Download CHAPTER 53 READING GUIDE

CHAPTER 53 READING GUIDE
NAME ____________________________________________
DATE ____________________________________ PER ____
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:
WHAT IS A COMMUNITY?
1.
What is an ecological community?
2.
a.
What is species richness?
b.
What is relative abundance?
a.
What is the individual hypothesis of community structure?
b.
What is the interactive hypothesis of community structure?
a.
What is the rivet model of community structure?
b.
What is the redundance model of community structure?
3.
4.
INTERSPECIFIC INTERACTIONS AND COMMUNITY STRUCTURE
5.
6.
a.
Explain the +/- system used to explain interspecific interactions within a community.
b.
Assign the + and – signs as they apply in the following interactions and explain your choice.
signs
explanations
competition __________________
_____________________________________________________________
predation
__________________
_____________________________________________________________
parasitism
__________________
_____________________________________________________________
mutualism
__________________
_____________________________________________________________
commensalisn _________________
_____________________________________________________________
What is the competitive exclusion principle?
2
7.
a.
Define the term ecological niche.
b.
Explain it in your own words.
8.
Restate the competitive exclusion principle in terms of niches.
9.
Answer the following questions about the stratified distribution of barnacles due to competitive exclusion in the
example below.
a. Why is the realized niche occupied by Balanus not equal to its fundamental niche?
10.
b.
How is it known that the small realized niche of Chthamalus is only a fraction of its fundamental niche?
a.
What is resource partitioning?
b.
How does this effect survival of two species occupying the same niche?
c.
How is it possible for all of these species of lizard (Anolis) to live in this single ecosystem?
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11.
12.
a.
What is character displacement?
b.
How is this demonstrated in the Galapagos finches?
List several examples of how plants defend against herbivores.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
13.
What is cryptic coloration?
14.
a.
What is Batesian mimicry?
b.
List some examples.
a.
What is Mullerian mimicry?
b.
List some examples.
a.
What is parasitism?
b.
What is ectoparasitism? Give examples.
15.
16.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________
c.
What is endoparasitism? Give examples.
_________________________________
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17.
a.
What is mutualism?
b.
Explain the mutualistic relationships listed below:
Rhizobium and legumes
cows and bacteria
termites and Trichonympha
Zooxanthellae and coral
fungi and root hairs
acacia trees and ants
18.
19.
20.
a.
What is commensalisms?
b.
List some examples.
a.
What is the trophic structure of a community?
b.
What are those trophic steps from the step with the largest number of individuals to the step with the smallest
number?
c.
How many steps are in a typical food chain?
____________________________________________________________________________
Provide representative organisms for a terrestrial and marine food chain that would occupy the listed trophic
levels/steps.
terrestrial food chain
marine food chain
primary producer
___________________
________________
primary consumer
___________________
________________
secondary consumer
___________________
________________
tertiary consumer
___________________
________________
quaternary consumer
___________________
________________
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21.
22.
23.
24.
a.
What is a food web?
b.
Why is a food web a more accurate description of a community?
What are the two ways a food chain becomes a food web?
a.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
b.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
What are two ways to simplify a food web?
a.
____________________________________________________________________
b.
____________________________________________________________________
a.
What is the energetic hypothesis of why food chains are short?
b.
What is the numerical relationship that shows how much energy in one food chain is successfully transferred to
the next level?
25.
What is the dynamic stability hypothesis of food chains?
26.
a.
What determines which species is dominant in a community?
b.
What are the two ways a species can become dominant in a community?
_________________________________
____________________________________
27.
What is a keystone species?
28.
Explain the effect of the removal of the following keystone species from their communities.
a.
Pisaster
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29.
30.
31.
b.
sea otters
a.
What controls a community from the bottom up?
b.
What are the linkages between nutrients, plant number, herbivore number, and predators in this type of
community?
c.
How is this type of community effected by an addition of nutrients?
d.
How is this type of community effected by the addition or removal of predators?
a.
What controls a community in the top – down model?
b.
How do the linkages discussed in 29b different for this type of community?
Use the trophic cascade model to explain the following change in the number of predators.
a. an increase in predators
b.
a decrease in predators
DISTURBANCE AND COMMUNITY STRUCTURE
32.
What is the non – equilibrium model of a community?
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33.
List several examples of the types of disturbances that can affect a community.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
34.
What is ecological succession?
35.
a.
What are the ecological conditions associated with primary succession?
b.
What are the ecological conditions associated with secondary succession?
BIOGEOGRAPHICAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE BIODIVERSITY OF COMMUNITIES
36.
a.
What is referred to as the biodiversity of a community?
b.
What are the two components of the biodiversity of a community?
________________________________________
37.
38.
_____________________________________________
a.
What is the trend in species richness as one travels from the equator to higher latitudes?
b.
How do each of the following help explain this trend?
ecological time
____________________________________________________________________________
climate
____________________________________________________________________________
a.
What is indicated on a species – area graph line curve?
b.
What does the slope of a species – area graph line curve reveal?
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39.
What two factors determine the equilibrium species richness of an island?
__________________________________________
40.
________________________________________
Use the graphs below to explain how the equilibrium species richness is affected by
a. immigration and extinction.
b.
the size of the island.
c.
the distance of the island from the mainland.
d.
the number of species already present.