2 4.6.2.1 4.6.2.2 4.6.2.3 Main operational or near-operational missions The Disaster Monitoring Constellation All-weather high-resolution monitoring (by SAR) Missions to Solid Earth Space geodesy Earth’s interior Missions to Space weather Solar activity monitoring Magnetosphere and ionosphere monitoring Observation of the Magnetosphere Observation of the Ionosphere Space environment observation from operational meteorological satellites 5. 5.1 5.1.1 5.1.2 5.1.2.1 5.1.2.2 5.1.2.3 5.1.2.4 5.1.2.5 5.1.2.6 5.1.3 5.2 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 5.2.4 5.2.5 5.2.6 5.2.7 5.3 5.3.1 5.3.2 5.3.3 5.3.4 5.3.5 5.3.6 5.3.7 5.3.8 5.3.9 5.3.10 5.3.11 5.3.12 5.3.13 5.3.14 5.3.15 5.3.16 5.3.17 5.4 5.4.1 5.4.2 5.4.3 5.4.4 5.4.5 5.4.6 SPACE-BASED OBSERVATION OF GEOPHYSICAL VARIABLES Introduction Processing levels Products quality Atmospheric volumes (relevant to profiles) The horizontal resolution (x) The vertical resolution (z) The observing cycle (t) The accuracy (RMS) The timeliness () Evaluation of satellite product quality Basic atmospheric 3D and 2D variables Atmospheric temperature Specific humidity Wind (horizontal) Wind vector over the surface (horizontal) Height of the top of the Planetary Boundary Layer Height of the tropopause Temperature of the tropopause Cloud and Precipitation variables Cloud detection (mask) Cloud top temperature Cloud top height Cloud type Cloud cover Cloud base height Cloud optical thickness Cloud liquid water Cloud drop effective radius Cloud ice Cloud ice effective radius Freezing level height in clouds Melting layer depth in clouds Precipitation (liquid or solid) Precipitation rate at surface (liquid or solid) Accumulated precipitation (over 24 hours) Lightning detection Aerosol and Radiation Aerosol optical thickness Aerosol concentration Aerosol effective radius Aerosol type Volcanic ash Downward solar irradiance at TOA CIMO/MG-9/Doc. 5.1(2), p. 5 5.4.7 5.4.8 5.4.9 5.4.10 5.4.11 5.4.12 5.4.13 5.4.14 5.4.15 5.4.16 5.4.17 5.4.18 5.5 5.5.1 5.5.2 5.5.3 5.5.4 5.5.5 5.5.6 5.5.7 5.5.8 5.5.9 5.5.10 5.5.11 5.5.12 5.5.13 5.5.14 5.5.15 5.5.16 5.6 5.6.1 5.6.2 5.6.3 5.6.4 5.6.5 5.6.6 5.6.7 5.6.8 5.6.9 5.6.10 5.6.11 5.6.12 5.6.13 5.6.14 5.6.15 5.6.16 5.6.17 5.6.18 5.6.19 5.7 5.7.1 5.7.2 5.7.3 5.7.4 5.7.5 5.7.6 5.7.7 Upward spectral radiance at TOA Upward long-wave irradiance at TOA Upward short-wave irradiance at TOA Short-wave cloud reflectance Downward LW irradiance at Earth’s surface Downward SW irradiance at Earth’s surface Earth’s surface albedo Earth’s surface SW bi-directional reflectance Upward long-wave irradiance at Earth’s surface Long-wave Earth surface emissivity Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FAPAR) Ocean and sea ice Ocean chlorophyll concentration Colour Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM) Ocean suspended sediments concentration Ocean Diffuse Attenuation Coefficient (DAC) Oil spill cover Sea surface temperature Sea surface salinity Ocean dynamic topography Coastal sea level (tide) Significant wave height Dominant wave direction Dominant wave period Wave directional energy frequency spectrum Sea-ice cover Sea-ice thickness Sea-ice type Land surface (including snow) Land surface temperature Soil moisture at surface Soil moisture (in the roots region) Fraction of vegetated land Vegetation type Leaf Area Index (LAI) Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) Fire fractional cover Fire temperature Fire radiative power Snow detection (mask) Snow status (wet/dry) Snow cover Snow water equivalent Soil type Land cover Land surface topography Glacier cover Glacier topography Solid Earth and Space Weather Geoid Crustal plates positioning Crustal motion (horizontal and vertical) Gravity field Gravity gradients Total Electron Content (TEC) Electron density CIMO/MG-9/Doc. 5.1(2), p. 6 5.8 5.8.1 5.8.2 5.8.3 5.8.4 5.8.5 5.8.6 5.8.7 5.8.8 5.8.9 5.8.10 5.8.11 5.8.12 5.8.13 5.8.14 5.8.15 5.8.16 5.8.17 5.8.18 5.8.19 5.8.20 5.8.21 5.8.22 5.8.23 5.8.24 5.8.25 5.8.26 Atmospheric chemistry O3 BrO C2H2 C2H6 CFC-11 CFC-12 CH2O CH4 ClO ClONO2 CO CO2 COS H2O HCl HDO HNO3 N2O N2O5 NO NO2 OH PAN PSC occurrence SF6 SO2 6. 6.1 6.1.1 6.1.2 6.1.3 6.1.4 6.1.5 6.1.6 6.1.7 6.1.8 CALIBRATION AND VALIDATION Instrument calibration Factors affecting calibration Pre-flight calibration On-board calibration Vicarious calibration Inter-calibration by Simultaneous Nadir Observations Bias adjustment of long-term data records Traceability of space-based measurement Using calibration information 6.2 6.2.1 6.2.2 6.2.3 6.2.4 6.2.5 Validation of satellite-based products Factors to be accounted for in validation Requirements for ground-truth measurements Continuous statistics Dichotomous statistics Impact studies 7. 7.1 7.1.1 7.1.2 7.1.3 7.2 7.2.1 7.2.2 7.2.3 CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES Data access Direct broadcast Rebroadcast Availability of data servers Use of the frequency spectrum Passive MW radiometry Active MW sensing Communications REFERENCES ACRONYMS