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Practice Test – Geology 106, Chapter 21 from The Changing Earth written and formatted by Joseph Wilkinson 1. A mass extinction, thought to be related to Gondwana glaciations, occurred at the end of the Ordovician Period, killing over _______________ families of marine invertebrates. 2. The _______________ Period saw the advent of shelly fauna including _______________, _______________, _______________, _______________, and _______________. 3. Discuss the rise of the reptiles. When and why did it occur? 4. The earliest known vertebrate was a jawless cartilaginous fish known as an _______________, found in the Middle Ordovician _______________ Sandstone of _______________, _____. More recently discovered fish scales from the Upper Cambrian _______________ suggest that fish may have evolved as early as the Late Cambrian Period. 5. Recovery from the second Gondwana extinction was rapid. TRUE/FALSE 6. The Earth’s greatest extinction occurred at the end of the _______________ Period and destroyed about _______________ of all marine species, including _______________ of amphibians and _______________ of reptiles. 7. Permian synapsids included the orders _______________ and _______________ - specifically the species _______________. 8. Seed ferns are now completely extinct. TRUE/FALSE 9. Discuss the potential reasons for the explosion of life in the Ordovician Period. 10. The most common Ordovician invertebrates were the _______________, followed by the _______________. The _______________ were the most important reef builders of that period. 11. The index fossils for the Permian and Pennsylvanian Periods are the _______________. 12. The sparse, rare Ordovician plants were replaced by _______________ during the _______________ and _______________ Periods. 13. Gondwana glaciations caused great extinctions in the _______________ and _______________ Periods. Only high/low latitude or deep/shallow sea invertebrates survived the extinction (circle correct answers). 14. Name and describe five species of marine vertebrates. 15. The term “Age of Fishes” refers to the _______________ Period, while the term “The Time of the Great Dying” refers to the extinction in the _______________ Period. 16. Many plant groups had adapted to dry climates by the _______________ Period. 17. The genus _______________ (Suborder _______________) was a link to higher vertebrates during the Late Devonian Period. Amphibians such as _______________ of the Class _______________, Subclass _______________, and Order _______________ evolved from this genus. 18. Amphibians were the dominant land vertebrates during the _______________ and _______________ Periods. 19. Define vascular plant. 20. Late Cambrian life included about _______________ families of animals. By the Late Ordovician Period, that number had increased to about _______________. 21. The great Permian extinction was caused by a combination of factors, including changes in the _______________, _______________, and _______________ of the oceans as well as _______________, _______________, and _______________. These changes favored more/less mobile groups of animals. 22. The dominant predators of the Silurian period were the _______________. The dominant reef builders of the Silurian and Devonian Periods were a) brachiopods, b) gastropods, c) bryozoans, d) corals. 23. Synapsids were the first true reptiles. TRUE/FALSE 24. The Earth’s first land animals were _______________ Period _______________ and _______________ found in England. The first insects evolved during the _______________ Period and were found in _______________. 25. Name and describe five specific species of vascular plants. 26. The phylum _______________ accounted for 60% of all marine invertebrate fossils in the Cambrian Period; the phylum _______________ accounted for 20%. Other groups included _______________, _______________, and _______________. 27. The dominant invertebrates in the Kaskaskia Sea during the Mississippian Era were _______________. Coral reefs are prominent in/absent from Mississippian strata (circle correct answer). 28. Forests of vascular plants dominated the previously barren North American continent by the _______________ Period. 29. Pennsylvanian reptile groups included primitive reptiles called _______________, such as _______________ and _______________, as well as mammal-like reptiles known as _______________. 30. The dominant Cambrian reef builders, _______________, are used as index fossils for the Early Cambrian Period. 31. Name five types of vascular plants of the Silurian and Devonian Periods: _______________, _______________, _______________, _______________, and _______________. ANSWERS: 1. 100. 2. the Late Cambrian Period; cephalopods, corals, brachiopods, bryozoans, and crinoids. 3. Reptiles evolved in the Middle Pennsylvanian Period. They had a distinct evolutionary advantage as the first vertebrates to lay amniote eggs – these eggs’ hard shells protected them from predators and droughts, enabling reptiles to reproduce on land. 4. Ostracoderm; the Harding Sandstone of Canyon City, CO; Deadwood Sandstone. 5. TRUE 6. Permian Period; 95%; 75%; 80%. 7. the orders Therapsida and Pelycosauria (sail-backed reptiles); the species Dimetrodon (a Pelycosaur). 8. TRUE 9. The Ordovician Period saw the highest sea levels on Earth up to that time, the increase of atmospheric oxygen to near-present levels, the evolution of the shelly fauna, and an increase of predation – which hastened the evolution of new species. 10. brachiopods; bryozoans; bryozoans. 11. fusilinids. 12. vascular plants; Silurian and Devonian Periods. 13. Late Ordovician and Late Devonian Periods; high latitude or deep sea invertebrates. 14. The Agnatha – jawless, cartilaginous fish whose only living relatives are the lamprey and the hagfish – were joined by the jawed, also cartilaginous Acanthodians in the Late Silurian Period. The Placodermi (jawed, armored, cartilaginous), the Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish including modern sharks and rays), and the Osteichthyes (including modern bony, ray-finned fishes) joined them during the Devonian Period. 15. Devonian Period; Permian Period. 16. Mid-Permian. 17. Eusthenopteron; Rhipidistia; Ichthyostega; class Amphibia, subclass Labrynthodontia, order Ichthyosteglia. 18. Mississippian and Pennsylvanian Periods. 19. A vascular plant is a plant with a tissue system of cells specialized for the movement of water and nutrients. 20. 150; 400. 21. changes in the size, temperature, and salinity of the oceans; climactic fluctuations, volcanic activity, and global warming; more mobile groups. 22. eurypterids, D (corals). 23. FALSE; synapsids were not even true reptiles at all. 24. Silurian Period scorpions and millipedes; Devonian Period; Scotland. 25. Rhynia – a rootless, leafless spore-bearing plant resembling branching stems topped with spores; Lepidodendron and Sigillaria – club mosses (lycopsids); Calamites – a type of horsetail (sphenopsids); and Cordaites – a primitive conifer (gymnosperm). 26. trilobita; brachiopoda; archaeocyathids, mollusks, and echinoderms. 27. crinoids; absent from. 28. Devonian Period. 29. cotylosaurs; Hylonomus and Seymouria; synapsids. 30. archaeocyathids. 31. psilophytes, lycopsids, sphenopsids, seed ferns, and spore-bearing ferns.