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CP Biology 1st Semester Study Guide 2015
Chapter 1
Common features of living things
Three Domains and Five Kingdoms
SI/metric units
Ch 1 Vocabulary:
Prokaryotic cells
Eukaryotic cells
Species
Theory
Hypothesis
Inference
Independent variable
Dependent variable
Control
Constants
Chapter 2 - Chemistry
Structure of the atom
Periodic table – calculate number of protons, neutrons, electrons
Ionic vs. covalent bonds
Hydrogen bonds and water
pH scale – acid , base , neutral
Ch 2 Vocabulary:
Matter
Atom
Element
Compound
Proton
Neutron
Electron
Nucleus
Atomic number
Atomic mass
Isotope
Ion
Ionic bond
Covalent bond
Molecule
Single bond
Double bond
Nonpolar
Polar covalent bond
Polar molecule
Hydrogen bond
Cohesion
Adhesion
Surface tension
Solution
Solvent
Solute
Aqueous solution
Buffers
Chemical reaction
Reactants
Products
Chapter 2 – Biological Molecules
General carbon atom info
Functional group examples
Dehydration reaction
Hydrolysis reaction
Major categories of organic compounds, examples, characteristics
Proteins- levels of structure, amino acid structure
Nucleic acids – structure, bases for DNA & RNA, nucleotide structure
Nitrogen base pairs
Organic compound
Hydrocarbons
Isomers
Functional group
Hydrophilic
Hydrophobic
Macromolecule
Polymer
Monomer
Carbohydrate
Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
Polysaccharide
Lipid
Triglyceride
Unsaturated fat
Saturated fat
Phospholipids
Protein
Enzymes
Amino acid
Peptide bond
Polypeptide
Denatured protein
Nucleic acids
DNA
RNA
Nucleotide
Nitrogenous base
Double helix
CP Biology 1st Semester Study Guide 2015
Chapter 3
Parts of the microscope
Why most cells are microscopic – surface area to volume ratio
Diagram of a cell – prokaryote, eukaryote/plant and animal
Names and functions of cell organelles
Enzymes – how they function
Ch 3 Vocabulary:
Light microscope
Magnification
Resolution
Cell theory
Prokaryotic cells
Eukaryotic cells
Plasma membrane
Ribosomes
Nucleoid region
Cell wall
Capsule
Pili
Prokaryotic flagella
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Nucleus
Chromatin/chromosome
Nuclear envelope/membrane
Nucleolus
Vesicles
Endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Golgi apparatus
Lysosome
Vacuole
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules
Cilia
Flagella
Basal body
Plasmodesmata
Extracellular matrix
Energy of activation
Enzyme
Substrate
Active site
Induced fit
Cofactors
Coenzyme
Chapter 3.3
Membrane purpose, structure, functions, Fluid mosaic model of membranes
Differences between active/passive transport
Movement of solute molecules with passive transport
Difference between facilitated diffusion/active transport
Movement of water molecules with osmosis
What happens to a plant or animal cell in hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic solutions
Selectively permeable membrane
Processes of exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis
Ch 3.3 Vocabulary:
Energy
Kinetic energy
Potential energy
Chemical energy
Entropy
Endergonic reactions
Exergonic reactions
Cellular respiration
ATP
Phosphorylation
Diffusion
Passive transport
Osmosis
Facilitated diffusion
Isotonic
Hypotonic
Hypertonic
Plasmolysis
Active transport
CP Biology 1st Semester Study Guide 2015
Chapter 4
ATP: full name, structure, ATP cycle
How enzymes speed up reactions, function and factors Affecting Enzyme speed
How inhibitors work including competitive, noncompetitive, feedback inhibition
Redox reactions - concept
Photosynthesis – definition, overall equation
Basic parts of a plant cell
Identify reactant oxidized and reactant reduced
Major reactants and products for both stages of photosynthesis
The structure of a chloroplast and what happens where
Role of ATP/ADP, NADPH/NADP+, H+, RuBP, H2O, G3P
Compare & contrast photosystem I and photosystem II
Ch 4 Vocabulary:
Stomata (stoma- singular)
Stroma
Thylakoids
Grana (granum- singular)
Light reactions
Calvin cycle
Carbon fixation
Electromagnetic energy
Wavelength
Pigment
Reaction center
1̊ electron acceptor
Photophosphorylation
C3 plants
C4 plants
CAM plants
Chapter 4.3
Compare and contrast photosynthesis and cellular respiration
Difference between cellular respiration and “breathing” respiration
General cellular respiration equation, total ATP produced, % energy of glucose harvested
Cellular respiration – name four phases, starting reactants/ending products of each phase, location of each
process, general understanding of each process, number of ATP & product at each stage produced by 1
glucose molecule
Role of NAD+, FAD, Coenzyme A
Similarities and differences between aerobic cellular respiration, anaerobic lactic acid (lactate) production,
anaerobic alcohol production, general reaction of each pathway
Describe the process for carbohydrates, fats and proteins to enter the cellular respiration process.
Be prepared to name some of the major organic molecules on diagrams of glycolysis and the citric acid
cycle.
Describe the difference between oxidative phosphorylation and substrate-level phosphorylation and where
each occurs.
Compare and contrast structure of chloroplasts vs. mitochondria
Ch 4.3 Vocabulary:
Cellular respiration
Redox reactions
Oxidation
Reduction
Substrate-levelphosphorylation
Chemiosmosis
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Fermentation/Lactate
Fermentation/Alcohol
Mitochondria
Cristae/ Mitochondrial
membrane
Mitochondrial matrix
Catabolism
Anabolism
Glucose
ATP & ADP
NAD+ & NADH
FAD & FADH2
ATP Synthase
G3P
Pyruvate
Acetyl-CoA
Citrate
(Ooa) Oxaloacetate
Ethanol
Lactate