Download Arnoldi

Arnoldi
Honors Chemistry
Classification of Matter
Useful Diagrams: 2.3, 2.8, 2.11
I. Physical and Chemical Changes and Properties
A. Properties’ Definitions and Examples
1. __________:
characteristics of a substance which help to
identify it
a. Properties are used to ___________________.
b. Some Examples:
Mass: is a measure of the ______ of matter
Weight:
is a measure of the
_____________________ of
an object
Volume:
is a measure of the _________
__________by the object
c. Two Questions Can Be Asked
(i) __________ can be observed?
(ii) ______ does it behave with other substances?
2. ______ Property: a property that can be observed without
changing the nature of the substance
a. _______ Physical Property: dependent upon the sample size
b. ________ Physical Property: not dependent upon the sample size
(i) Looking at Density
(a) What is it?
density is a mass to volume ratio
(b) How is it found?
it is a ______ unit
(c) How does it relate to temperature and
pressure?
density ________ with T and P
_______ are more affected more
than solids and liquids
(d) So… which is heavier, a pound of
feathers or a pound of lead?
3. ________ Property
TYPE ONE PROMPT ONE
a property that can only be observed
when changing the substance
B. Changes’ Definitions and Examples
1. ___________:
new properties are made
2. ________ Change
when a substance changes FORM, but
NOT IDENTITY
What might have changed?
EXAMPLES:
Can be _________________ or _________________.
3. ________ Change
a change when the substance turns
into another substance by losing,
gaining, or rearranging atoms
What might have changed?
EXAMPLE:
AKA
Law of Conservation of Mass:
Example: 10 lb of log  9 lb ash, 1 lb smoke
4. _____________
TYPE ONE PROMPT TWO
a chemical change (making new
substances with new properties)
II. Background into Chemical Reactions
A. Identify each of the following using this chemical reaction:
4 C2H3O + 9 O2 (g) -->
8 CO2
(g)
+ 6 H2O (g) + energy
1. ________
what you started with
2. ________
what is made in the reaction
3. ________
(see later notes… solid, liquid, gas)
4. ________
shown as “energy”, “heat”, “light”
B. Indicators of a Chemical Reaction
1.
Indicators that ALWAYS Indicate a Change
2. Indicators the SOMETIMES Indicate a Change
TYPE ONE PROMPT THREE
III. The Matter Tree
A. Matter Tree
Matter
Can it be separated by ordinary
physical means? magnet, picking out,
boiling out, etc.
NO
YES
Can it be separated by
chemical means?
NO
YES
Is it the
same
throughout?
NO
YES
B. Important Definitions
1. ___________: anything that has mass and takes up space
How does matter relate to Energy? E = mc2
2. ___________: a substance that cannot be broken down by
ordinary chemical means
a. Element Symbols:
Examples:
sometimes, the ______ name is
the source of the chemical symbol
Fe – Ferrum (iron)
Cu – Cuprum (copper
Pb – Plumbum (lead)
Na (Natrium) Sodium
Sn (Stannum) Tin
Au (Aurum) Gold
W – Wolfram … (German) … Tungsten
elements are also named after
b. NIB Relative Abundance
Lone Elements:
Combined Elements:
*Most elements are found combined in nature.
Oxygen is the most common element on Earth. It
makes up _______ of the Earth’s crust, _____ by
weight of the Earth’s water and ____ by weight of
the Earth’s atmosphere.
Silicon makes up _______ of the Earth’s crust.
The next six most abundant are ____________
_________. The remaining elements make up less
than 2% of the Earth.
In living things, the most abundant elements are
3. ___________ when two or more elements are CHEMICALLY combined
4. ___________ any substance with uniform and definite composition
Constant Composition:
Elements and compounds have constant composition.
(_____________)
5. ___________ two or more substances that are PHYSICALLY
combined, each of which retains its own properties
Can be …
6. ________________ Mixture (AKA mechanical mixture)
This mixture shows phases (visible, distinct parts of the
mixture). It is NOT EVENLY MIXED. It is not the same
throughout.
EXAMPLES:
a. This will show different _____ (visible, distinct parts
of the mixture).
b. Types of Mechanical Mixtures
c. Mechanical mixtures may show the ____________.
TE = the bouncing of light (reflection) off of the
particles in a mixture
For TE to occur, the particles must be sufficiently
big.
7. ________________ Mixture (AKA Solutions)
This mixture is transparent (I did not say colorless)
and evenly mixed. Every sample throughout the mixture
is the same. However, they do not have constant
composition from one solution to the next.
a. Comparing Mechanical Mixtures and Solutions:
Solutions
homogeneous
Colloids
heterogeneous
Suspensions
heterogeneous
Emulsions
heterogeneous
smallest
middle
largest
Will Settle Out / Able
to be Filtered
Tyndall Effect
do not
cannot
NO
do not
cannot
YES
yes
yes
MAYBE
a little bigger
than colloids
yes
yes
YES
Examples
salt water,
koolaid, anything
transparent
gels, foams,
milk, fog, jello,
whipped cream
muddy water,
oil and vinegar,
calamine lotion
Homogeneous or
Heterogeneous
Particle Size
mayonnaise,
liquid
foundation
make-up
b. Types of Solutions
gas particles in liquid phase…
solid particles in liquid phase…
gas particles in gas phase…
solid particles in solid phase…
etc.
8. _________: the substance that is dissolved in the mixture
9. _______: the substance that does the dissolving in the mixture
10. ______:the smallest piece of an element that retains the
characteristics of that element
11. _______:the smallest piece of a compound that retains the
characteristics of that compound
Usually, molecules are assumed to be compounds, but…
a. ________ Molecules: an atom, but also a molecule
(they are single atoms, that act like molecules – i.e.
they experience intermolecular forces – IMF)
EXAMPLES:
b. ________ Molecules two of the same atom, chemically combined
(these elements are never found as singular atoms in nature)
EXAMPLES:
c. _________ Molecules (ions): aka polyatomic ions
EXAMPLES:
TYPE ONE PROMPT FOUR
B. Characteristics of a Compound
Composition: _____________ composition
Example: H2O1
Properties: are ________ from the original substances
that make up the compound
Example:
Separated by…
H is flammable
water puts out fire
O feeds fire
__________ means
C. Characteristics of a Mixture
Composition: ____________, not constant
Properties: are __________ the substances that make it up
the constituents retain their original properties
Separated by…
___________ means
_________: pulling apart by particle size
small goes through, large is caught
_________: taking apart via boiling point
D. States of Matter
1. There are _________ phases/states of of matter, but
________ main phases / states of matter we deal with in
chemistry.
They are:
solid,
liquid and
gas
Shape
definite
indefinite
indefinite
Volume
definite
definite
indefinite
Compressibility
can’t be
can’t be
Movement of Particles
limited
more
can be
(expanded, too)
most
Plasma: high energy gas where electrons escape from the atoms (occurs in
the sun).