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Study Guide
Human Body
Homeostasis
Organ system
Neuron
Gland
Cartilage
Extensor
Cell
Nervous System
Brain
Hormone
Ligaments
Tendons
Tissue
Central Nervous System
Spinal cord
Skeletal System
Muscular System
Respiratory System
Organ
Peripheral Nervous System
Endocrine System
Marrow
Flexor
Respiration
Homeostasis -the maintenance of a stable internal environment inside the body.
Cell - the basic unit of all living things that can perform all of life’s functions.
Tissue - a group of similar cells that perform a common function.
Organ - a collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body.
Organ System- organs that work together to perform a specific function.
Nervous System - the body system responsible for receiving and sending electrical messages throughout the body.
Central Nervous System - the brain and spinal cord.
Peripheral Nervous System - all of the parts of the nervous system except for the brain and spinal cord.
Neuron - a nerve cell specialized to receive and conduct electrical impulses.
Brain - the main control center of the nervous system.
Spinal cord - a collection of neurons and axon bundles that pass impulses to and from the brain.
Endocrine system - a collection of glands and groups of cells that secrete hormones.
Gland - a group of cells that make special chemicals (hormones) for the body.
Hormone - a chemical messenger made in one cell or tissue that causes a change in another cell or tissue in another part
of the body.
Skeletal System - the organ system whose primary function is to support and protect the body, allowing it to move.
Marrow- soft tissue in bones that either stores fat and nutrients or is responsible for blood cell production.
Cartilage - flexible tissue that cushions joints and makes up flexible parts of the body like the nose and ears.
Ligaments - strong elastic bands of connective tissue that hold joints together.
Muscular System - the organ system whose primary function is movement and flexibility.
Flexor- a muscle that bends (flexes) part of your body.
Extensor- a muscle that extends (straightens) part of your body.
Tendons - strands of tough connective tissue that connect your skeletal muscles to your bones.
Respiratory System - a collection of organs whose primary function is to take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide.
Respiration - the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen between living cells and their environment.
1. Describe one way the body can fall out of homeostasis, and react in order to maintain homeostasis. (pg. 149)
There are many examples:
When you are hot, your body gives off heat or sweats to return the body to its normal temperature.
When you need to get rid of waste, your body exhales, sweats, or uses the restroom.
When you are sick, your body increases its temperature to encourage the immune system to work.
2. Put the following terms in order from smallest to largest: tissue, organ system, cell, organ (pg. 150-151)
Cell, tissue, organ, organ system, (organism)
3. List and describe the four types of tissue found in the human body. (pg. 150-151)
Epithelial tissue - covers and protects underlying tissue. (ex. Skin)
Nervous tissue - sends electrical signals through the body. (ex. Brain)
Muscle tissue - made of cells that contract and relax to produce movement. (ex. Biceps)
Connective tissue - joins, supports, protects, insulates, nourishes, and cushions organs. (ex. Ligaments)
4. Explain how the pituitary gland is involved in the Endocrine System.
The pituitary gland receives messages from the brain and hypothalamus. It then decides which Endocrine
gland(s) need to respond, and sends hormones to cause that response.
5. Complete the following table about the Endocrine System (pg. 241):
Gland
Hormone
Thyroid
thyroxine
Parathyroid
parathormone
Thymus
Killer T Cells
Adrenal glands
Epinephrine or Adrenaline
Pancreas
Insulin and glucagon
Job/Function
Body growth
Metabolism
Nervous system development
Regulates calcium levels in the
blood
Regulates the immune system
Helps the body respond to danger
by increasing heart and breathing
rate
Regulates blood-sugar
6. L
ist
fou
r
jobs
/fu
ncti
ons
of
7. List four functions of the skeletal system (pg. 154)
a. protection (ribs, skull, vertebrae)
b. storage (minerals and fat stored in yellow marrow)
c. movement (muscles connect to bones to cause movement)
d. blood cell formation (red marrow)
8. Complete the following table about the joints of the skeletal system (pg. 156)
Joint
Example
Gliding
Wrists and ankles
Ball and Socket
Shoulder
Hinge
Elbow and Knee
Pivot
Neck
9. List and describe the three types of muscle. (pg. 158)
a. skeletal muscle- connected to bones to allow movement
b. smooth muscle- found in digestive organs like the stomach and blood vessels
c. cardiac muscle – found in the heart
10. If a muscle is under your control, is it voluntary or involuntary?(pg. 158) voluntary
11. If a muscle is not under your control, is it voluntary or involuntary? (p. 158) involuntary
12. Complete the chart below:
Muscle
Heart
Bicep
Intestine
Skeletal, Cardiac or Smooth?
Cardiac
Skeletal
Smooth
Voluntary or Involuntary?
Involuntary
Voluntary
Involuntary
13. All muscles work in pairs. The muscle that is bending is called the (flexor or extensor)(pg.159)flexor.
14. The muscle that is straightening is called the (flexor or extensor) (pg. 159) extensor.
15. Using the following terms (trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli and capillaries), explain how oxygen goes from
the air into your bloodstream in paragraph form.
Air enters through the nose or mouth and then travels through the pharynx (throat) and the larynx (voice
box). It then travels down the trachea (windpipe) and towards the lungs. At the bottom of the trachea, it travels
through one of the bronchi (either left or right) and then through the bronchioles. Once there, it continues into the
alveoli. Attached to the alveoli are capillaries (tiny blood vessels). The oxygen from the air can then travel into the
blood through the capillaries.
16. Label the following diagram showing the Respiratory System (pg. 190):
Word Bank
Pharynx
Bronchus
Mouth
Alveoli
Trachea
Diaphragm
Lung
Bronchus
Larynx
Nose
Bronchiole
1. nose
2. mouth
3. larynx (voice box)
4. lung
5. bronchus
6. diaphragm
7. pharynx (throat)
8. trachea (windpipe)
9. bronchus
10 bronchioles
11. alveoli
17. What part of the respiratory system is responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in and out of
your blood? (pg. 192)
alveoli
18. What wraps around the alveoli that will allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to go into the blood?
capillaries
19. Describe one of the disorders related to the respiratory system. (pg. 193)
Asthma – causes the bronchioles to narrow so that the person has difficulty breathing.
SARS - a virus that causes the person to have a fever and difficulty breathing.
Emphysema- happens when the alveoli have been damaged causing the person to have trouble getting the
oxygen they need.