Download AP Bio Chap 54 Community Ecology

AP Bio Chap 54 Community Ecology
1. What is a community?
2. Interspecific interactions are relationships between species in a community. ___________________
__________________________ occurs when species compete for a resource in short supply.
- can lead to _________________________ _______________________ or local elimination of a
competitive species
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What does Gause’s Competitive Exclusion Principle state?
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What is the ecological niche of an organism?
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What is resource partitioning?
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What is the difference in a fundamental niche and a realized niche?
Question: Two species of Anolis lizards are often found perched and feeding in the same trees, with
species I in the upper and outer branches, and species II occupying the shady inner branches. After
removing one or the other species in test trees, an ecologist observes the following results: Species I sis
found throughout the branches of trees in which it is now the sole occupant. Species II is still found only
in the shady interior when it is the sole occupant. What do these results indicate about the niches of
these two species?
3. __________________________ in an interaction in which one species kills and eats the other.
- What are some adaptations of the predator to be successful at this relationship?
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What are some adaptations of the prey?
4. ________________________ is a interaction in which an herbivore eats parts of a plant or alga
- List some of the herbivore’s adaptations:
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List some of the plant’s adaptations:
5. _________________________ is a relationship where two or more species live in direct and intimate
contact with one another. Give a + or - or 0 (no effect) for the following types:
a) Parasitism
b) Mutualism
c) Commensalism
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What is the difference in a obligate and facultative mutualism?
Question: Give types of symbiosis. If mututalism, be specific.
______________________Acacia Tree and Ants
______________________clown fish and sea anemones
_____________________epiphytes and trees they live on
_____________________cattle egrets and cattle that flush insects
____________________ microorganisms in termites and ruminants
6. Two fundamental features of community structure are species diversity and feeding relationships.
- What is species diversity?
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It has two components: Define each.
a) species richness
b) relative abundance
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Two species can have the same _____________________________ but a different _________
__________________________________.
What can you say about the species richness and species abundance of the two plots above?
7. _________________________________ is the feeding relationships between organisms in a
community.
- ________________________________ link trophic levels from producers to top carnivores
- ________________________________ diagrams complex trophic relationships
- With a food web, a food chain consists of ___________ or fewer links. According to the Energetic
Hypothesis, why is this so?
- Only about _________ percent of the biomass (total mass of all individuals) of one trophic level is
converted to the biomass of the next level.
8. Certain species have a large impact on community structure. What is a dominant species?
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Give two hypotheses that explain dominant species?
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How do invasive species become dominant?
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Give 4 examples of invasive species.
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What is a keystone species? Give an example.
11. What is ecological succession?
- Distinguish whether the following are primary or secondary succession and why.
(a) vegetation on a volcanic island
(b) trees coming back after the fire in the Okeefenokee Swamp
(c) The climax community is the stable final stage of succession. What would be the climax
community in the diagram depicted below?
13. Community biodiversity is affected by biogeographic features such as ________________________
and ________________________________.
a) It generally _________________ along an equatorial-polar gradients and is especially great in
the _____________________________________. .
a) Why do the tropics have greater biodiversity in terms of their climate and evolution?
c) Also, typically, a larger area has _________________ species.
14. Islands help ecologists to study factors that impact biodiversity.
conclusions about island ecology.
MacArthur came to the following
- species richness on islands depends on:
a)
b)
c)
d)
•
Question: An island's distance from a mainland source of new immigrants, despite its size, is an
important factor in species diversity. Even if two islands are the exact same size and all other factors are
constant, which island is more likely to attract a larger number of immigrant species?
15. Community ecology is useful for understanding pathogen life cycles and controlling human disease.
Pathogens can alter community structure quickly and extensively. The spread of pathogens has
been increased due to _____________________________________. _______________
Pathogens have been transferred from animals to humans, called a ________________________.
This can be direct or through a vector. Examples? ______________________________________