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ЛЕКЦИОННЫЙ МАТЕРИАЛ ПО ДИСЦИПЛИНЕ «СТРАНОВЕДЕНИЕ» ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТОВ 2 и 3 КУРСОВ ЗАОЧНОГО ФАКУЛЬТЕТА СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТИ «АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК» СОСТАВИТЕЛЬ: СТ. ПРЕПОДАВАТЕЛЬ КАФ-РЫ ТиПАЯ ГУД В. Г. ЛЕКЦИЯ № 1 ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ АНГЛИЙСКОЙ НАЦИИ 1. Roman conquest and occupation of Britain, traces of Roman rule. 2. The Anglo-Saxon conquest of Britain. 3. The Danish invasions of Britain. 4. The Norman conquest and its consequences: political, economic, linguistic. 1. The name “Britain” comes from the word “ …. ”, the GrecoRoman word for the inhabitants of Britain. The Romans …. the word and called the island “Britannia”. The Romans had invaded because the Celts of Britain were working with the Celts of ….. against them. The British Celts were giving them food and allowing them to hide in Britain. Under the Celts Britain had become an important ….. producer. The Romans could make use of British food for their own army fighting the Gauls. Julius Caesar first came to Britain in …. BC, but it was not until almost a century later, in …… 43, that a Roman army actually occupied Britain. The Romans were determined to ….. the whole island. But unfortunately the Roman province of Britannia covered most of present-day ….. and ….. only. The Romans never went to ….. and exerted an influence, without actually governing there, over only the southern part of …. . In general The Romans could not conquer “Caledonia”, as they called …… , although they spent over a century trying to do so. At last they built a ….. along the northern border, named after the Emperor Hadrian who planned it. It was during this time that a …. tribe called the …. migrated from Ireland to Scotland, where they became allies of the ….. and opponents of the Romans. This division of the … into those who experienced Roman rule (the Britons in England and Wales) and those who did not (the Gaels in Scotland and Ireland) may help to explain the development of two distinct branches of the …. group of languages. The Romans brought the skills of ….. and ….. to Britain. ….. was important for spreading ideas and also for establishing power. The Celtic ….. remained illiterate and only Celtic-speaking, ….. spoke Latin and Greek, ….. used Latin. But Latin completely disappeared when the ….. invaded Britain in the fifth century ….. . The most obvious characteristic of Roman Britain was its …… which were the basis of Roman administration and civilization. There were three different kinds of town in Roman Britain, two of which were established by Roman ….. . The first kind were the coloniae, towns peopled by ….. ; the second – municipia, large cities in which the whole population was given …… . The third kind, the civitas, included the old Celtic tribal capitals through which the Romans administered …… . The Romans left about ….. large towns of about 5000 inhabitants and almost …… smaller ones. Many of these towns were at first …… , and the Latin word for ….. , castra, has remained part of many town names to this day: Winchester, Lancaster, Leicester and others. The towns were connected by …… which were so well built that they survived when later roads broke up. These roads continued to be used long after the Romans left, and became the main roads of modern Britain. Roman roads met in ….. , a capital city of about 20 000 people. Outside the towns, the biggest change during the Roman occupation was the growth of …… , called villas . Each villa had many workers. There was a growing difference between the rich and those who did the actual work on the land. In general life in Roman Britain seemed rather …… . But the remarkable thing about the Romans is that despite their long ….. of Britain, they left very little behind. Most of their villas, baths, temples, their impressive network of roads and the cities they founded including Londinium were soon …… or fell into ….. . Almost the only lasting reminder of their presence are ….. , which include variants of the Roman word “ …… ”. Roman control of Britain came to an end as the empire began to ….. . The first signs were the attacks by the Celts of ….. in AD 367. In AD …… Rome pulled its last soldiers out of Britain and the ….. Celts were left alone to fight against the ….. , the ….. and ….. raiders from Germany. The following year Rome itself fell to … . REASONS FOR DISAPPEARING OF ROMAN BRITAIN: 1 The influence was largely confined to the ….. . 2 In the countryside, where most people lived, farming methods had remained …… . 3 The …… speech continued to be dominant in the countryside. 4 The Roman occupation had been a matter of …… rather than a large –scale settlement. 2. The ….. of Britain by the fourth century, the result of its …. and centuries of …… , was a temptation to the greedy. At first the Germanic tribes only ….. Britain, but after AD …… , during the fifth century a number of tribes from the north -western Europe invaded and settled in large numbers. The newcomers were ….. and …… . Two of these tribes were the …… and the …… . These Anglo-Saxons soon had the ….. of the country. In the …… their advance was temporally stopped by an army of Britons. Nevertheless by the end of the 6th century , they and their way of life predominated in nearly all of ….. and in parts of southern …… . The Celtic Britons were either ….. or driven …… , where their culture and language survived in …… , ……. , south-west Scotland. The Anglo-Saxon migrations gave the larger part of Britain its new name, …… , “ the land of the Angles”. The Anglo-Saxons were …… when they came to Britain. Christianity spread throughout Britain from ….. different directions during the ….. and …. centuries. Firstly it came directly from …… when St Augustine arrived in ….. and established ….. at Canterbury. Secondly it had already been introduced into ….. and northern ….. from …… which had become Christian more than 150 years ago. Although Roman Christianity eventually took over the whole of the British Isles, the ….. model persisted in Scotland and Ireland for several hundred years. The strength of Anglo-Saxon culture is ….. even today. Days of the week were named after Germanic …… : Tig (Tuesday), Wodin (Wednesday). New place-names appeared on the map. The earliest Saxon villages were ….. villages. The ending -ing meant ….. (Reading – the family of Rada), ham meant ….. (Birmingham), ton meant …… (Kingston). The Anglo-Saxons established a number of ….. , some of which still exist in county or regional names till this day: Essex (East Saxons), Sussex, Wessex, Middlessex. By the middle of the seventh century the three largest ….. , those of Northumbria, Mercia and Wessex were the most powerful. The Saxons created ….. which made the English state strong for the next 500 years. One of these institutions was the King’s ….. , called the Witan, a group of senior warriors and churchmen to whom kings turned for advice and support. The Saxons divided the land into new administrative …. , based on shires or counties. These shires remained almost exactly the same for a thousand years. “Shire” is the ….. word, “county” is the ….. one, but both are still used. Over each shire was appointed a shire reeve, the ……. . In time his name became shortened to “sheriff”. Anglo-Saxon technology changed the shape of English …… . The fields were divided into the ….. . One part would be used for planting ….. crops, and another for ….. crops. The third area would be left to ….. for a year. This Anglo-Saxon pattern of farming was the basis of English agriculture for a thousand years, until the 18th century. The Saxons settled previously ….. areas. They cut down many forested areas and began to drain the wet land. In each district was a “manor” or large house. This was a simple building where the villagers came to pay ….. and where men met together to join the Anglo-Saxon …. the fyrd. The lord of the manor had to organize all this. It was the beginning of the …. system which reached its fullest development under the Normans. 3. Towards the end of the ….. century …. raiders were tempted by Britain’s wealth. These were the Vikings, (a word which probably means either “ ….. ” or “the people of the … ”), Norsemen and Danes and they came from Norway and Denmark. Like the Anglo-Saxons, they only ….. at first. They ….. churches and monasteries. London was itself raided in 842. In ….. the Vikings invaded and settled the extreme …. and ….. of Scotland and also some …… regions of Ireland but their conquest was stopped when King …… of the Saxon Kingdom of Wessex defeated them in …… . This resulted in a ….. with the Vikings, which divided England into …. parts. The Viking rule was recognized in the ….. and ….. of England. It was called the Danelaw, the land where the law of the ….. ruled. In the rest of the country ….. was recognized as a king. However the cultural differences between Anglo-Saxons and Danes were comparatively …. . They led roughly the ….. way of life and spoke …. varieties of the same ….. tongue. Soon the Danes converted to Christianity. These similarities made political …… easier, and by the 10th century ….. was one kingdom with a …. culture throughout. Soon after ….. AD the Danish Vikings started raiding ….. . The Saxon king decided to pay the Vikings to stay away. To find the money he set a ….. on all people, called Danegeld or Danish money. It was the beginning of a …… tax system of the people which would provide the money for armies. Since that time one king had been succeeding another until …… when a new period in the history of the British Isles began. 4. A new Norman period in Britain’s history began with the ….. of the Saxon army under the command of king …… in the battle near Hastings and the coronation of Duke William of ….. as the king of England in Westminster Abbey on Christmas Day, ….. . In popular history the Duke is known as William the Conqueror. October, the 14, ….. is remembered in English history for being the last time that England was …… invaded. But although William was crowned a king, his conquest just began and the fighting lasted for another ….. years. There was an AngloSaxon ….. against the Normans every year until 1070. The small Norman army marched from village to village, destroying places it could not control. It was a true army of …... for at least twenty years. By ….. , twenty years after the arrival of the Normans, only two of the greater landlords and only two bishops were …… . William gave the Saxon lands to his Norman …… . Over 4000 Saxon landlords were replaced by 200 Norman ones. Unlike the Germanic invasions, the Norman invasion was ….. . There was no such thing as a Norman village or a Norman area of settlement. Instead the Norman soldiers who had been part of the invading army were given the ….. of land – and of people living on it. So the Norman nobles were given ….. of these lands, a ….. – to the Church and a ….. part William took himself. He kept the Saxon system of ….. and used these as a balance to local nobles. William and the kings after him thought of England as their personal …… . William organized his English kingdom according to the ….. system which had already begun to develop in England before his arrival. The word “feudalism” comes from the ….. word fue, which the Normans used to refer to land held in return for ….. or ….. to a lord . The basis of feudal society was the ….. of land and its main purpose was economic. The central idea was that all land was owned by the king but it was held by others, called “vassals” , in return for ….. and ….. . The king gave large estates to his main nobles in return for a promise to serve him in war for up to ….. days. A strict feudal system was being imposed. In this system great nobles or barons were responsible directly to ….. ; lesser nobles, nights and other freemen, each owning a village, were directly responsible to ….. . Under them were the peasants, tied by a strict system of mutual duties and obligations ….. and forbidden to travel without permission. The peasants were the ….. Saxons. The lords and the barons were the …… Normans. This was the beginning of the English ….. system. So William the Conqueror gave out the land all over England to his nobles. By 1086 he wanted to know exactly who ….. which piece of land and how much it was …. . He therefore sent a team of people all through England to make a complete economic …… (a very detailed village-by-village record of the people and their possessions). This ….. was the only one of this kind in Europe. But it was ….. with people. It so reminded them of the paintings of the Day of …… , or “doom” on the walls of their churches that they called it the “ Doomsday Book”. The name struck. The Doomsday Book still exists and gives an extraordinary information about England of that time. The strong system of ….. which the Normans introduced meant that the Anglo- Norman kingdom was the most powerful in the British Isles. Soon the authority of the English monarch gradually extended to other parts of these islands in the next 250 years. By the end of the 13th century, a large part of eastern ….. was controlled by Anglo- Normans lords in ….. of the English king and the whole of …… was ….. his direct rule. ….. managed to remain politically independent in the medieval period, but it was obliged to fight occasional wars to do so. It was in this period that Parliament began its gradual …… into the democratic body. The word “ …… ” which comes from the French word parler (to speak) was first used in England in the 13th century to describe an ….. of nobles called together by the king. In 1295 the model Parliament set the pattern for the future by including elected representatives from …… and …… areas. The ….. story of this period is different. ….. years after the Norman Conquest, it was a Germanic language ( ….. ) and not the Norman ( …… ) language which had become the dominant one in all classes of society in England. Despite English rule northern and central Wales was never settled in …. numbers by Saxon or Norman. As a result the (Celtic) ….. language and culture remained strong. The Anglo-Norman lords of eastern Ireland remained ….. to the English king, but despite laws to the contrary mostly adopted the Gaelic language and customs. The political independence of Scotland did not prevent a gradual ….. to the English language and customs in the ….. (southern) part of the country. By the end of this period a cultural ….. had developed between the …. , where the way of life and language was similar to that in England, and the ….. where (Celtic) Gaelic culture and language prevailed. LITERATURE 1 . O’Driscoll James. Britain./ James O’Driscoll. – Oxford, 1997. -224 p 2 . Baranovsky L.S.Panorama of Great Britain. / L.S.Baranovsky, D.D.Kozikis. – Mn., 1990. – 260 p. 3 . Britain 2000. An official Handbook. – London: HMSO, 2000. – 560 p. 4 . MacDowall David. An Illustrated History of Britain./ David MacDowall. – England: Longman, 1993. – 188 p. 5. MacDowall David. Britain in Close-Up. / David MacDowall. – England: Longman, 1994. -208 p. 6 . Trevelyan G.M. A Shortened History of England. / G.M.Trevelyan. – England: Penguin Books, 1987. -603 p. 7 . Britain and Its People. – London: HMSO, 1992. – 32 p. 8. Richmond I.A. Roman Britain./ I.A.Richmond. – London: Penguin Books, 1963. – 240 p.