Download Kingdom Protista

Kingdom Protista
•Unicellular or colonial eukaryotes, microscopic
•About 64,000 species – over half identified from fossil remains
(radiolarians and “forams”)
•Huge diversity of intracellular specialization – division of labor by variety
of organelles.
•All imaginable kinds of symmetry present
•No tissues/organs
•Many free-living, symbiotic and parasitic forms
•Locomotion by cilia, flagella, or pseudopodia
Cilia and Flagella
•Both are composed of microtubules and connected to cell membrane.
•Main difference is length…
•Cilia usually grouped, flagella single (human sperm)
•Cilia common in human body for use in moving substances like dust,
mucous, etc.
•Protists and gametes use for locomotion.
Pseudopodia
•Seen in certain Protists like Amoeba, also in white blood cells and
embryonic cells
•Microfilaments made of the protein “actin” push the cell membrane in one
direction.
•The rest of the cell “flows” into the projection, or pseudopod. Movement!
•Protista Continued…
•Some have a test (shell), most do not
•Acquire nutrition from all possible sources – some autotrophs,
heterotrophs, saprozoic and combinations of these.
•Reproduction most often is asexual, but many can also reproduce
sexually
–Asexual: by binary fission cells duplicate by mitosis.
–Sexual: gametes are produced and mixed (as in Volvox) or micronuclei
are exchanged during conjugation (as in Paramecium)
The Importance of Protists
•Plant-like protists, or “Algae,” form the basis of most freshwater and
marine ecosystems.
•Over half of the photosynthesis on earth occurs in protists like Euglena
and Volvox.
•Many important human and agricultural animal diseases caused by
protists. These are especially common in countries with poor public
health.
Kingdom Plantae (plants)
Plants are multicellular eukaryotic photoautotrophs.
They (usually) have roots, stems and leaves
295,000 species, most are ‘flowering plants’
All plant cells are surrounded by a cell wall made of cellulose.
Green parts of plants have cells housing chloroplasts, which contains the
major pigments (chlorophyll a and b)
Most plants store Starch as an energy reserve
Leaves and stems often protected by a waxy cuticle secreted by cells
The Bryophytes
(mosses and liverworts)
23,000 species of primitive low-growing moisture loving plants
These plants are non-vascular, meaning that they have no organized water
conduction tissues (xylem or phloem)
These plants exhibit obvious Alternation of Generations:
Gametophyte, the green leafy base (haploid)
Sporophyte, produces spores and grows from tip of leafy gametophyte
(diploid)
Seedless Vascular Plants (Ferns, and horsetails)
Like the bryophytes, these plants require water for reproduction, due to
motile sperm
Also, produce spores for reproduction, not seeds
Gametophyte and sporophyte stages each about half of lifecycle
These plants have Xylem (water conducting tissues) and Phloem (food
conducting tissue) as seen in modern plants (gymnosperms and
angiosperms)
Gymnosperms
(The ‘evergreens’ – conifers, cycads and ginkgos)
Produce ‘naked seeds’ without fruits
Most of the plant, most of the time, is diploid (sporophyte generation)
Conifers tend to be monoecious, with male cones (pollen bearers) on the
top of the tree, and female cones (with seeds) on the lower tree parts
Cycads produce one huge cone (♂ or ♀)
Ginkgos are both male and female and have unusual reproductive parts
Certain conifers are the tallest and oldest plants on earth
Angiosperms- flowering plants (all the other plants)
Produce seeds inside a carpel or fruit
Again, sporophyte stage is dominant
250,000 species- includes all plants with true flowers.
Two classes: monocots and dicots
Monocots – orchids, palms, grasses
Dicots – trees, shrubs, veggies, daisies
Pollination Vectors
Bees
Nectar of flower their chief source of nourishment
Prefer blue and yellow flowers
lines on flower petals that lead bees to the nectar
Ultraviolet patterns on flowers visible to bees
Beetles
Flowers generally white or dull in color
Strong yeasty, spicy, or fruity odors
 Flies
Flowers dull red or brown
Foul odors
Flowers called "carrion flowers"
 Moths, Butterflies and Birds
Flowers bright red or yellow and large inflorescences
Bats
Generally tropical flowers that open at night
Fruits of Angiosperms
After fertilization, the ovary component of the pistil matures into a fruit.
In general, fruits may be classified as simple, aggregate or multiple.
At maturity, a given fruit may be dry or fleshy: dehiscent or indehiscent.
Whatever the type, the angiosperm fruit serves two important functions:
1. to protect the seeds during their maturation
2. to effectively disperse the mature seeds. The chief agents in seed and
fruit dispersal are wind, water and animals.
Common groups of Trees and their leaves
Maple trees (7 species in Oklahoma)
Oak Trees (26 species in Oklahoma)
More Trees…
Hackberry (7 species in Oklahoma)
Sycamore (1 species, several cultivars)
More Trees
Redbud Tree (state tree – one species)
Cedars (5 species – one ‘problem’ species)
Kingdom Fungi
Features of Fungi
Fungi are eukaryotic heterotrophs
Cells have cell walls
Otherwise, mode of nutrition (metabolism) more like animal cells
Basic structure of fungi:
Hyphae- tubular threads of cells
Mycelium- the ‘body’ of the fungus, composed of a mass of hyphae.
Found underground or in wood or other decaying matter.
How a fungus eats…
Saprobes: release digestive juices from hyphae and absorb surrounding
dead material.
Parasites: (as in ‘athlete’s foot’) release enzymes into living tissue and
live off of digested cells.
Mycorrhizae: symbiotic fungi which live on plant roots. Fungi increases
plant’s water absorbtion, and plant provides fungi with food. (ex: morels)
What are Mushrooms?
They are the ‘fruits of a fungus,’ which contain spores, not seeds.
Fungi are not plants, but belong to a different kingdom of living things.
The majority of a fungus is invisible, hidden underground or in other
material the fungus is absorbing for food.
Mushrooms ‘pop up’ to distribute spores via wind, water and ingestion by
animals
Evidence of a lawn fungus…
The fungus fruits…
(mushrooms appear)
Kingdom Animalia
What’s an Animal?
A Eukaryotic multicellular heterotroph without cells walls.
This includes a HUGE number of organisms you may not think of as
animals…
Over 95% of animal species invertebrates (have no backbone), and most
of these live in the sea.
Current estimates are between 20 and 50 million total animal species –
mostly due to new research!
The
largest group of animals are the insects, and there may be 1 million
species of beetles alone…
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Porifera: the sponges
Phylum Porifera
characteristics
Sessile filter feeders (living seawater filters)
No true tissues, therefore no organs.
No reliable body symmetry (somewhat random)
Body covered in pores for water flow
Spicules, composed of calcium carbonate or silicon dioxide, and/or the
protein “spongin” provide skeletal support, also collagen (most common
animal protein) plays a structural role.
Specialized cells perform various functions
Most are Monoecious (produce male and female sex cells in one
individual)
Phylum Cnidaria
(jellyfish, anemones, corals)
PHYLUM CNIDARIA
“cnide” means nettle or stinger- most of the ~9000 species have
cnidocysts or stinging cells
found primarily in the sea, except for a few freshwater jellyfish…
Radial symmetry (5-fold)
Two true tissue layers: (“diploblastic”)
Two body plans: polyp (sessile) and medusa (motile)
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Phylum Platyhelminthes
These animals are commonly known as flatworms
They are triploblastic and have bilateral symmetry
no body cavity, dorso-ventrally compressed
Most flatworms are parasites of chordates (fish, reptiles, mammals, etc..)
These are the tapeworms and flukes
The non-parasitic members of the group exhibit “cephalization” or the
presence of a “head end” on the animal
Triploblastic Animal Body Plans
A pseudocoelom (right) is a body cavity lined partially with mesoderm,
and partially with endoderm.
A coeloem (lower right) is lined totally by mesoderm.
Phylum Nematoda – The Roundworms
Phylum Nematoda
More than 80,000 species identified so far, at least that many more to be
named…
Nematode worms are found in almost every environment – fresh and salt
water, in the soil, parasites of plants, animals and fungi
About 50 species parasitize humans…
All are cylindrical and smooth, with very simple sensory systems
Range in size from microscopic to more than a meter in length.
Phylum Annelida
The segmented worms
Annelid Features
Earth’s most advanced worms; ~15,000 species
All are eucoelomate (have body cavity like ours)
Most are marine, and none are endoparasitic (many are ectoparasites,
though…)
Segmentation means that parts like hearts, nephridia, and muscle groups
repeat in series down the animal’s length
Most have hairs or setae that are of functional and taxonomic importance
Similar nervous system to arthropods
Head specialized to include differentiated organs like tentacles, palps and
eyespots
Phylum Mollusca
clams, mussels, snails, slugs, octopuses, squid
Mollusc features
Diverse eucoelomate animals ~50,000 species
Contains the most intelligent (by far) group of invertebrates- the
cephalopods: octopuses, squids, and cuttlefishes
Most have a shell, mantle and foot
Aquatic forms with gills, land forms with ‘lungs’
Most numerous group are the ‘gastropods’- the snails and slugs
Make extensive use of cilia for feeding, respiration, digestion..
Phylum Echinodermata
(starfish, brittlestars, sea urchins, sand dollars, etc.)
Phylum Echinodermata
Name means “spiny skin”
Spiky marine animals , ~7000 species
Diverged from same line of animals that produced chordates
Modern echinoderms primarily motile forms
All are triploblastic, but unlike other animals in many ways… weird.
radial symmetry
Most common members are brittle stars- smaller bonier relatives of
starfish
The Arthropods
Crabs, shrimp, insects, spiders, ticks, copepods, etc…
Phylum Arthropoda
More animals belong to this group than to all others. Greatest number of
species; ~900,000 known.
Eucoelomate with developed organ systems, also metamerism
(segmentation) as seen in annelids
Exoskeleton containing chitin, jointed at body segments and limb joints
Appendages paired and jointed, as well as diversely formed for huge
variety of specialized functions.
Subphylum Crustacea
Crabs, Lobsters, shrimps, copepods, isopods, amphipods, krill
The “insects of the sea” (not insects, though)
~30,000 species
Two pairs of antenae, a pair of mandibles, and a pair of maxillae
Head and thorax often combined into cephalothorax
Primarily marine, some species in freshwater and a few on land
(amphipods and isopods)
All appendages branched (biramous)
Subphylum Chelicerata
Spiders, ticks, scorpions, harvestmen
Order Araneae: Spiders-~35,000 species
Spiders feed by injecting venom from fangs on their chelicerae, then
softening the prey with “teeth” on the pedipalps.
Eight pairs of simple eyes, and sensory hairs are most important sensory
equipment.
Spiders spin different kinds of silk from spinnerets on abdomen (see fig.
18-6)
Class Insecta (hexapoda)
More species of insects than all other animal species combined
This is the ‘age of the insects’
Three pairs of legs, two pairs of wings
Live in most environments except deep marine
Utilize every mode of food gathering possible (even endoparasites)
The Chordates
(vertebrates and their relatives)
Phylum Chordata
All members have these features
at some point in life:
Notochord: a dorsal stiffening rod
Dorsal hollow nerve cord: this is the spinal cord in vertebrates
Pharyngeal gill slits: slits or grooves in pharynx
Postanal tail: only apes and frogs have no tails as adults
Chordate groups
Fishes:
Agnatha- the jawless fishes (lampreys and hagfish)
Chondrichthyes- the cartilaginous fishes (sharks, rays, skates)
Osteichthyes- the bony fishes (all other kinds of fish. The ones you eat,
fish for, keep in a tank, etc)
Chordate groups
Amphibians:
Order Anura- Frogs and Toads, tail-less amphibians evolved for jumping.
~3500 species:
Order Caudata- Salamanders, ~350 species: All have tail, complex
breeding behavior, very cold tolerant
Order Gymnophiona- Caecilians, legless amphibians. Few species, all
tropical, most are subterranean worm eaters
Amphibians
Amniotic egg
(reptiles, birds and early mammals)
Chordate Groups
Reptiles:
Testudines- turtles. No teeth, beak instead. Defense is the shell made of
fused vertebrae, ribs and skin bones called scutes. Longest-lived
vertebrates
Squamates- Lizards and snakes. Small intelligent reptiles with good
sensory systems.
Crocodilians- Related to the ancestors of dinosaurs and closely related to
birds as well. Lots of parental care, vocalizing. All are impressive
predators
Class Aves- the birds
Descended from small theropod (meat-eating) dinosaurs.
Lightweight skulls with much flexibility, large brains and no teeth (beak
instead).
endothermic (warm-blooded) due to high metabolic rate. Can live in very
cold climates!
Body covered in feathers
Finest respiratory systems on earth. One lung, many air sacs
Highly evolved social behaviors like migration, parental care, complex
vocalization and mimicry, mate selection…
Large
number of species (~9000) for a huge variety of habitats/food
preferences/lifestyles
Class Mammalia
You know! People, dogs, cats, dolphins, etc…
The often-discussed mammalian features are: mammary glands, hair
and/or fur, heterodont teeth, endothermy, and a big brain with thick
neocortex
Mammals also have the finest combination of sensory systems, and some
of the highest metabolic rates (shrews) of any animals.
Social mammals (whales & dolphins, apes, dogs) are most intelligent
animals on the planet (we think…)
More Mammals…
Order Monotremata- egg layers (like platypus)
Order Marsupialia- pouched animals which used to be dominant
mammals on earth. Now most live in South america and Australia. NA
species is Opossum.
Infraclass Eutheria- the placental mammals
Mammal orders: Insectivora, Chiroptera, Primates, Lagomorpha,
Rodentia, Cetacea, Carnivora, Perissodactyla, Artiodactyla