Download ВАРИАНТ 1

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ № 1
Для того чтобы правильно выполнить задание № 1, необходимо
усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка по рекомендованному
учебнику.
1. Имя существительное. Множественное число. Артикли и предлоги
как показатели имени существительного. Выражения падежных отношений в
английском языке с помощью предлогов и окончания-s. Существительное в
функции определения и его перевод на русский язык.
2. Имя прилагательное. Степени сравнения имен прилагательных.
Конструкции типа the more... the less.
3. Числительные.
4. Местоимения: личные, притяжательные, вопросительные,
указательные, неопределенные и отрицательные.
5. Форма настоящего (Present), прошедшего (Past) и будущего (Future)
времени группы Indefinite действительного залога изъявительного
наклонения. Спряжение глаголов to be, to have в Present, Past и Future
Indefinite. Повелительное наклонение и его отрицательная форма.
6. Простое распространенное предложение: прямой порядок слов
повествовательного и побудительного предложений в утвердительной и
отрицательной формах; обратный порядок слов вопросительного
предложения. Оборот there is (are).
Образец выполнения 1 (к упр. I)
Грамматическая функция окончания – s
1. We time our watches by radio.
Мы проверяем свои часы по радио.
Watches — множественное число от имени существительного а watch часы.
2. Our lab assistant watches this
scientific TV programme every day.
Наш лаборант ежедневно смотрит
эту научную телепередачу.
Watches —3-е лицо единственного числа от стандартного глагола to watch в
Present Indefinite.
3. We hope that the young scientist's
experimental work will be successful.
Мы надеемся, что
экспериментальная работа
молодого, ученого будет успешной.
В слове scientist's - s — окончание притяжательного падежа имени
существительного в единственном числе.
4. Soviet scientists' research work is
of great value for the development of
science and engineering.
Научно-исследовательская работа
советских ученых имеет большую
ценность для развития науки и
техники.
Слово scientists' — форма притяжательного падежа имени существительного
a scientist во множественном числе.
Образец выполнения 2 (к упр. II)
Особенности перевода на русский язык английских имен существительных,
употребляющихся в функции определения, стоящего перед определяемым
словом.
1.This Works increases steel
production.
Этот завод увеличивает
производство стали.
2. This Works increases high-quality
steel production.
Этот завод увеличивает
производство высококачественной
стали.
Образец выполнения 3 (к упр. V)
The great Russian poet Pushkin loved
Moscow and spent there nearly a
third of his short life.
Великий русский поэт Пушкин
любил Москву и провел там почти
треть своей короткой жизни.
Loved — Past Indefinite Active от стандартного глагола to love любить; spent
- Past Indefinite Active от нестандартного глагола to spend проводить.
ВАРИАНТ 1
I. Перепишите предложения. Определите по грамматическим
признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием -s,
никакую функцию это окончание выполняет, т. е. служит ли оно:
а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;
б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.
1. Moscow is one of the world's cultural and scientific centres.
2. The first mentioning of Moscow in chronicles dates back (относится) to 1147.
3. The researcher states that the new method of work is of great importance for the
fulfilment of the plan.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, учитывая
особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем
существительным (см. образец выполнения 2).
1.They discussed the 11th Five-Year economic development plan.
2.There are many new machine building factories in the country.
3.Our Institute building is high.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы
сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.
1.This film is more interesting than that one.
2.The more you read, the better you know the subject.
3.The second text is not so difficult for translation as the first one.
IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие
предложения, обращая особое внимание на перевод неопределенных
местоимений.
1.There are some 150 museums in Moscow.
2.Any museum of Moscow is of great interest to us.
3.Do they take any books with them?
V. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них
видовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите
предложения на русский язык.
1.Muscovites celebrated the 64th Anniversary of the Great October Socialist
Revolution as their biggest holiday.
2.The Lenin Mausoleum is in Red Square.
3.In 1980 the best sportsmen from five continents met in Moscow.
VI. Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 4-й абзацы
текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2 и 4-й абзацы.
MOSCOW
1.Moscow became the capital of the first socialist state in 1918. In those
difficult post-Revolution days the work started on the first plan for the construction
and reconstruction of Moscow.
2.Now Moscow's boundaries expanded considerably. Moscow today is an
advanced socialist industrial city. Moscow is a main production and technical base
of the country's socialist industry. There are many new industries in Moscow now,
such as: machine-tool building, instrument-making, radio-engineering, electronics,
chemical industry, etc. Moscow plants produce such goods as lorries and passenger
vehicles, sea-going and river vessels, diesel locomotives, precision instruments and
other types of industrial equipment.
3.All these achievements are the result of Muscovites' generous labour, of
their greatest desire to make their city even better and more beautiful.
4.Moscow is the capital of a multinational state. The Russians and Uzbeks,
Ukrainians and Tajiks study side by side in its institute halls and library reading
rooms. They work together at numerous factories and plants of the great capital.
Today students who study at higher schools represent all the nationalities of the
Soviet Union.
5.Moscow is the heart of the cultural life of the country. The city has some
fifty theatres, many concert halls, numerous cinemas, about one hundred and fifty
museums, many stadiums and sport halls. It is Moscow that peoples of the whole
world look with hope to in their fight for peace and independence.
VII. Прочтите 5-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных ниже
вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный
ответ на поставленный вопрос.
How many museums are there in Moscow?
1.There are fifty museums in Moscow.
2.There are one hundred and five museums in Moscow.
3.There are about one hundred and fifty museums in Moscow.
ВАРИАНТ 2
I.
Перепишите
следующие
предложения.
Определите
по
грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова,
оформленные окончанием -s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.
е. служит ли оно:
а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;
б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного (см.
образец выполнения 1).
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Не works only five days a week.
2. We all know the works of this great Soviet writer.
3. We visited Kiev's famous St. Sophia Cathedral.
II.
Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая
внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений,
выраженных именем существительным (см. образец выполнения 2).
1.These engineers deal with cosmic ray studies.
2.The Kiev, underground is short, but beautiful.
3.This light industry establishment is not far from our Institute.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные
формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.
1.This museum is more interesting than that one.
2.We discussed the most important problems at the meeting yesterday.
3.The more often you use English words in speech, the better you learn them.
IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский
язык, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных
местоимений.
1.No student of this group was in Kiev.
2.Some of the students will go on an excursion tomorrow.
3.Any museum of Kiev is of great interest to us.
V. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них
видовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите
предложения на русский язык (см. образец выполнения 3).
1.My friend left Kiev for Moscow.
2.Boris and I played chess after dinner.
3.They will be glad to see us in Kiev again.
VI. Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 4-й абзацы
текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2 и 4-й абзацы.
KIEV
1. The land of the Ukraine is vast and beautiful, its fields are fertile the
energy of the mighty Dnieper River is enormous. The Ukraine represents a large
economic region in the USSR. In Soviet times many giant industrial enterprises,
dams and hydro-electric stations, thousands of factories, collective and state farms'
new cities and towns came into being in the Ukraine.
2. Kiev is the capital of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. It is one of
the most beautiful cities in the Soviet Union. Its population is some two million
people.
3.
Kiev is the largest centre of national Ukrainian culture. There are
many research institutes, the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, many
higher and hundreds of secondary schools in Kiev. The University which bears the
name of Shevchenko stands in the centre of the city. Kiev has a history that goes
back for more than ten centuries.
4.
Kiev is a highly developed industrial city. There are many
engineering, instrument-building, food processing and light industry
establishments in Kiev. The Kiev plants and factories produce complex automatic
lathes, excavators, sea and river ships, motor-cycles, electrical measuring
instruments, planes, machine-tools, artificial fibres and diamonds. The Ukrainian
scientists discovered the way of manufacturing artificial diamonds and developed
the methods of electric welding. They made outstanding progress in nuclear
physics, chemistry and other branches of science.
5. The Ukrainian Republic exports manufactured goods to more than 70
foreign countries. The achievements are so great thanks to the efforts of the
Ukrainian people and the fraternal assistance of the other Soviet people.
VII. Прочтите 5-й абзац и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных вариантов
ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на
поставленный вопрос.
Why are the achievements of the Ukrainian Republic so great?
1. The achievements are so great thanks to the efforts of the Ukrainian people.
2. The achievements are so great thanks to the efforts of the other Soviet people.
3. The achievements are so great thanks to the efforts of the Ukrainian people and
the fraternal assistance of the other Soviet people.
ВАРИАНТ 3
I.
Перепишите
следующие
предложения.
Определите
по
грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова,
оформленные окончанием -s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет,
т. е. служит ли оно:
а)
показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;
б)
признаком множественного числа имени существительного;
в)
показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного (см.
образец выполнения 1),
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1.Nowadays this republic produces tractors and electric apparatus.
2.What is your teacher's name?
3.The scientists achieved great results in this branch of science.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая
внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений,
выраженных именами существительными (см. образец выполнения 2).
1.This power-station equipment is quite new.
2.The lecturer named cotton yarn production figures in the report.
3.The new Institute building is not far from my house.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы
сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.
1. The Moskva River is not so wide and deep as the Neva.
2. The Trans-Siberian railway is longer than any railway in the world.
3. The longer I stayed in Minsk, the more I liked it.
IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие
предложения, обращая особое внимание на перевод неопределенных
местоимений.
1. There are some faculties in our Institute.
2.Any result in our experiment will be of great importance for the whole research.
3.No one knew about this discovery.
V. Перепишите предложения, определите в них видовременные
формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения на
русский язык (см. образец выполнения 3).
1.This student took an active part in the public life of his Institute.
2.Soviet machine-builders use the latest technical achievements in their work.
3.The extra-mural students received paid leaves for their exams.
VI. Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 4-й
абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2 и 4-й абзацы.
MINSK
1.Minsk is the capital of the Byelorussian Republic, its political, economic
and industrial centre. Before the Great October Socialist Revolution it was a
provincial town with some 100,000 inhabitants. Years of socialist development
transformed Minsk entirely. Today it is a large modern city with a population of
some 800,000 people.
2.Minsk is a cultural and scientific centre of Byelorussia. It has many
museums, but perhaps the most famous are the Museum of the 1st Congress of the
RSDLP and the Museum of the History of the Great Patriotic War.
3.Before the October Revolution there was not a single higher educational
establishment in Minsk. There are now thirteen education establishments including
the University and many scientific research institutes.
4.Nowadays Minsk is a city of highly developed industry. The powerful
MAZ lorries of the Minsk Automobile Works are famous not only in the Soviet
Union but far beyond its borders. The designers of the Minsk universal electronic
computers, the most popular in the country, were awarded the State Prize. Farmers
highly appreciate the new Minsk tractors, which are highly reliable and easy to
handle. The Minsk Tractor Works is one of the biggest industrial enterprises.
Every day hundreds of bright newly painted machines leave the factory gates. With
each passing year the tractor builders perfect their skills and improve the
technology of production.
5.Minsk workers are on friendly terms with their colleagues from other
countries. Many specialists come here from other countries to perfect their skills.
VII. Прочтите 5-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных
вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего
правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос.
What do many specialists come to the Minsk Tractor Works for?
1. Many specialists come to Minsk only to see the sight of the city.
2. Many specialists come from Poland to Minsk to perfect their skills.
3. Many specialists come here from other countries to perfect their skills.
ВАРИАНТ 4
I.
Перепишите
следующие
предложения.
Определите
по
грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова,
оформленные окончанием -s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.
е. служит ли оно:
а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;
б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного (см.
образец выполнения 1).
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1.This teacher lectures on Physics.
2.His lectures are of great help to us.
3. This city's art museums enjoy great popularity.
II.
Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая
внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений,
выраженных именами существительными (см. образец выполнения 2).
1.Many Tajik people work at light and food industry enterprises.
2.The Soviet hydro-turbine construction industry is the most advanced in the
world.
3.The new University building in Dushanbe houses many faculties.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные
формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.
1.The Volga is longer than the Thames.
2.The second text is as difficult as the first one.
3.The more exercises we do, the better we understand grammar rules.
IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык
следующие предложения, обращая особое внимание на перевод
неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений.
1.There are some 6,500 research workers at the Tajik Academy of Sciences.
2.Our country is very large, no other country is equal to it in size.
3.Any student translated this text without a dictionary.
V. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них
видовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите
предложения на русский язык (см. образец выполнения 3).
1.The Tajik State University trains specialists for different branches of national
economy.
2.Dushanbe train will arrive at 5 o'clock.
3.The delegation of this republic took an active part in the conference.
VI. Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 4-й абзацы
текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2 и 4-й абзацы.
DUSHANBE
1.On October 16, 1929 Tajikistan became a Soviet Socialist Republic.
Dushanbe is the capital of Tajikistan. Dushanbe's area is 12,500 hectares and the
population is some half a million people. During the last few years Tajikistan
developed heavy industries - electric power, engineering, mining, non-ferrous
metallurgy, machine-building and metal-working, and the manufacture of building
materials. Tajikistan grows a tenth of the Soviet Union's cotton.
2.Nowadays Dushanbe changes greatly. It is one of the largest industrial
cities of the Republic. There are more than a hundred of power and mechanical
engineering, metal working, light and food industry enterprises in Dushanbe.
Dushanbe's numerous plants and factories produce different goods for the
population and various machines for all branches of national economy. More than
200,000 people work at local factories and plants. The city plants and factories
send their products not only to all parts of the Soviet Union but also to many
countries abroad.
3. Dushanbe is a cultural and scientific centre of the Republic. The city has
33 scientific establishments. The Academy of Sciences, which has 18 research
institutes, the State University, Medical and Polytechnical institutes are in the
capital.
4. There are also four theatres, 61 clubs, several museums, the Tajik SSR
Exhibition of Economic Achievements and a Zoo in Dushanbe. Some 100,000
children attend more than 100 schools; there are 86 hospitals and other medical
centres, five stadiums and seven swimming-pools.
5. Most Dushanbe inhabitants live in modern houses. Everywhere we see tall
modern buildings, green parks and squares. Every year the inhabitants of the city
plant thousands of trees and shrubs. The city changes from day to day and becomes
more and more beautiful. The Tajik people love their capital and are proud of it.
VII. Прочтите 5-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных
вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный
ответ на поставленный вопрос.
What houses do must Dushanbe inhabitants live in?
1.Most Dushanbe inhabitants live in old buildings.
2.Most Dushanbe inhabitants live in wooden houses.
3.Most Dushanbe inhabitants live in modern houses.
ВАРИАНТ 5
I.
Перепишите
следующие
предложения.
Определите
по
грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова,
оформленные окончанием -s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет,
т. е. служит ли оно:
а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present
Indefinite;
б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного
(см. образец выполнения 1).
1.Everything in Leningrad remains you of the heroic days of October, 1917.
2.The historic Second All-Russian Congress of Workers, Soldiers and
Peasants' Deputies was in Smolny, in 1917.
3.He always watches TV programme in the evening.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая
внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений,
выраженных именами существительными (см. образец выполнения 2).
1.Не passed his graduation examinations with excellent marks.
2.Leningrad's plants produce automatic control instruments for underground
transport.
3.We have a large State library in our city.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные
формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.
1.The Leningrad metro is as beautiful as the Moscow one.
2.The more you travel, the better you know our country.
3.This problem was more important than that one.
IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие
предложения, обращая особое внимание на перевод неопределенных и
отрицательных местоимений.
1.Some of these articles are very interesting.
2.Have you any friends in Leningrad?
3.No student can translate this article without the help of a dictionary.
V. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них
видовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив: переведите
предложения на русский язык (см. образец выполнения 2).
1.The legendary cruiser "Aurora" gave the signal for the assault (штурм) on the
Winter Palace.
2.Every monument and every building in Leningrad has a history of its own.
3.Leningrad will maintain close contacts with other countries.
VI. Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 4-й
абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2-й 4-й абзацы.
LENINGRAD
1. The magnificent city on the Neva always played a prominent role in
Russian and world history. Sixty-five years ago the working people of Russian
accomplished the Great October Socialist Revolution here, in Petrograd. This
Revolution confirmed in practice the correctness of the revolutionary theory of
Lenin, the leader of the world proletariat.
2. A quarter century after the Revolution, in the hard years of the Second
World War, Leningrad became a symbol of courage, in the bitter fighting against
the nazi invaders.
Almost hundred days and nights of the siege of Leningrad multiplied the combat
glory of the city.
3.Hundreds of thousands of students from many countries study in more
than 40 higher schools of Leningrad. Leningrad maintains close contacts with
many countries.
4.Leningrad plants and factories produce powerful ships and tractors, giant
electric turbines for the largest power-stations in the USSR, television sets and
refrigerators, rolling mills and precision instruments for various branches of
industry and science.
5.Leningrad is a large industrial, cultural and scientific centre. We can see
products of Leningrad enterprises in many foreign countries. Leningrad always
plays a great role in the development of many important branches of the socialist
economy.
VII. Прочтите 5-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных
вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный
ответ на поставленный вопрос.
Where can we see products of Leningrad enterprises?
1. We can see products of Leningrad enterprises only in the Soviet Union.
2. We can see products of Leningrad enterprises only in Leningrad.
3. We can see products of Leningrad enterprises in many foreign countries.
КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ № 2
Чтобы правильно выполнить задание № 2, необходимо усвоить
следующие разделы курса английского языка по рекомендованному
учебнику:
1. Видовременные формы глагола: а) активный залог —формы Indefinite
(Present, Past, Future), формы Continuous (Present, Past, Future), формы Perfect
(Present, Past, Future); б) пассивный залог — формы Indefinite (Present, Past,
Future).
Особенности перевода пассивных конструкций на русский язык.
2. Модальные глаголы: а) модальные глаголы, выражающие
возможность: can (could), may и эквивалент глагола can —to be able; б)
модальные глаголы, выражающие долженствование: must и его эквиваленты
to have to и to be to.
3. Простые неличные формы глагола: Participle I (Present Participle),
Participle II (Past Participle) в функции определения и обстоятельства.
4. Определительные и дополнительные придаточные предложения
(союзные); придаточные обстоятельственные предложения времени и
условия.
5. Словообразование — суффиксы глагола и основные
словообразовательные префиксы.
После изучения указанного материала приступайте к выполнению
задания. Все предложения в упражнениях обязательно выполняются
письменно. Используйте следующие образцы выполнения упражнений.
Образец выполнения 1 (к упр. I)
1. Lobachevsky's geometry had
revolutionized mathematics.
Геометрия Лобачевского произвела
коренное изменение в математике.
Had revolutionized - Past Perfect Active от глагола to revolutionize.
2. The new laboratory equipment was
sent for yesterday
Вчера послали за новым
оборудованием лаборатории.
Was sent for — Past Indefinite Passive от глагола to send.
Образец выполнения 2 (к упр. II)
1. The changes affecting the
composition of materials are chemical
changes.
Изменения, влияющие на состав
материалов, называются
химическими изменениями.
Affecting - Participle I, определение, переводится причастием
2. When heated to the boiling point
water evaporates.
Когда воду нагревают до точки
кипения, она испаряется (или: При
нагревании до точки кипения вода
испаряется).
(When) heated - Participle II, обстоятельство, переводится придаточным
предложением или предлогом при + существительное.
3. Heat is radiated by the sun to the
earth.
Тепло излучается
землю.
солнцем
на
(Is) radiated - Participle II, часть глагола-сказуемого в Present Indefinite Passive
от глагола to radiate.
ВАРИАНТ 1
I.
Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в
каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму
и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите
внимание на особенности - перевода пассивных конструкций.
а)
1. The importance of scientific research is growing with every day.
2.A group of seven engineers had worked out the technology for
producing a new alloy.
3.By that time Niels Bohr had already accepted Rutherford's model of
the atom.
б)
1. The data of the latest research in this field of science were discussed
at our conference.
2.Gold is not affected by moisture.
3.The laboratory of our Institute was given a new task.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните Participle I и
Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т. е. укажите, является ли
оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого;
предложения переведите на русский язык.
1.The only force acting on a freely falling body in vacuum is gravity.
2.When placed over a fire, a substance becomes hot.
3.While studying the properties of electrons atomic physicists solved many
other problems.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом
из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент; предложения переведите на
русский язык.
1. Radio waves can be used for different purposes.
2. They will be able to create the necessary conditions in the laboratory.
3. He had to come to the laboratory every morning.
IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык 1, 2 и 3-й
абзацы текста.
Пояснения к тексту
rocket propulsion — ракетные двигатели (букв, движение при помощи
ракетного двигателя)
to go into — рассмотреть
on this ... rests — на этом основана
he was the first to suggest — он первым предложил
by the 1930s — к тридцатым годам
some sort of—некоторыми
KONSTANTIN TSIOLKOVSKY (1857-1935)
1. К. Е. Tsiolkovsky was born near Ryazan, south of Moscow in 1857. In his
childhood he began to take interest in physics and mathematics
2.In 1895 he began to mention space flight in his papers and in 1898 wrote
about the necessity for liquid-fuel rocket engines. His first work dealing with the
fundamentals of rocket propulsion' was written in 1898, but it was published only
five years later.
3.In 1903 Tsiolkovsky began a series of articles for an aviation magazine in
which he went into the theory of rocketry and on this his reputation as a pioneer of
space flight rests. He wrote of space suits, satellites, and he was the first to suggest
space stations. By the 1930s he was a well-known scientist in the Soviet Union. At
this time the country was already interested in some sort of space program.
4.Two very important contributions were offered by Tsiolkovsky: the notion
of multi-stage rockets, and the idea of using liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen as
fuel.
5.The tombstone on Tsiolkovsky's grave carries the message "Mankind will
not remain tied to earth forever". Twenty-two years after his death the Soviet
people launched the first man-made satellite, and Sputnik I made a wonderful
memorial for this great man. Tsiolkovsky died in Kaluga in 1935.
V. Прочтите 4-й и 5-й абзацы текста и дайте ответ письменно на
следующий вопрос:
Why can we say that Tsiolkovsky's dream (мечта) that "mankind will not
remain tied to earth forever" is now a reality?
ВАРИАНТ 2
I.
Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в
каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму
и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите
внимание на особенности перевода пассивных конструкций.
а)
б)
1. The special application of light has led to the development of lasers and
masers.
2.The scientists are working on an interesting problem for obtaining power
from atom.
3.We solved this problem with the help of computers.
1. The delegation of foreign specialists was shown the new electronics
equipment.
2.They will be given new interesting data by the end of the month.
3.The parts of this device are acted upon by more than two forces.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните Participle I и
Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т. е. укажите, является ли
оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого;
предложения переведите на русский язык.
1.All objects surrounding us are composed of different substances.
2.If produced by friction heat is usually considered as useless work.
3.Passing through the air alpha-particles ionize it.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в
каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент; предложения
переведите на русский язык.
1. Polymers can be used for making different things.
2. They will be able to improve the experimental conditions in their laboratory.
3.The mixture is to be heated before the experiment
4.The laboratory assistant had to alter the experimental conditions.
IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык 1, 2 и 3-й
абзацы текста.
Пояснения к тексту
the concretization — (зд.) воплощение
to outstrip his day — опережать -свое время
gifts — (зд.) одаренность, способности
in resolving — в решении
boldness of ... vision - смелость ... предвидения
SERGEI KOROLYOV (1906-1966)
1. Korolyov's biography is the concretization of the history of our land in one
man. And at the same time he was always a little ahead, he was outstripping his
day and outstripped it during all his life.
2. The name of Sergei Korolyov will forever be associated with one of the
greatest achievements of science and technology of all times - the dawn of the age
of space exploration by man. He was a leading designer of rocket and space
systems.
3. Korolyov's devotion to his work, unusual gifts as a scientist and designer,
his energy and outstanding organizational abilities played a major role in resolving
the complex scientific and technical problems that stood in the path of
development of rocket and space technology. He possessed enormous talent and
boldness of scientific and engineering vision and this contributed to the realization
of the most complicated scientific and technological projects.
4. Many of Academician Korolyov's ideas were widely applied and extended
in rocket and space engineering. He trained many scientists and engineers who are
working today in various scientific and design organizations.
5. All his life Korolyov was working and devoted his whole life to selfless
service to his homeland, to the development of an advanced science and
technology.
V. Прочтите 4-й и 5-й абзацы текста и дайте ответ письменно на
следующий вопрос:
What did Sergei Korolyov devote his whole life to?
ВАРИАНТ 3
I.
Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в
каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму
и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите
внимание на особенности перевода пассивных конструкций.
а) 1. Industry has developed various applications for the electromagnet.
2.Newton has established his law of gravitation before 1670.
3.The application of electronics changes the entire life of the people.
б) 1. They will be given the new data of the experiment.
2.The speaker was asked a number of difficult questions.
3.Today polymers are referred to as materials of vital importance.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните Participle I и
Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т. е. укажите, является ли
оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого;
предложения переведите на русский язык.
1.The forces acting between atoms within a molecule are very great.
2.When placed in a strong magnetic field iron becomes magnetized.
3.Heat produced from electrical energy heats our homes.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом
из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент; предложения переведите
на русский язык.
1.Nobody will be able to measure the density of this substance without a
special device.
2.In our experiments the initial substances must be chemically pure.
3. The aim of the study is to provide definite results as soon as possible.
4. The force acting upon the body had to be determined.
IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык 1, 2 и 3-й
абзацы текста.
Пояснения к тексту
a matter of time — дело времени
before men were placed in... когда люди будут летать на...
to undergo training — проходить подготовку
the first man to fly— первый человек, который полетел
a. m. (ante meridiem - лат.) — до полудня
a vocational school — (зд.) ремесленное училище
a test pilot — летчик-испытатель
in training — для подготовки
and it was upon him that... и именно на него....
YURY GAGARIN (1934-1968)
1.
In the 1960s satellites were travelling at high speeds around the Earth.
It was only a matter of time before men were placed in them. In the Soviet Union
and in the United States men were undergoing training for this purpose. They were
called cosmonauts in the Soviet Union and astronauts in the United States.
2.The first man to fly4 into space was a Soviet man, Yury Gagarin. On
Wednesday, April 12, 1961 at 9.07. a.m. Moscow Time, the sputnik-spaceship
"Vostok" was launched info space with a man on board. This man was the first
cosmonaut, Yury Gagarin.
3.Yury Gagarin, the son of a carpenter, was born near Gshatsk (now
Gagarin), Smolensk region on the 9th of March, 1934. His early education was
interrupted by the war. After the war he attended a vocational school6 and then a
technical industrial school. His interest in flying led him to the Orenburg Flying
school from which he graduated with honours as an airforce lieutenant in 1957.
After serving as a test pilot, he joined the group of cosmonauts in training for
orbital flight and it was upon him that the choice fell in 1961.
4.On April 12, 1961, Gagarin became the first man placed in orbit about the
Earth. He remained in orbit 1 hour and 48 minutes, rising as high above the surface
as 187, 66 miles and travelling at a velocity that reached 17,400 miles an hour. So
on April, 1961, mankind entered a new era - the era of mastering space age.
5.Yury Gagarin died, tragically, in an airplane crash near Kirzhach on the
th
27 of March, 1968.
V. Прочтите 4-й абзац текста и дайте письменно ответ на следующий
вопрос:
What new era did mankind enter on April 12, 1961?
ВАРИАНТ 4
I. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом
из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог.
Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите
внимание на особенности перевода пассивных конструкций.
а)
б)
1. We often use plastics nowdays.
2.Scientists have found ways of measuring the sizes and positions of bodies
in the Universe.
3.Scientists had solved many interesting problems by the end of the 19th
century.
1. Iron is referred to as the most important metal of our metallic age.
2. The name electron was given to the small negative particle discovered by
Thomson.
3. The ignition was followed by combustion.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните Participle II и
установите его функцию, т. е. укажите, является ли оно определением,
обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого; предложения переведите
на русский язык.
1. When electrified a body may repel as well as attract different objects.
2. Heat gained by one substance is heat lost by another.
3. Another method to produce high-energy particles is based on superconductivity.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из
них модальный глагол или его эквивалент; предложения переведите на
русский язык.
1.Infra-red waves can be stopped by glass.
2.Soon we shall be able to understand many phenomena which occur on the solar
surface.
3.Today the scientists have to concentrate their attention on the production of
artificial materials.
4.The samples are to be analysed at our laboratory.
IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык 1, 3, 4 и 5-й
абзацы текста.
Пояснения к тексту
to set foot upon — ступить на
when a Captain... — когда некий капитан
joined NASA - поступил (был принят) в НАСА (NASA - National Aeronautics
and space Administration — Национальный комитет по аэронавтике и
исследованию космического пространства)
the climax — (зд.) самый ответственный момент
to the very surface — на самую поверхность
a human being — человек, человеческое существо
NEIL ARMSTRONG
1.Neil Armstrong, an American astronaut, is the first man in history to set
foot upon the surface of the Moon. He was born in the town of Wapakoneta, Ohio,
on the 5th of August, 1930. The Armstrong branch of the family was Scots-Irish
and its origins can be traced back seven generations to the early 1800's when a
Captain John Armstrong2 settled on land in Ohio.
2.It was Neil's father who took him for his first airplane ride, when he was
six years old. By the time Neil was nine, he was building model airplanes.
He obtained pilot's licence at the age of 16. At the age of twenty he was
assigned to a West Coast jet squadron.
3.After he had graduated from the University in 1955, he joined NASA and
was one of the test pilots of the X-15 rocket plane, flying that aircraft to over
200,000 feet and approximately 4,000 miles per hour.
4.In 1962 he became an astronaut and in 1966 he was command pilot of
"Gemini 8" when he performed the first successful docking of two vehicles in
space.
5.The climax of his life, however, came in 1969, when as commander of the
"Apollo 11" spacecraft, he and Edwin Aldrin took the lunar module down to the
very surface of the Moon. Armstrong was then the first human being in history to
set foot upon the very surface of the Moon.
6.He said, "That is one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind."
After the successful fulfilment of the program the "Apollo 11" spacecraft returned
to the Earth.
Since 1972 Neil Armstrong has been University Professor of Cincinnati.
V. Прочтите 6-й абзац и дайте письменно ответ на следующий
вопрос:
What did Armstrong say when he set foot upon the surface of the Moon?
ВАРИАНТ 5
I. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них
глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог.
Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите внимание
на особенности перевода пассивных конструкций.
а)
1. There are many properties that man has found useful in his application of
electromagnetic waves.
2.The flow of electrons in one direction results in an electric current.
3.The energy sources of the world are decreasing while the energy needs of
the world are increasing.
б) 1. The isotopes of the element hydrogen were given individual names.
2.Electronics is usually thought of as that part of electricity which deals with
vacuum tubes and transistors.
3.The behaviour of metals is greatly affected by the changes in temperature.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните Participle I и
Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т. е. укажите, является ли
оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого;
предложения переведите на русский язык.
1.The Celsius scale (шкала Цельсия) is the scale used in most scientific
experiments.
2.When heated to a certain temperature, water increases in volume.
3.Testing the operation of the system, engineers used different kinds of
equipment.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из
них модальный глагол или его эквивалент и переведите предложения на
русский язык.
1. Artificial light can be produced in» several ways.
2. You will be able to explain the disagreement between the results.
3. The old machines in this shop are to be replaced by next year.
4. The defects in this metal construction had to be detected by means of X-ray
examination.
IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык 1, 3 и 4-й
абзацы.
Пояснения к тексту
to give an impetus — значительно ускорить
reinforced concrete — железобетон
C.A.H.I. - ЦАГИ
of the front rank — выдающийся
to take the lead — сделать что-либо первым
MSTISLAV KELDYSH (1911-1978)
1. Mstislav Keldysh was a distinguished physicist and mathematician. He
was recognized in the Soviet Union as a leading authority on space mathematics
and aerodynamics, as a brilliant scientific organizer. As head of a research institute
during the 1940's he took a leading role in giving an impetus' to Soviet rocket
development.
2. Mstislav Vsevolodovich Keldysh was born into an intellectually
prominent family on February 10, 1911 in Riga. His father, V. M. Keldysh, a civil
engineer, is noted for his work in the development of reinforced concrete.
3. Following his graduation from the Moscow University in 1933 M.
Keldysh joined the staff of the Central-Aero-Hydrodynamics Research Institute
(C.A.H.I.), the major aircraft development centre in the Soviet Union. During the
early years of the 1940's he concentrated on studies in the field of
aerohydrodynamics. His studies provided the foundation on which the Soviet
Union built its rocket and missile programs achieving success with the satellite
Sputnik in December, 1957.
4. M. Keldysh is also regarded as a mathematician of the front rank4. Many
mathematical techniques that he devised have proved their practical significance
when applied to problems in physics and engineering.
5. In a more practical area M. Keldysh took the lead5 in introducing into the
Soviet Union the concepts of computer mathematics, computer engineering, and
some aspects of automatic control.
6. M. Keldysh was President of Soviet Academy of Sciences from 1961 to
1975. He died on June 24, 1978. M. Keldysh played fundamental roles in
development of country's nuclear, computer and aerospace technologies.
V. Прочтите 5 и 6-й абзацы текста и дайте письменно ответ на
следующий вопрос:
What did M. Keldysh do in a more practical area?
КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ №3
Чтобы правильно выполнить задание № 3, необходимо усвоить
следующие разделы курса английского языка по рекомендованному
учебнику:
1.Грамматические функции и значения слов it, that, one.
2.Пассивный залог (The Passive Voice) видовременных форм Indefinite,
Continuous, Perfect.
3.Функции глаголов to be, to have, to do.
4.Простые неличные формы глагола. Инфинитив в функции а)
подлежащего, б) составной части сказуемого, в) определения, г) дополнения
и е) обстоятельства цели. Герундий. Отличие герундия от причастия I.
5. Выражение приказания и просьбы с помощью глагола to let.
6. Бессоюзное подчинение в определительных и дополнительных
придаточных предложениях.
Используйте образцы выполнения упражнений
Образец выполнения 1 (к упр. I)
Past Indefinite Passive
The students were given methodical
instructions.
Студентам
указания.
дали
методические
Образец выполнения 2 (к упр. II)
1. One must know grammar rules.
Нужно
знать
правила.
2. This book is more interesting than
that one.
Эта книга
(книга)
грамматические
интереснее, чем та
Образец выполнения 3 (к упр. IV)
We know it is true.
Мы знаем, что это правда.
ВАРИАНТ 1
I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них
видовременную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого (см. образец). Переведите
предложения на русский язык.
1.When the work had been completed the results were published in the magazine.
2.When the experiment was being made everybody was watching it with great
interest
3.A great deal of research work was done at this institute.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский
язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.
1. It was noisy in the hall as the students were talking about their summer holidays.
2.Last year the number of tourists to the Caucasus exceeded that of the previous
one.
3.One must know traffic rules if one wants to drive a car safely.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на
русский язык, помня о разных значениях глаголов to be, to have, to do.
1. I have to translate the text but I have no dictionary.
2. The students usually do not do anything on the day after the exam.
3. He was only 12 when his family moved to Moscow.
4. Professor N. was to deliver a lecture on history at the club.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на
русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.
1.I think his work will be completed by the end of the next month.
2.The desks we sit at are made of wood.
V. Перепишите и переведите на русский язык следующие
предложения; обратите внимание на то, что в них просьба (побуждение)
выражена с помощью глагола to let.
1.Let us speak about our plans for the future.
2.Let our monitor give the teacher the list of our group.
VI. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на
русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива, герундия и
причастия в предложении.
1.Before writing our test we learn the necessary grammar material.
2.Speaking about his new invention the young engineer told us many interesting
things.
3.To build new electric stations is to develop our industry.
VII.
Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык 1—5 абзацы
текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1—4 абзацы.
Пояснения к тексту
the internal combustion engine — двигатель внутреннего сгорания
to look for — искать
exhaust fumes — выхлопные газы
to take over — сменять, приходить на смену
THE CAR OF THE FUTURE
1. In the near future most cars will use the internal combustion engine1 and
burn petrol. At the present rate of production oil supplies will run out in about fifty
years, and we will have to look for2 other sources of energy. That is one of the
most important aspects of the problem and another is the damage that exhaust
fumes3 do to the environment and health of the people, especially in towns.
2. What kind of vehicle will eventually take over? At present there is a lot of
talk about electric cars, for they have the advantage of giving off no exhaust fumes.
The electric car has a long history. The first cars were built at the end of the last
century but they could not compete against the internal combustion engine.
3. They have several disadvantages. First, we have no really suitable batteries
- they tend to be too heavy, take a long time to charge, have too small capacity and
a relatively short life.
4. So scientists and engineers are looking for better storage batteries or cells,
and ways of using energy more economically and recharging batteries during
deceleration.
5. Car manufacturers are looking for other energy and fuel sources. In
Moscow there are more than a thousand lorries using liquid gas cylinders instead
of petrol tanks. Prototypes of liquid gas buses and taxies have already been made.
6.The Soviet Union, the United States, West Germany and Japan are all
working on hydrogen engines.
7.Some specialists even think that hydrogen will be the main source of
energy for internal combustion engines by the end of the century.
VIII. Прочтите 5, 6 и 7-й абзацы текста и вопрос к ним. Из
предложенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего
правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос.
What will be used instead of petrol in the car of the future?
1.Atomic energy will be used instead of petrol in the car of the future.
2.Hydrogen will be used instead of petrol in the car of the future.
3.Internal combustion engines will be used in the car of the future.
ВАРИАНТ 2
I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них
видовременную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого (см. образец). Переведите
предложения на русский язык.
1.After the lecture had been delivered we asked many questions, and the lecturer
answered them.
2.Many specialists are trained for the national economy.
3.These students will be sent to Moscow to take part in the conference.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на
русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.
1.The crowd came close to the speaker, as it was interested in the theme of his
speech.
2.One must choose a profession which one likes.
3.My room is very light, that of my brother is not so light, but it is large.
III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык,
помня о разных значениях глаголов to be, to have, to do.
1.The examination paper had, to contain not less than ten grammar exercises.
2.This book does not give any information on the history of chemistry.
3.I have been to Kiev this summer.
4.A new pumping-station is to be set up in this cotton-growing area.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский
язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.
1.The X-rays passed through all the objects Roentgen placed in their way.
2.The young engineer knows the professor will give him some valuable advice.
V. Перепишите и переведите на русский язык следующие
предложения; обратите внимание на то, что в них просьба (побуждение)
выражена с помощью глагола to let.
1.Let the water boil.
2.Let us translate this article without a dictionary.
VI. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский
язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива, герундия и причастия в
предложении.
1.Не was informed about their coming to Moscow.
2.While building the bridge the workers used new materials.
3.To study geometry means to train logical thinking.
VII. Прочтите и устно переведите 1, 2, 3 и 4-й абзацы текста. Перепишите
и письменно переведите 1—3 абзацы.
Пояснения к тексту
sun-scorched — обожженные солнцем
permafrost — вечная мерзлота
implies — предусматривает
meet the requirements — отвечать требованиям
manpower — людские ресурсы
assets — производственные фонды
guidelines — основные направления
to take into account — принимать во внимание
A UNIFIED TRANSPORT SYSTEM
1.Probably no other country has to solve such complex transport problems
as the Soviet Union which occupies one-sixth of the globe's land surface. Its
territory incorporates sun-scorched deserts and boundless tundra, high mountain
ranges and impassable swamps, taiga forests, and turbulent rivers, permafrost areas
and highly seismic zones. Some of the economic areas are separated by distances
unparalleled in any other country. Linking them up is the country's unified
transport system.
2.When we speak about the unified transport system we mean the
economically, technologically and technically balanced totality of all types of
transport - railway, sea, automobile, river, pipeline and air transport, and city and
local factory transport.
3.The balanced nature of the system implies that each type of transport is
used where it is most effective, and that all of them together fully meet the
constantly changing transport requirements4 of the people and the national
economy.
4.Our transport network is really enormous. It accounts for almost one-tenth
of the capital investments in the national economy, for approximately the same
share of our total manpower, and for one-fifth of the country's production assets.
5.This huge scope of work made it necessary to have several ministries
responsible for transport. But they all get their guidelines from a single nation wide
plan which takes into account both the requirements of society and the technical
and economic possibilities. This is true of the country as a whole and of individual
economic areas, republics, regions, etc.
VIII. Прочтите 5-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных
вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный
ответ на поставленный вопрос.
What made it necessary to have several ministries responsible for transport?
1.The development of transport made it necessary to have several ministries
responsible for transport.
2.The economic development made it necessary to have several ministries
responsible for transport.
3.This huge scope of work made it necessary to have several ministries responsible
for transport.
ВАРИАНТ 3
I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них
видовременную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого (см. образец). Переведите
предложения на русский язык.
1.The construction of the oil centre began after the plan had been adopted.
2.These text-books on chemistry were printed in our printshop.
3.A chain of thermal and atomic plants is built in the USSR.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский
язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.
1.A barometer is an instrument that measures air pressure.
2.As the experiment was very interesting many people watched it.
3.One can easily forget foreign words that one does not use every day.
III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык,
помня о разных значениях глаголов to be, to have, to do.
1. Every candidate to the institute has to take four exams.
2. We did not know any student in that group.
3. Soviet youths have every opportunity to get a good education.
4. This new school building was to be ready last month.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский
язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.
1.The invention I want to speak about is of great importance for our plant.
2.The ancient people believed the Sun was moving round the Earth.
V. Перепишите и переведите на русский язык следующие
предложения; обратите внимание на то, что в них просьба (побуждение)
выражена с помощью глагола to let.
1.Let the scientists improve this method of work.
2.Let me do this work without anybody's help.
VI. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский
язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива, герундия и причастия в
предложении.
1.The teacher told her pupils to learn the poem by heart.
2.The student translating the article came across many difficulties.
3.Translating the text he used a dictionary.
VII. Прочтите и устно переведите 1, 2 и 3-й абзацы текста. Перепишите
и письменно переведите 2 и 3-й абзацы.
Пояснения к тексту
environment — окружающая среда
violating — нарушение
nature conservation — охрана природы
THE ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF BIG CITIES
1. The USSR can be called the country of big cities. There are twice as many
cities with over a million people than a decade ago. The population of these more
than 20 cities exceeds 36,500,000 and equals one-seventh of the country's total
population. During the next years several more rapidly expanding cities will pass
the million mark.
2. So the problem of an ecologically balanced urban environment is
becoming extremely topical. The Soviet Union is optimistic about the possibility of
providing a positive natural environment and is dealing seriously with the
emerging problems. Legislation regulating the contacts of individuals, industry and
transport with nature has been very helpful.
3. In the 1970s several laws, were passed in the USSR protecting the water
resources, forests arid the atmosphere and decrees were issued establishing the
measure of responsibility for violating these laws. A special ministry - the State
Committee of the USSR for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Control – was
established. Nature conservation3 has become an element of the state economic
and social development plans.
4.Measures to keep air and water clean are an equally important component
of the ecological programme. Keeping the air and water clean is not enough to
make all big cities in the country a good place to live. Cities have to be built in a
way that people and the natural environment can coexist in perfect harmony and
nature will not be damaged.
VIII. Прочтите 4-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных
вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный
ответ на поставленный вопрос.
What' is not enough to make all big cities in the country a good place to live?
1. City transport system is not enough to make all big cities in the country a good
place to live
2.Motor transport system is not enough to make all big cities in the country a good
place to live.
3.Keeping the air and water clean is not enough to make all big cities in the
country a good place to live. ,
ВАРИАНТ 4
I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них
видовременную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого (см. образец). Переведите
предложения на русский язык.
1.The construction of the dam has been completed this month.
2.Our new laboratory will soon be provided with the most up-to-date equipment
3.The expedition starts next month; it is being supplied with all the necessary
equipment.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на
русский язык, учитывая разные значения слов it, hat, one.
1.You have to make the experiment once more; do it at once.
2.It is pleasant that we are living in the age of space travels.
3.In London one must get used to the left-side traffic.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский
язык, помня о разных значениях глаголов to be, to have, to do.
1. Students will have to put questions to the text.
2. Soviet people do not pay for medical treatment.
3. He says that he has never been to Moscow.
4. This plant is to be put into operation next year.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский
язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.
1.The man we call the father of space flights is К. Е. Tsiolkovsky.
2.The students tell the professor they are ready to start their work.
V. Перепишите и переведите на русский язык следующие
предложения; обратите внимание на то, что в них просьба (побуждение)
выражена с помощью глагола to let.
1.Let the worker explain to the delegates his method of work.
2.Let us learn as many English words as possible for the next lesson.
VI. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский
язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива, герундия и причастия в
предложении.
1.The temperature of a liquid is raised by heating.
2.To keep the instruments in order we must place them into the instrument-box.
3.Making the report he demonstrated his new device.
VII. Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 5-й абзацы
текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 3, 4 и 5-й абзацы.
Пояснения к тексту
providing — при условии, в случае
high-carrying capacity - высокая пропускная способность
to run trains — курсировать поездом
rush hours — часы пик
project — (зд). строительство
drifting technology — проходческая техника
rolling stock — подвижный состав
under construction — в процессе строительства
SUBWAY: PROSPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT
1.It is planned to build underground systems in cities with a population of
1.5-2 million, providing a 400,000 passenger stream in an hour is ensured.
2.Subway now totalling 370 kilometres has been functioning in eight Soviet
cities: Moscow, Leningrad, Kiev, Tbilisi, Baku, Tashkent, Yerevan and Kharkov.
3.The Eleventh Five-Year Plan envisages the construction of a hundred
kilometres more underground routes.
4.High-carrying capacity is typical of the Soviet subway system. Its annual
capacity in Moscow totals 2,130 million people. High quality technical equipment
of the Moscow subway allows it to run trains with less than a minute interval at an
average speed of 41 kilometres an hour in rush hours.
5.Soviet specialists of subway construction have been assisting their
colleagues in many cities of Europe for many; years. Subway builders in Prague
have received all kinds of assistance" from their Soviet counterparts: joint design
of the project, supply of drifting technology6 and rolling stock. Besides,
Czechoslovak operational workers did their practical work in Moscow.
6.Soviet engineers are now working in Culcutta where the first in the
country underground line is under construction. Soviet assistance ranges from
designing the project to training personnel and a supply of Soviet technology. Later
on that experience will be used to make subway lines in more Indian cities.
VIII. Прочтите 6-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных
вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный
ответ на поставленный вопрос.
Where are Soviet engineers working now?
1.Soviet engineers are working in India.
2.Soviet engineers are now working in Culcutta where the first underground line is
under construction.
3.Soviet engineers are now working in Culcutta where the first in the country
underground line is under construction.
ВАРИАНТ 5
I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них
видовременную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого (см. образец). Переведите
предложения на русский язык.
1.The everyday life of Londoners is often seriously affected by the fog.
2.An excursion to places of historical interest has been organized at our school.
3.The new power-station that is being built now in this town will produce
thousands of kilowatts of energy.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский
язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.
1.This new machine will be more effective than that of an old design.
2.It is not easy to solve this problem.
3.One must know English.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский
язык, помня о разных значениях глаголов to be, to have, to do.
1.They have to get up at 6 o'clock as their working day begins at 8.
2.The workers have improved their methods of work.
3.The expedition is to start next Sunday.
4.My favourite occupation is reading.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский
язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.
1. Не obtained the results of the experiment he had hoped for.
2. Comrade N. thinks he can finish his work in time.
V. Перепишите и переведите на русский язык следующие
предложения; обратите внимание на то, что в них просьба (побуждение)
выражена с помощью глагола to let.
1.Let the laboratory-assistant help us in our work.
2.Let us take part in the discussion at the conference.
VI. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский
язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива, герундия и причастия в
предложении.
1.We use a thermometer to measure temperature.
2.The only way of getting knowledge is to learn.
3.To read ancient mathematical tables was very difficult.
4.Looking out of the window you could see the new building of Moscow
University.
VII. Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык 1-й и 3 - 6-й абзацы
текста; перепишите и письменно переведите 3, 4 и 5-й абзацы.
Пояснения к тексту
Togliatti — Тольятти (город)
lay-out — планировка, расположение
hand in hand — рука об руку, вместе
thoroughfare — магистраль
block of flats — многоквартирный дом
facility — оборудование, инвентарь
THE TOWN OF TOGLIATTI'
1.Soviet architects and builders today are working on the problem of
architecture lay-out2 and composition of residential areas in the system of major
town-building complexes. The designing and building of new cities go hand in
hand with the progressive solution of the planning and architecture of the city and
its residential districts; the transport network is included in the design too.
2.Much attention is paid to the convenience of the population while locating
everyday services and shopping centres.
3.Togliatti, the new centre of the car industry, can serve as an example. The
first stage of construction in Togliatti was started in 1968 and completed in 1971.
The completed area has a population of more than 150,000.
4.The residential area is about 2-4 kilometres from the car plant. It lies along
one of the principal thoroughfares, that ensures' communications with the plant, the
railway and bus stations, a water reservoir and the resort area. The first stage has
been done as a complete structural portion of the town with a developed public
centre, a network of cultural and communal services and a system of roads.
5.Groups of blocks of flats5 for two-four thousand inhabitants .are an
important compositional element. Each group is sited around a courtyard with
sport facilities trees, flowerbeds, etc. The houses are of 5, 9, 12 or 16 storeys. This
underlines the expressiveness of architecture.
VIII. Прочтите 4-й абзац текста и данный ниже вопрос к нему. Из
приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего
правильный и наиболее полный ответ на поставленный вопрос.
Where is the residential area situated?
1. The residential area is situated near the car plant.
2. The residential area is about 2-4 kilometres from the car plant.
3. The residential area is very far from the car plant
КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ № 4
Чтобы правильно выполнить задание № 4, необходимо усвоить
следующие разделы курса английского языка по рекомендованному
учебнику:
1. Условные предложения трех типов.
2. Сложные формы инфинитива и причастия.
3. Обороты, равнозначные придаточным предложениям: объектный
инфинитивный оборот; субъектный инфинитивный оборот; независимый
(самостоятельный) причастный оборот.
Используйте следующие образцы выполнения упражнений:
Образец выполнения 1 (к упр. I)
1. We want this method to be
applied at their plant.
Мы хотим, чтобы этот метод
применяли
на
их
заводе.
2. This method is reported to be
applied at their plant
Сообщают, что этот
применяется
на
их
метод
заводе
Образец выполнения 2 (к упр. II)
1. Having done a given number of
operations, the machine stopped
automatically.
Проделав заданное количество
операций, машина автоматически
остановилась.
2. A given number of operations
having been done, the machine
stopped automatically.
После того, как было проделано
заданное количество операций,
машина автоматически
остановилась.
3. The installation was automatized
last year, its capacity rising by 25
per cent.
Эта установка была
автоматизирована в прошлом году,
причем ее производительность
увеличилась на 25%.
Образец выполнения 3 (к упр. III)
1.If this machine were installed at
the plant, labour productivity would
increase considerably.
Если бы эта машина была
установлена на заводе,
производительность труда
значительно увеличилась бы.
2.If the new technology had not
been introduced, labour productivity
would not have been raised.
Если бы не была внедрена новая
техника, производительность труда
не повысилась бы.
ВАРИАНТ 1
I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие
предложения, принимая во внимание, что объектный и субъектный
инфинитивные обороты большей частью соответствуют придаточным
предложениям (см. образец выполнения 1).
1.New kinds of computers are expected to perform calculations with great
precision.
2.The designer expected the electronic computer to perform over ten thousand
operations every second.
3.We want this machinery to be used at our shop.
4.Under these conditions the output of the plant is likely to increase.
II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие
предложения, учитывая различия в переводе зависимого и независимого
причастных оборотов (см. образец выполнения 2).
1. Having used a laser beam, scientists obtained accurate calculations of Jupiter's
temperature. The engineers of our institute having developed a new type of
semiconductor laser, it was tested at several plants.
2.All machines that have been built by man have some energy "loss", this energy
being converted into useless heat due to friction.
III. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие
сложные предложения, содержащие придаточные предложения условия (см.
образец выполнения 3).
1.If a free electron were in a vacuum within the electric field set up between
positive and negative electrodes, the negatively charged electron would be
attracted to the positive electrode.
2.If we had tested this material, we should have used it in our construction.
IV. Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык 1—5 абзацы
текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1—5 абзацы.
Пояснения к тексту
trunk pipelines — магистральные (основные) трубопроводы
herd —стадо
patch — кусок, небольшой участок (земли)
URENGOI
1.Urengoi is a gas deposit discovered 15 years ago in the northern part of
Western Siberia. It has almost triple the reserves of all known gas deposits in the
United States. Urengoi has no equal in the world. The future of the Soviet energy
industry as well as our capacity to export natural gas to the CMEA countries and
Western Europe are closely linked to this deposit.
2.Every single drill hole here yields as much gas as seven to nine drill holes
in the north of the European part of the USSR, or approximately 20 in the Ukraine.
3.Today Urengoi produces a sixth of the country's natural gas, and will
provide almost half by the end of the current five-year period. The annual increase
in gas output will be 40 - 45,000 million cubic metres - approximately the total
production of the USSR in 1960.
4.Let us now make an estimate. Gas pipelines with a pipe diameter of 1.420
mm at a pressure of 75 atm, pump 32,000 million cubic metres annually. Every
kilometer of gas pipeline means a thousand tons of metal and an investment of a
million roubles. The Urengoi-Moscow pipeline is 2,800 km long.
5.Today, there are five trunk pipelines linking Urengoi with industrial areas
of the country. In future more will be needed. And each one conveys more energy
than is yielded by all the biggest electric stations built on Siberia's great Yenisei
River and the Angara.
6.In the language of Nentsi, the natives of that land, the name "Urengoi"
means a dead site. Natural conditions seem to justify the sad name. Until just a
short time ago, it was only the rare herd of reindeer that visited the area. Indeed,
who would be attracted by a deserted patch of the tundra where it gets colder than
minus 50°C. The riches concealed in the depths of Urengoi forced people to regard
the site quite differently.
V. Прочтите 6-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных
вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный
ответ.
Why did the natives of Urengoi call it a dead site?
1.... because nobody lived there.
2.... because there were no trees and plants there.
3.... because of severe natural conditions.
ВАРИАНТ 2
I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие
предложения, принимая во внимание, что объектный и субъектный
инфинитивные обороты большей частью соответствуют придаточным
предложениям (см. образец выполнения 1).
1.We know the Soviet Union to increase the output of power by erecting huge
hydro-electric power-stations.
2.The plant is expected to manufacture new trucks next year.
3.The engineer is known to have made the experiment with these substances.
II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие
предложения, учитывая различия в переводе зависимого и независимого
причастных оборотов (см. образец выполнения 2).
1.The article deals with microwaves, particular attention being paid to
radiolocation.
2.Technique having reached a high stage of development, new methods of work
became possible.
3.Having discovered rich deposits of iron ore the people began to construct an iron
and steel works in this district.
III. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие
предложения, содержащие придаточные предложения условия (см. образец
выполнения 3).
1.Provided the geologists used the necessary instruments, the measurement would
be correct.
2.If the operator's cabin had been equipped with remote control (дистанционное
управление) he would have been able to work faster and with greater precision.
IV. Прочтите и устно Переведите на русский язык 1—4 абзацы текста.
Перепишите и письменно переведите 1—4 абзацы.
Пояснения к тексту
switchover — переключатель
via —через
conventional — общепринятый, общего типа, серийный
redundant — чрезмерный, избыточный, статически неопределимый
COMMUNICATIONS THROUGH LIGHT CONDUCTORS
1.Physicists and chemists developed the technology for making fibre glass
light conductors, the semiconductor, light sources and receivers, and the ways of
injecting light into the conductors. Radio specialists developed very sound methods
of introducing information into the light beam, and of transforming light signals
into electric ones.
2.The electronic equipment used in modern cable communications lines
enables the switchover to transmit information via light conducting cables to be
done comparatively easily. For example, to turn a conventional cable TV system
into a light conducting system, all that has to be done is to replace the coaxial
copper cable with a light conducting cable and make slight adjustment in the
transmitting and receiving equipment. At the transmission end, the electrical signal
has to be transformed into a light signal and the process reversed in the receiver.
3.In outward appearance, a light conducting cable is not different from a
conventional cable with a polymer coating. But their cross sections are different.
First, there are no metal screens in the light conducting cable. They are redundant,
because light conductors are not afraid of electromagnetic interference. Inside the
cable are from two to several dozen very thin glass fibres. Each can transmit
fantastic volumes of information - dozens of TV programmes and thousands of.
Telephone conversations.
4. And the intervals between the electronic signal regenerators can be
increased up to 50-100 km instead of 1.5-5 km with copper cables. This
considerably reduces the number of signal regenerators, makes the building and
exploiting of communications lines cheaper and simpler, and cuts the mass of
cables by over 90 per cent.
5. Quartz filaments of exceptionally high transparency have been developed
in the USSR. Light can travel three kms over them without loosing even half of' its
intensity. The signals can be transmitted via these conductors to distances of up to
30 km practically without distortions.
V. Прочтите 5-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных вариантов
ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ.
What is one of the main advantages of light conductors?
1.The light conductors can be done comparatively easily.
2.They are light.
3.The signals can be transmitted through them to great distances without
distortions.
ВАРИАНТ 3
I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие
предложения, принимая во внимание, что объектный и субъектный
инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям (см.
образец выполнения 1).
1. We know a laser to be a device that stimulates the electrons of a light-producing
material to vibrate simultaneously giving off a light with tremendous energy.
2. Lasers are known to have found an application in the printing industry.
3. Light waves are now believed to be due to the motions of electrons themselves
within the atoms.
4. Chemical investigations have shown each element to combine with another only
in definite proportions.
II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие
предложения, учитывая различия в переводе зависимого и независимого
причастных оборотов (см. образец выполнения 2).
1.The first laser having been built scientists found many ways to use it
2.Having developed quantum generators called lasers, scientists are looking for
practical use for a new kind of ray which is millions of times brighter than the Sun.
3.Semiconductor lasers are able to transform electric energy directly into light
wave energy, this property of semiconductor lasers opening up new possibilities of
producing extremely economical sources of light.
III. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие
сложные предложения, содержащие придаточные предложения условия (см.
образец выполнения 3).
1.If the scientists applied the new method they would get a different result
2.Had the checking up of the experimental data not taken so much time, we should
have completed our work long ago.
IV. Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык 1—5 абзацы текста.
Перепишите и письменно переведите 1—5 абзацы.
Пояснения к тексту
power plant — силовая установка
power — власть; энергия, сила
NORTHERN SEA ROUTE
1.For many years of the Soviet Polar Region, the Northern Sea Route, along
which the bulk cargoes essential for the developing industry of the region are
conveyed, is the only transport artery.
2. In his message to those taking part in the "Arktika" atomic icebreaker's
voyage to the North Pole, Leonid Brezhnev called this route the Soviet Union's
national transport trunk-road. The "Arktika" is a twin of the equally powerful
"Sibir" icebreaker. Both ships are equipped with power plants' having a capacity of
75,000 h.p.; their displacement is equal to 23,460 tons and they have a maximum
speed of 21 knots.
3. The searches for a route to the East via the Arctic started way back in the
epoch of great geographic discoveries. From the early years of Soviet power, the
USSR began to investigate possibilities of mastering the Northern Sea Route.
4. Today the efforts have been crowned with success. In 1978, the Western
section of the route was opened with the initiation of Murmansk - Dudinka run,
which operates throughout the year. By the beginning of the year alone, more than
80,000 tons of cargo had been conveyed to Dudinka for onward dispatch to
Norilsk.
5. Today's task is to make the Northern Sea Route navigable throughout the
year along its entire length.
6. The "Arktika" and "Sibir" icebreakers can cut through heavy ice, and are
able to manoeuvre in complicated ice conditions. Before the appearance of the
atomic icebreaker fleet in 1959, navigators only dared to penetrate to these
northern latitudes in the height of summer. The new icebreakers have made it
possible to considerably prolong the navigation period in this area.
V. Прочтите 6-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных
вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный
ответ.
What have the "Arktika" and "Sibir" icebreakers made possible in Soviet Polar
region?
1. They have made it possible to carry more cargoes.
2. They have made it possible to investigate the Northern Sea Route.
3. They have made it possible to considerably prolong the navigation period in this
area.
ВАРИАНТ 4
I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие
предложения, принимая во внимание, что объектный и субъектный
инфинитивные обороты большей частью соответствуют придаточным
предложениям (см. образец выполнения 1).
1. The application of plastics enables the railway to receive light and strong cars
with good resistance to mechanical damage.
2. We heard the operation experts demand the reduction of the overall weight of
vehicles (транспортные средства).
3. This type of engine is said to have some advantages.
4. Plastics used in transport are supposed to have no special reinforcement
(арматура).
II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие
предложения, учитывая различия в переводе зависимого и независимого
причастных оборотов (см. образец выполнения 2).
1. Zinc being the cheapest metal with a strong tendency to lose electrons, we
commonly use it for the production of electric current.
2. Electrical machines perform a giant's share of the work done today, this share
steadily increasing.
3. Having obtained new devices, the researchers could make complex experiments.
III. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие
сложные предложения, содержащие придаточные предложения условия (см.
образец выполнения 3).
1.If somebody wants to design a car of the advanced type, he must take into
account the properties of some of the new materials.
2.If the electric car were used instead of the conventional car, we should have
simple and reliable design, minimal maintenance and repair costs, good
manoeuvrability in traffic, no exhaust fumes and less noise.
3. Had there been better conditions, the construction of the new car body would
have been finished much earlier.
IV. Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык 1—6 абзацы текста.
Перепишите и письменно переведите 1—6 абзацы.
Пояснения к тексту
milestone— веха
roll off - сходить (с конвейера)
on the eve — накануне
sun-scorched — опаленная солнцем
carrying capacity — грузоподъемность
KAMAZ AUTO PLANT - 150,000 TRUCKS A YEAR
1.February 1971. 1976 and 1981 are milestones1 in the history of the Soviet
giant track factory on the Kama River, called KAMAZ.
2.In February 1971 the area was a wasteland, and construction was just
beginning. But five years later, the first tracks rolled off the assembly line, the first
of those 200,000 manufactured during the past five-year period.
3.On the eve of the 26th CPSU Congress, the second part of the plant went
into operation: 240 heavy-duty tracks come off the new line every day. KAMAZ
has reached its planned capacity of 150,000 tracks a year. An additional quarter of
a million engines will also be manufactured annually.
4.Five years have gone by since the day the first KAMAZ track appeared on
the road. Today they can be found in the Extreme North and the sun-scorched
Central Asian Republics. During the time 20,000 KAMAZ tracks have been
exported.
5.At international exhibitions where the new Soviet track was shown,
leading experts in the automobile industry had excellent words for it. The track is
multipurpose: equally at home in agriculture, building projects, and long-distance
shipping. It is fast, light and economical.
6.Naberezhniye Chelny, where the plant is situated, has a population of over
300,000. The average age is 27. All young generations want to do something
important. In the 1970s, it was KAMAZ.
7.The opening of the second part of the plant is an important event for the
entire country, as now the carrying capacity5 of Soviet tracks will increase by 50
per cent. Moreover, extensive use of diesel-engine tracks will save over ten million
tons of fuel a year, and the exhaust is less toxic.
V. Прочтите 7-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных
вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный
ответ.
Why is the opening of the second part of KAMAZ an important event for the
entire country?
1.... because more tracks will be manufactured.
2.... because the carrying capacity of Soviet tracks will increase by 50 per cent
3.... because the tracks will be faster and lighter.
ВАРИАНТ 5
I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие
предложения, Принимая во внимание, что объектный и субъектный
инфинитивные обороты большей частью соответствуют придаточным
предложениям (см. образец выполнения 1).
1. Automation is known to have speed up both the development of rocket
production and that of nuclear industry.
2. The new system of automatic control is likely to be used at this plant.
3. We know the existence of life on the Earth to depend upon the continuous
receipt of enormous quantities of energy from the Sun.
4. In recent years we have seen great progress take place in space research.
II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие
предложения, учитывая различия в переводе зависимого и независимого
причастных оборотов (см. образец выполнения 2).
1.Automation having been firmly established in space research, our spaceships
employ automatic instruments in the study of cosmic space.
2.Having made many observations during their flights, cosmonauts successfully
fulfilled their programme.
3.Space research is being developed rapidly in our country, automation being
widely used in space research.
III. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие
предложения, содержащие придаточные предложения условия (см. образец
выполнения 3).
1.Were this article on radio-electronics we should read it without dictionary.
2.It would have been impossible to launch space rockets, if we had not had the
necessary polymeric materials and synthetic fuels.
IV. Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык 1—4 абзацы
текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1—4 абзацы.
Пояснения к тексту
girdle — опоясывать
UN (United Nations) — Объединенные Нации
alone —только
OUTER SPACE AS AN AREA OF COOPERATION
1.Space explorations was discussed at the 26th CPSU Congress as one of the
global problems that concerns all the mankind. International sputniks and research
rockets are launched systematically, the Earth is girdled' by an international space
system which fulfils economic tasks and interstate and public space organizations
are operating in the international arena.
2.During the international flights the cosmonauts tested methods and means
of studying the Earth from space, tested the processes of obtaining, in a state of
weightlessness, materials with new or improved properties, and did
medicobiological and physical research. Instruments and devices, developed by
specialists of different countries either individually or jointly, were used for this
purpose.
3.At present the Interkosmos programme participants' new plans are being
fulfilled. A transfer is now effected from separate, episodic experiments to the
development of purpose-oriented, long-term plans of cooperation in all the five
areas of the Interkosmos programme: space physics, space meteorology, space
communications, space biology and medicine and the study of the Earth from outer
space.
4. The 2nd UN Conference on the Exploration and Peaceful Uses of Outer
Space will convene in Austria this year, which will sum up the results of the work
that has been done. It will also determine the quickest and most effective ways to
use the achievements of space science and technology for boosting the economy of
all states. Outer space should be used more actively for peace on Earth and
promoting the well-being of nations.
5. International space flights developed into an important event in world
cosmonautics. It was noted in Leonid Brezhnev's report at the 26th CPSU
Congress that the range of our cooperation extends to more and more spheres.
Cosmonauts of the fraternal countries are not working for science and the national
economy alone. They are also performing a tremendously important political
mission.
V. Прочтите 5-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных
вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный
ответ.
Why do international space flights serve to the cause of peace?
1.... because they help to develop science.
2.... because they help to perform a tremendously important political mission.
3.... because they, help to develop national economy of different countries.
ВАРИАНТ 6
I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие
предложения, принимая во внимание, что объектный и субъектный
инфинитивные обороты большей частью соответствуют придаточным
предложениям (см. образец выполнения 1).
1.We know the Soviet Union to lead an active struggle for peace and security in
the world.
2.Economic plans proved to be the financial plans ensuring the fulfilment of the
tasks in all branches of the national economy.
3.Science is known to have become the main source of the world's progress.
II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие
предложения, учитывая различия в переводе зависимого и независимого
причастных оборотов (см. образец выполнения 2).
1.Having reduced retail prices for some types of goods, the Soviet State improved
the living standards of the people.
2.Productive forces growing steadily, impressive progress has been made in the
improvement of the Soviet people's well-being.
3.The Soviet Union expands cultural contacts with all countries, this being one of
the traditional principles of Soviet policy.
III. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие
предложения, содержащие придаточные предложения условия.
1.If friction were eliminated, no force at all would be necessary to keep the body in
motion.
2.Unless the state had increased investments into the light industry, consumer
goods output would not have gone up.
IV. Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 3-й
абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2 и 3-й абзацы.
Пояснения к тексту
imperative — настоятельная необходимость
cultural and recreational facilities — культура и отдых
payments and benefits — выплаты и льготы
OUR PARTY'S ECONOMIC POLICY
1.The country has entered the new decade with a powerful economic and
scientific-technological potential, and with a multimillion army of well-trained
personnel. The Soviet Union has advanced to first place in the world in the output
of many important products, which include oil and steel, cement and chemical
fertilisers, wheat and cotton.
2.Profound qualitative changes have taken place in all fields of social life.
These changes are known to be especially evident in the economy. The country's
economic potential has grown enormously. The steep upsurge in Soviet industry
can be seen in the Soviet Union's outstanding achievements in space exploration,
in developing electronic and optical technology and in a number of other leading
spheres of scientific and technological progress.
3.The conditions in which the national economy will be developing in the
eighties make the acceleration of scientific and technological progress ever more
pressing. The close integration of science and production is an imperative of the
contemporary epoch.
It is planned to improve all aspects of the Soviet people's life – consumption and
housing, cultural and recreational facilities, working and living conditions. The
national income used for consumption and accumulation is to be increased by at
least 40 per cent by 1990. Capital investments are to increase by just as much.
Wages and salaries, other payments and benefits to the population will be
increased Concrete concern for the concrete person, for his needs and requirements
is known to be the main objective of the Party's economic policy.
V. Прочтите 4-й абзац текста и ответьте письменно на вопрос: What is
the main aim of the Party's economic policy?
ВАРИАНТ 7
I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие
предложения, принимая во внимание, что объектный и субъектный
инфинитивные обороты большей частью соответствуют придаточным
предложениям (см. образец выполнения 1).
1.The average annual grain crop is supposed to go up more and more.
2.The new efficient methods are sure to increase labour productivity at our plant
3.We expect the output of the light and food industries to rise by 26-28 per cent
II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие
предложения, учитывая различия в переводе зависимого и независимого
причастных оборотов (см. образец выполнения 2).
1. The aim of the new Five-Year Plan is to achieve a new and higher level in our
economic development, quality indicators acquiring a determining significance.
2. Raising the quality of products is a serious problem facing agriculture.
3. The living standards of the Soviet people rising, our light industry is to produce
more and better-quality goods.
III. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие
сложные предложения, содержащие придаточные предложения условия.
1.If the agreement had been concluded, our factory would have got necessary raw
materials and equipment.
2.Provided we used machines, equipment, labour and natural resources better, we
should achieve greater production volume.
IV. Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 4-й абзацы
текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3 и 4-й абзацы.
Пояснения к тексту
per capita — на душу населения
machine-tool building — станкостроение
electrical engineering – электротехника
PROGRESS OF SOVIET ECONOMY
1. For almost half a century the Soviet Union's economic development has
been determined by five-year plans. Throughout the world the Soviet five-year
plans have become a symbol of the rapid social and economic progress.
2. Because of the high and steady rates of economic development the USSR
is known to have achieved the world's highest level of production per capita' in
many areas of the national economy. The industries which are the leaders in
scientific and technological progress - electronics, machine-tool building,
chemistry and others move forward at an accelerated rate. The results of the
country's economic development are most fully characterized by its national
income, the source of mass consumption and growing national wealth.
3. The 11th Five-Year Plan is a new stage in the development of socialist
relations and the Soviet way of life. The new Five-Year Plan is considered to be a
concrete programme of achieving a higher level in the economic development of
the country and in the life of the Soviet people. The efforts of the Party and the
people are directed at assuring rapid progress of the economy and improving the
Soviet people's well-being.
4. The main aim of production under socialism is to ensure a considerable
increase in the quantity and a substantial improvement in the quality of goods and
to satisfy the growing demand of the population more fully with the help of allround mechanization and automation.
5. Much attention will be devoted to efficiency and quality. The Soviet
economy has arrived at a stage when satisfying the people's needs in high-quality
consumer goods, as well as the use of the latest technology and technique in
production are becoming the condition of further progress.
V. Прочтите 5-й абзац текста и ответьте письменно на следующий
вопрос:
What will much attention be devoted to in the current Five-Year Plan?
ВАРИАНТ 8
I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие
предложения, принимая во внимание, что объектный и субъектный
инфинитивные обороты большей частью соответствуют придаточным
предложениям (см. образец выполнения 1).
1.The current Five-Year Plan period is sure to reflect the Soviet Union's
outstanding successes in economic development and in improving the living
standards of the Soviet people.
2.At present the social consumption funds are supposed to add approximately 2530 per cent to the real incomes of the population.
3.We expect the national economy to receive during the Five-Year Plan period 9.6
million specialists with higher and specialized secondary education.
II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие
предложения, учитывая различия в переводе зависимого и независимого
причастных, оборотов (см. образец выполнения 2).
1.The Great October Socialist Revolution opened a new epoch in the world history,
its main characteristic being the transition from capitalism to socialism.
2.People having a lower income or large families receive more payments and
benefits from the social consumption funds.
3.Soviet agriculture successfully developing on the basis of mechanization and
chemicalization, the proportion of meat, fruit and vegetables in the diet is rapidly
increasing.
III. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие
сложные предложения, содержащие придаточные предложения условия.
1.If the light industry had not concentrated on the quality and variety of goods, it
wouldn't have been able to satisfy the people's demand for some kinds of consumer
goods.
2.Provided the range (assortment) of products were extended, the store could apply
new methods of servicing.
IV. Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 4-й абзацы
текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3 и 4-й абзацы.
Пояснения к тексту
per capita — на душу населения
free of charge - бесплатный
medical college — медицинское учебное заведение
SOVIET PEOPLE'S WELL-BEING
1. The main purpose of the entire activity of the Soviet State and the
Communist Party is the creation of the most favourable conditions for work, study,
and leisure for the Soviet people, for their all-round development and the optimal
application of their abilities.
2. The national income is the basis for raising the living standards of the
people. During the previous five years it grew by 28 per cent, its absolute increase
amounting to 76 thousand million roubles
3. We know the rapid development of social production in the USSR to be
accompanied by a rise in the real incomes of the population. Over the past 15 years
the real incomes per capita1 have approximately doubled. The average wages and
salaries are supposed to increase by another 13 to 16 per cent, and collective
farmers' incomes by 20 to 22 per cent under the current Five-Year Plan.
4. The rights of the Soviet citizens in the field of health protection and
education are written into the Constitution of the USSR. Education, from primary
school through university, is free of charge. The Soviet Union holds the first place
in the world in providing medical services to the population, over forty thousand
doctors graduating annually from the medical colleges of the country.
5. The Soviet people may be justly proud of their achievements in economy,
culture, and science, and of the living standards they have attained. They are
confident that tomorrow they will live still better than today, that their children will
enjoy considerably more benefits than their own generation.
V. Прочтите 5-й абзац текста и ответьте письменно на следующий
вопрос:
What are the Soviet people proud of?
ВАРИАНТ 9
I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие
предложения, принимая во внимание, что объектный и субъектный
инфинитивные обороты - большей частью соответствуют придаточным
предложениям (см. образец выполнения 1).
1.We know the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance to comprise ten socialist
countries in Europe, Asia and America.
2.The all-round mechanization and automation are sure to increase labour
productivity in all spheres of our economy.
3.The total industrial output of the socialist countries is expected to grow
considerably.
II. Перепишите и письменно переведите данные ниже предложения,
учитывая различия в переводе зависимого и независимого причастных
оборотов (см. образец выполнения 2).
1. Engineers use computers widely, the latter assisting to solve many problems of
our national economy.
2.Having solved many scientific and technical problems, our engineers and
workers could increase the output of consumer goods.
3.Mechanization and automation having been introduced in the economy, the wellbeing of the population started growing steadily.
III. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие
сложные предложения, содержащие придаточные предложения условия.
1. If new equipment had been installed at the plant, labour productivity would have
increased considerably.
2. Provided the young researchers applied the new progressive methods of work
they would obtain better results.
IV. Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 5-й абзацы
текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3, 4 и 5-й абзацы.
Пояснения к тексту
The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) — Совет Экономической
Взаимопомощи
unprecedented — невиданный, беспримерный
community — содружество
MUTUALLY BENEFICIAL COOPERATION
1. The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) is the first
organization set by the socialist countries for multilateral scientific, technical and
economic cooperation. All CMEA decisions are made according to the principles
of mutual assistance and mutual benefit. All CMEA documents are known to be
adopted with the agreement of the member-countries.
2.The socialist countries are reported to register the highest and most stable
rates of economic growth in the world. In the last five years their national income,
an overall index of economic development, went up by 36 per cent, their industrial
output showing a 45 per cent gain.
3.These growth figures are unprecedented in the present-day world with its
crises of overproduction, inflation, energy crisis and unemployment.
4.Throughout the current decade the socialist countries are concentrating on
increasing the effectiveness of production, improving the quality of output.
5.In 1975 the CMEA countries adopted a coordinated programme of
economic integration for 1976-1980. For example, the Friendship Pipeline has
delivered about 340,000,000 tons of Soviet oil to European countries. This pipeline
is sure to contribute to the German Democratic Republic, Poland and
Czechoslovakia.
6.Practically all forms of economic, scientific and technical cooperation
among the CMEA countries take place through mutual deliveries of commodities,
scientific and technical assistance. A steady growth of trade is one of the results of
socialist economic integration.
The socialist countries are playing an ever more prominent part in the world
economy. The socialist community has now become the world's most dynamic
economic force.
V. Прочтите 6-й абзац текста и ответьте письменно на следующий
вопрос:
What is the result of socialist economic integration?
ВАРИАНТ 10
I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык предложения,
принимая во внимание, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты
большей частью соответствуют придаточным предложениям (см. образец
выполнения 1).
1.We believe the consumption of high-quality food products - meat, milk, eggs,
vegetables, fruit, berries, etc. - to go up considerably.
2.The retail price of basic foods and non-food. products is sure to remain stable.
3.Soviet specialists are known to have developed methods of obtaining new kinds
of synthetic fibre.
II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие
предложения, учитывая различия в переводе зависимого и независимого
причастных оборотов (см. образец выполнения 2).
1. Having equipped collective farms with powerful machinery we shall be able to
turn work in agriculture into a variety of industrial labour.
2. The chemists have recently developed a number of new materials, some of them
having outstanding properties.
3. The goods having been sorted, they were sent to the stores.
III. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие
сложные предложения, содержащие придаточные предложения условия:
1.Unless the cultural level of the Soviet people had grown, rapid progress of
science and technology would have been impossible.
2.If we reduced material expenditures in production by just one per cent, we should
get extra five thousand million roubles in national income.
IV. Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 4-й абзацы
текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3 и 4-й абзацы.
Пояснения к тексту
service industries — сфера услуг
semi-cooked products — полуфабрикаты
CONSUMER GOODS PRODUCTION ON THE INCREASE
1.Our socialist economy's main objective is to keep on raising the Soviet
people's living standards, and the 11th Five-Year Plan (1981-1985) is an important
step on the way.
2.Inevitably, the efforts to meet the Soviet people's growing requirements
must affect production, its efficiency and product quality. When we began building
socialism the emphasis was on the heavy industry, but now country's industrial,
scientific and technological potential enables us to invest more and more in
producing consumer goods. Under the current Five-Year Plan more than 30
thousand million roubles will be invested in the light, food and services industries.
3. 33 per cent more consumer goods are expected to be manufactured in five
years. The food industry increases its output. Production of baby and diet foods,
quick frozen vegetables and fruit, semi-cooked products2 and food concentrates is
to grow rapidly.
4.Over the same period light industry production is supposed to go up 18-20
per cent. In 1980, 12,750 million square metres of fabrics, 810 million pairs of
leather footwear and 1,900 million pieces of knitwear were turned out. More new
products and materials will be manufactured.
5. Increased production will not affect the price of basic consumer goods.
The Soviet economy has reached a stage at which it becomes possible to fully
satisfy the ever growing demand of the people for high quality consumer goods
and to make the most efficient use of the latest equipment and technology in
production. And this is a very important condition for the further advance of the
country toward the most humane goal - the building of a communist society.
V. Прочтите 5-й абзац текста и ответьте письменно на следующий
вопрос:
Will the prices of basic consumer goods change?
КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ № 5
Чтобы правильно выполнить задание № 5, необходимо повторить
следующие разделы курса английского языка по рекомендованному
учебнику.
1.Грамматические функции глаголов should, would.
2.Обороты с инфинитивом, причастием и герундием, равнозначные
придаточным предложениям.
3.Различные значения слов: only, both ... and, either ... or, neither ... nor, as,
because, because of, for, since, due, provided.
Образец выполнения 3 (к упр. III)
For
Polymers are used for different
purposes
Полимеры используют для
различных целей.
For a long time polymers were used
instead of metals.
В течение длительного времени
полимеры использовали вместо
металлов.
Plastics are of great importance for
they can replace metals.
Пластики имеют огромное
значение, так как они могут
заменять металлы.
Since
Since the experiment is completed, let
us see its results.
Так как эксперимент закончен,
давайте посмотрим результаты.
Man used metals since ancient times.
С
древних
времен
использовал металлы.
человек
Because
Plastics will be widely used in
industry because they possess
valuable properties.
Пластмассы
будут
широко
использованы в промышленности,
потому что
они обладают
ценными свойствами.
Plastics find wide use in industry
because of their cheapness.
Вследствие своей дешевизны
пластмассы находят широкое
применение в промышленности.
As
1. As an engineer you must know this
technological process.
Как инженер вы должны знать
этот технологический процесс.
2. As the chief engineer is here, we
shall ask him to help us.
Так как главный инженер здесь,
мы попросим его помочь нам.
3. As soon as the chief engineer
comes, we shall ask him to examine
this device.
Как только придет главный
инженер, мы попросим его
проверить
этот
механизм.
4. The workers will take part in the
conference as well.
Рабочие тоже примут участие в
конференции.
5. As to the chief engineer he can
speak English.
Что касается главного инженера,
он может говорить по-английски
Due
Wide use of plastics is due to their
cheapness.
Широкое использование пласт
масс обусловлено их дешевизной.
Plastics are widely used in
engineering due to their good
insulation properties.
Благодаря хорошим
изоляционным свойствам
пластмассы широко используют в
технике
Provided
Provided automatic devices are used,
we shall increase the labour
productivity.
Если
будут
использованы
автоматические приспособления,
мы увеличим производительность
труда.
Either ... or
В этом случае вы можете
использовать либо металл, либо
пластмассу
You can apply either metal or
plastics in this case.
Neither ... nor
В этом случае вы не можете
использовать ни металл, ни
пластмассу.
You can apply neither metal nor
plastics in this case.
Both ... and
В этом случае вы можете
использовать как металл, так и
пластмассу.
You can apply both metal and
plastics in this case.
Only
1.Не only examined the instrument.
Он только проверил прибор.
2.He is the only man who will be able
to repair the instrument.
Он — единственный человек, кто
сможет починить прибор.
ВАРИАНТ 1
I. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский
язык, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов should, would.
1. Every scientist, every researcher should have some idea of what an electronic
computer is.
2. Many of the modern achievements in various fields of science would be quite
impossible without computers.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский
язык, принимая во внимание, что инфинитивные и причастные обороты
соответствуют чаще всего придаточным предложениям.
1.All the students must perform a number of experiments to have an understanding
of the given problem.
2.Having learned some of the properties of atom, the scientists put it into the
service of man.
3.The substance being heated, the motion of the molecules increases.
4.The problem to be solved is rather difficult.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский
язык, обращая внимание на различные значения выделенных слов.
1.We generate electrical power for industry as well as for everyday-life needs.
2.Only the socialist system created the most favourable conditions for collective
scientific research.
3.By means of this instrument you can determine both the chemical and physical
properties of the substance.
4.Builders are interested in plastics for they offer a rare combination of properties.
IV. Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 7-й абзацы
текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 3, 6 и 7-й абзацы.
Пояснения к тексту
mention should be made — следует упомянуть
digital computer — цифровой компьютер
a number of—ряд
short lived — недолговечный
stored-programme machine — запрограммированная вычислительная машина
memory — запоминающее устройство
analogue — аналоговый компьютер
desk-sized computer — настольный компьютер
COMPUTERS
1.A computer is known to be a device that has the ability to accept, store and
process enormous quantities of data in an extremely short time. A computer allows
to get information almost immediately, the data being punched into cards or being
recorded on the magnetic tape.
2.Much has been written about the early history of computing. Mention
should be made that Charles Babbage, now widely recognized as the father of
computing, was working out the first of his mechanical calculating machines in the
early 1820s long before the first electrical telegraph message was transmitted.
3.The modern history of digital computers began in 1939 with the work
done by Howard Aiken. A number or automatic machines were constructed in the
early days of computing, the machines of this type being designed to solve
differential equations. Although they performed many useful functions their speed
of calculations was limited by the relays and other electromechanical equipment
they used.
4.The second development was the construction of the machine in 1946
which was the forerunner of the first generation of electronic digital computers.
5.Until the discovery of the germanium transistors in 1947 electronic
computers were like very large furnaces, consuming enormous quantities of
electrical power. They produced more heat than processed information. The first
computer, for example, weighed 30 tons and occupied 1,500 square feet of floor
space. Its short lived 18,000 vacuum tubes produced 150 kilowatts of heat. The
early machines using valves were employed mainly for scientific and experimental
work.
6.The next generation of electronic computers emerged in the middle of
1950s. These were "stored-programme" machines holding programming
instructions in the main memory6 of the computer. They could store and process
more information and faster.
7. Today it is possible to obtain a computer with great processing capability.
We know a computer to solve a complicated problem many millions of times faster
than a skilled mathematician. It processes thousands of calculations per second.
There are two main classes of computing equipment: analogue and digital. They
work on different principles and yield different results. The digital computers can
perform a much broader range of functions than the analogue computers. The
application includes all forms or automatic control in science and industry. The
computer has become an integral part of the organization of business of all types.
There exist various types of computers ranging from the pocket calculator through
the desk-sized computer8 to machines which still need vast halls to house them.
ВАРИАНТ 2
I. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский
язык, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов should, would.
1. We would not solve the problem of protecting spaceships against solar radiation,
if we had no plastics with some unique properties.
2. The old equipment should be replaced by a new one.
II Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский
язык, принимая во внимание, что инфинитивные и причастные обороты
соответствуют чаще всего придаточным предложениям.
1.We know matter to exist in four states: solids, liquids, gases and plasma.
2.The plastics to be produced in our laboratory will replace iron and its alloys.
3.Being very light, strong and non-corrosive, aluminium is an ideal construction
metal.
4.To get to other planets man must have powerful sources of energy.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский
язык, обращая внимание на различные значения выделенных слов.
1. The speed of electrons is almost the same as the speed of light.
2. Provided these metals are alloyed with titanium, they will withstand high
temperatures.
3. Neither this part (деталь) nor that one must be made of plastics.
4. Since these materials could not withstand high temperatures our scientists had to
create heat-resistant alloys.
IV. Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 6-ой абзацы
текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 3, 4 и 5-й абзацы.
Пояснения к тексту
machining and finishing processes — процессы обработки и отделки
blades — лопатки турбины
strength — прочностьextremes of pressures — сверхвысокие давления
mention should be made — следует упомянуть
life — срок службы
auxiliaries — вспомогательное оборудование
domestic appliances — бытовые товары
PLASTICS AS METAL REPLACEMENTS
1. Today plastics are referred to as materials of great importance, for no other
group of materials is able to offer such a unique combination of properties.
2. By alloying, modifying as well as by changing the structure of polymers,
chemists and technologists are able to produce different kinds of plastics.
3. Metal replacement by plastics is often due to the economic factors only.
The use of plastics enables the manufacturers to eliminate many expensive
machining and finishing processes. Moreover plastics parts can be mass producer
at a lower cost compared with metal parts.
4. Although plastics do not possess the high strength of steel they are suitable
for many purposes. Plastics can be reinforced by incorporating fibrous materials
such as glass fiber, nylon and, at last, pure carbon fibers. The carbon plastics are
known to open up vast new possibilities in the engineering field. Already some of
the latest aircraft engines are using blades made of such plastics. These plastics are
able to withstand much higher temperatures than metals. There exist plastics which
have high mechanical strength and are able to withstand the extremes of
pressures4. It gives them a great advantage over metals.
5.Mention should be made that plastics are widely used in chemical
industry, all plastics possessing good resistance to chemicals. The great advantage
offered by plastics over iron is that they are highly resistant to corrosion and
therefore ensure a much longer life.
6.Because of their combination of mechanical and dielectrical properties
plastics found their first major industrial application in the electrical industry. A
great number of plastics used in the electronics field find applications where a
good insulation property is an essential quality, e.g. wire covering, diodes,
transistors, etc. An increasing number of electronic auxiliaries previously made of
metal is now being fabricated of plastics. These include many kinds of mechanical
components required for computers.
7.The development of rocket and space engineering made it necessary to
develop new types of plastics. A great deal .of research had been carried out before
special grades of plastics were obtained for space technology. Now they are widely
used in space vehicles because of their light weight and their ability of performing
special functions metals cannot do. Without such materials it would be impossible
to build spaceships. Generally speaking, in every branch of the industry from
power transmission to communications and from spaceships to domestic
appliances plastics are playing a vitally important role.
V. Прочтите 7-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных
вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный
ответ на поставленный вопрос.
What property of plastics is of great importance for the construction of spaceships?
1.... the ability to resist chemicals.
2.... the ability to withstand high temperatures.
3.... light weight.
ВАРИАНТ 3
I. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский
язык, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов should, would.
1. A radio engineer should know the principles of TV and radar equipment
operation.
2. They would solve this problem earlier, if they applied a digital computer.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский
язык, принимая во внимание, что инфинитивные и причастные обороты
соответствуют чаще всего придаточным предложениям.
1.То separate a compound into its elements, chemical means must be used.
2.Radioisotopes are composed of atoms of different mass, all carrying1 the same
charge and hence chemically identical.
3.The problem to be solved is of great importance for our industry.
4.Haying released the energy in the form of radiation, man learned to use it for
detecting various defects in metals.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский
язык, обращая внимание на различные значения выделенных слов.
1. Isotopes occur either naturally or they can be manufactured artificially.
2. The labour productivity has greatly increased, for the workers applied the new
technology.
3. Through television we can see as well as hear programmes and events even if
they take place many kilometres away.
4. Until recently metals were the only materials used in these instruments.
IV. Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 4-й абзацы
текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 3 и 4-й абзацы.
Пояснения к тексту
in the path of the protons — на пути действия протонов
to throw off—выбрасывать
mention should be made — следует упомянуть
ISOTOPE PRODUCTION
1.About 1907 scientists discovered that two samples of an element which
behaved exactly alike chemically, differed in their physical structures. Scientists
called such chemically alike - but physically unlike - substances "isotopes". Thus,
isotope is the name given to a substance which - although it differs physically from
another substance - takes the same place along with the other substances in the
chemical table of elements.
2.The great majority of isotopes found in nature do not emit radiation and
are called stable isotopes. Stable isotopes occur in nature mixed with other isotopes
of the same element. The separation of isotopes from one another when they are
mixed is a necessary part of the production of both stable isotopes and radio
isotopes. The machine which does this is electromagnetic separator but the
machine is large, expensive and consumes a lot of electricity.
3.Since 1931 scientists have been designing more and more powerful
apparatus for speeding up electrically charged particles. These machines are known
to give the possibility for producing isotopes as well. Perhaps the best known of
these machines is the cyclotron. In the cyclotron the element is placed as a target in
the path of the protons leaving the cyclotron at high speed. However the cyclotron
is a very expensive machine since it consumes a lot of electricity, and requires a lot
of time to produce required quantities of the new isotopes.
4.We know most radioisotopes to be made today in nuclear reactors by
bombarding stable, nonradioactive isotopes with neutrons. After bombardment the
nuclei of stable atoms acquire additional particles and become unstable. These
unstable nuclei try to become stable again by throwing off their additional energy
in the form of radiation, thus forming the desired isotope.
5.Mention should be made3 that the production and separation of isotopes is
a very complicated and expensive process but it is carried out because of the
increasing uses of radioisotopes in industry and medicine. This increasing use of
radioisotopes is due to the development of the nuclear reactor which has provided a
relatively cheap and easy way of producing isotopes. The radiation emitted by
radioisotopes is being utilized in a variety of ways. Sometimes isotopes do jobs
conventional devices cannot do at all. Radioisotopes are widely used for tracing
complicated chemical reactions, for generating electric power for spaceships.
V. Прочтите 5-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных
вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный
ответ на поставленный вопрос.
How did the Soviet scientists manage to obtain a great number of isotopes?
1.... due to their wide use in industry and medicine.
2.... due to the use of nuclear reactors.
3.... due to their ability to radiate.
ВАРИАНТ 4
I. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский
язык, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов should, would.
1. These parts should be subjected to X-ray examination.
2. If there were no atmosphere, there would be no clouds, no rain.
II.
Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на
русский язык, принимая во внимание, что инфинитивные и причастные
обороты соответствуют чаще всего придаточным предложениям.
1.Specialists wanted the unknown element to be analysed and tested.
2.To separate a compound into its elements, chemical means must be used.
3.Cathode rays are known to travel from the cathode to the anode of the tube.
4.The electrons move with various velocities, their velocity depending on the
temperature and nature of the material.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на
русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения выделенных слов.
1. The increase in labour productivity in industry is due to automation of
manufacturing processes.
2. The engineers will soon obtain better results, since they use a computer.
3. Because of the danger of radiation one must take safety measures (меры
предосторожности).
4. Provided automatic control is used, it will relieve man of monotonous work.
IV. Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 5-й
абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2, 3 и 4-й абзацы.
Пояснения к тексту
the cathode ray tube - катодно-лучевая трубка
in spite of - несмотря на...
it was not until r895 that Rontgen - и только в 1895 году Рентген
to give off - испускать, излучать
to succeed in - удаваться сделать что-л.
NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY
1. The cathode ray tubes' that were developed about 1880 resulted in the
discovery of the electron. Tubes of various design were constructed and the
behaviour of cathode rays was studied. In spite of extensive experimental work it,
was not until 1895 that Rontgen discovered that the cathode ray tube also emitted
invisible rays. These rays were capable of penetrating opaque substances and were
called X-rays because of their unknown nature.
2. In the following year Becquerel investigated several fluorescent
substances as possible sources of similar penetrating rays. Of the substances tested,
only a uranium compound affected a photographic plate which had been protected
by a wrapping of black paper. Becquerel found that all uranium compounds gave
off penetrating rays, the intensity of the rays being proportional to the amount of
"radioactivity".
3. Marie Sklodowska-Curie and her husband, Pierre Curie, investigated this
new property of radioactivity and tested all other known elements for radioactive
properties. The only other radioactive element they found was thorium. Thorium
like uranium possessed a very high atomic weight.
4. While working with a uranium-containing ore they separated the various
elements in the ore and tested each for radioactivity. From the fraction containing
the element bismuth, they isolated a new radioactive element that was named
"polonium'' in honour of Poland. The barium fraction was also radioactive, thus
suggesting the presence of another new element. This new element (discovered in
1893) possessed radioactivy two to three million times that of uranium and was
named "radium".
5.After the death of her husband in 1906 Marie Curie continued her studies
of the chemical properties of radium. In 1910 she finally succeeded in isolating the
pure element from its compounds.
6.Chemically speaking, radium acts like other elements of similar atomic
weight. The other properties of radium associated with the radioactivity, however,
are very striking. Rutherford had studied the radiations given off by radium. Under
the influence of a magnetic field the rays were deflected in such a way that three
types of radiations could be observed. Rutherford named the rays "alpha", "beta"
and "gamma" and found that they were given off from all. radioactive elements.
V. Прочтите 6-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных
вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный
ответ на поставленный вопрос.
What similar properties does radium possess compared with other elements?
1.It has the same degree of radioactivity.
2.It has lower atomic weight.
3.It gives off three types of rays.
ВАРИАНТ 5
I. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский
язык, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов should, would.
1.Without electronic equipment space flights would be impossible.
2.The workers asked the engineer, if the new equipment would be installed in the
shop.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский
язык, принимая во внимание, что инфинитивные и причастные обороты
соответствуют чаще всего придаточным предложениям.
1. Lubricants are employed to reduce friction.
2. The technology to be applied greatly improves the quality of glass.
3. Having added heat we could change the state of a substance.
4. The Sun is known to be a source of energy.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на
русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения выделенных слов.
1. The strength of the light metals is less than that of the heavy metals.
2. It is the only metal which can be used in this design.
3. Either copper or aluminium is used for cables.
4. The appearance of new materials is due to the achievements of chemistry.
IV. Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 6-й
абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 4 и 5-й абзацы.
Пояснения к тексту
to stem from — происходить
in the course of—в течение
fusion process — процесс синтеза
SOLAR ENERGY
1.Most of the energy that we use on the Earth even in some converted form
such as coal and oil, stems from1 the Sun. Indeed, oil, coal, natural gas are fuels
that release energy received from the Sun millions of years ago. When we use
wood in a fire it is necessary to remember that the Sun supplied the energy for the
growth of trees.
2.Hydroelectric energy is known to be electricity produced from the energy
of falling water. This is actually stored solar energy, the water being lifted from the
sea in the course of the hydrological cycle which is driven by the Sun.
Hydroelectric energy has several advantages over other ways of producing
electricity. No fuel is required, since the energy comes from the Sun.
3. The Sun is also important to us as a laboratory in which we can study hot
gases in a magnetic field. The knowledge we are gathering from the studies of the
solar gas enables us to control fusion processes here on the Earth. If we could build
magnetic "bottles" to contain hydrogen undergoing fusion at temperatures of
millions of degrees and would use the hydrogen in the ocean we should obtain
unexhausted sources of energy for millions of years.
4.
It is clear today that the supply of coal, oil and natural gas will soon
become inadequate for our needs. It is natural that scientists began their search for
new sources of energy. There is an increasing interest in obtaining energy from the
Sun.
5.
There are devices that give off an electrical signal when struck by
sunlight. The device employed for converting solar energy into useful power is the
solar cell. In the solar cell the junction consists of two different kinds of
semiconductors. The cell is energized not by heat but by light. But solar cells are
still expensive to use for general commercial purposes. They proved to be an ideal
source of power for artifical satellites.
6.
There is now considerable research centering on finding ways of
converting solar radiation into heat and electricity. Man has learned to obtain
electric power directly from the Sun at present. Architects have built houses to be
heated by solar radiation due to applying suitably designed roofs and using suitable
construction materials, the latter tend to retain heat obtained from the Sun. Under
suitable conditions solar radiation can raise the temperature of the air to 300°F.
V. Прочтите 6-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных
вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный
ответ на поставленный вопрос.
How does man obtain power for heating houses?
1.... by raising temperature.
2.... by using special materials for roofs.
3.... by retaining heat.
КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ № 6
ВАРИАНТ 1
(для студентов вузов текстильной и легкой промышленности)
I. Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 4-й абзацы
текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 3 и 4-й абзацы.
Пояснения к тексту
a textile — ткань
A.D. — нашей эры
chrysolite — хризолит
yarn —пряжа
flame-proof clothing — огнезащитная одежда
strength — прочность
ASBESTOS
1.Asbestos has been known and used as a textile since the earliest times. The
first written evidence of asbestos was recorded by Pliny in the first century A.D.
2.It is told that one of the Emperors of Rome delighted guests by throwing a
tablecloth made of asbestos into fire and then removing it unchanged from the
flame. A few centuries later Marco Polo told his friends in Italy about a substance
he observed in Siberia. He told that it could be woven into attractive textiles which
did not burn even in direct flame.
3.Asbestos is one of the strangest of all the naturally occurring fibres. It is a
rock which has been subjected to unusual treatment during its formation. Asbestos
is the only mineral substance used as a textile fibre in the form it is obtained from
natural sources. There are many varieties of asbestos rocks but only chrysolite is
widely used for textile products. Chrysolite is mined in many countries of the
world. The soft, long, white fibres of this mineral can be spun into yarn by the
usual processes. Pure asbestos being very difficult to spin, a proportion of cotton
fibre is usually added to help to bind the asbestos fibres together. The strangest
characteristic of asbestos fibres is their resistance to heat and burning. This
property determined the ways in which they are used.
4.
Early uses for asbestos included such articles as handkerchiefs and
table coverings. We know commercial development of the fibre to have started in
the 19th century. Asbestos was used in flame-proof clothing of many kinds, for
laboratory, industrial and military purposes.
5.
Fabrics made of asbestos have good strength. Today the main
applications are those in which non-inflammability is essential such as conveyor
belting for hot materials, industrial packings, fireproof clothing, etc. Asbestos is
sometimes used with glass fibre in making decorative fabrics for curtains for
hospitals, theatres and other buildings where the public assembles. Some grades of
asbestos are used for electrical windings and insulation.
II. Выпишите из 2-го абзаца предложение, содержащее
определительное бессоюзное придаточное предложение и переведите его
письменно.
III. Прочтите 5-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных ниже
ответов укажите правильный вариант ответа на поставленный вопрос.
Why are asbestos fabrics used for theatre curtains?
1. ... because they are resistant to fire.
2. because they are decorative.
3. ... because people often assemble there.
ВАРИАНТ 2
(для студентов торгово-экономических вузов)
I. Прочтите и устно переведите с 1-го по 4-й абзацы текста.
Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2 и 3-й абзацы.
Пояснения к тексту
СМЕА countries — страны Совета Экономической Взаимопомощи (СЭВ)
SOVIET UNION'S ECONOMIC AND SCIENTIFIC CONTACTS
1. The Soviet Union is doing everything it can to strengthen the position of
socialism in the world arena. It is expanding ties with socialist, developing and
capitalist countries in the sphere of economy, culture and science. The USSR has
trade and economic relations with 115 countries, including socialist, developing
and industrially developed capitalist countries.
2. A steady growth of trade is sure to be one of the results of closer socialist
economic integration. The CMEA countries put the emphasis both on mutual
deliveries of commodities and on further specialization and cooperation in research
and production. Deliveries of goods on the basis of agreements is a reliable form of
planned supply of socialist countries with the machinery, raw and other materials,
consumer goods and other commodities they need.
3.We expand cooperation with the developing countries on democratic and
just principles and help them to strengthen their economic independence.
4.In recent years a definite progress is known to have been made in
developing mutually advantageous cooperation with capitalist countries. Many
agreements have been signed with different countries on the basis of long-term
agreements on economic, technological and industrial cooperation. For example,
Soviet machine-tools, watches, tractors, lorries, passenger-planes and instruments
are sold to 70 countries.
5.Scientific and cultural ties of the Soviet Union are becoming more and
more extensive. Science is known to affect the production sphere. Soviet science
has achieved major successes in the study of the processes of social development.
About 50 international coordination centres have been established in leading
branches of science, such as mathematics, nuclear energy, quantum electronics,
space research and many other fields of knowledge.
II Выпишите из 4-го абзаца текста предложение, содержащее
субъектный инфинитивный оборот, и переведите его письменно на русский
язык.
III. Прочтите 5-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных
ответов укажите правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос.
What problems do international coordination centres deal with?
1.... the problems of social development.
2.... the problems of cultural ties.
3.... the scientific problems.
ВАРИАНТ 3
(для студентов политехнических вузов по специальности — химия)
I. Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 4-й абзацы текста,
перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2 и 3-й абзацы.
Пояснения к тексту
technology — техника
sulfuric acid — серная кислота
NATURAL RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY
1. The history of man is largely the. history of man's straggle for natural
resources. The rapid increase in the world's population, with its enormous demands
for food, energy and manufactured products, makes the chemical industry a very
important factor in our civilization.
2. At present a high standard of living makes great demands on our mineral
resources. The natural sources of many materials being quickly exhausted, new
chemical products have to be developed. The increasing demands for food, energy
and manufactured goods can be met by using chemistry in different branches of
our national economy.
3.
The chemical industry is directed to the conversion of natural raw
materials of the earth, sea and air into products which are of vital importance for
the life of the people of the whole world. The chemical industry is known to deal
with every kind of raw material. In combining, rearranging the molecules chemists
could create substances with definite characteristics. Now great efforts are being
made to increase the assortment and quality of chemical products and to create new
substances.
4.The chemical industry ranges so widely that it is difficult to define its
scope. Chemistry is known to be concerned with all forms of matter from metals to
paper. It reaches into almost every sphere of science and technology.
5.A simple chemical product, sulfuric acid, for example, is absolutely
essential for the production of concrete, steel, some metals, textiles, paper, many
medicines. In its turn these above-mentioned substances are essential for the
construction of airplanes, railroads, automobiles, telephones, etc.
II. Выпишите из 4-го абзаца текста предложение, содержащее
субъектный инфинитивный оборот.
III. Прочтите 5-й абзац текста и письменно ответьте на следующий
вопрос:
Why is sulfuric acid used so widely?
ВАРИАНТ 4
(для студентов машиностроительных вузов)
I. Прочтите и устно переведите с 1-го по 4-й абзацы текста.
Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2 и 3-й абзацы.
Пояснения к тексту
part —деталь
work — изделие
WHAT IS A MACHINE-TOOL?
1.
A machine-tool is a power-driven machine used to shape metal by
cutting, drilling, pressure, electrical techniques, or a combination of these
processes.
Thus, it is clear that machine-tools can be built in a wide variety of types.
Basically, however, there are two main categories, the first being the cutting-type
machine-tool, which shapes metal to certain size and contour.
2.
For the various operations that are to be performed in the
metalworking shop, there are many different kinds of machines. Each machine-tool
is being designed to do work of a specific nature.
There are special machine-tools that are built to perform successive
operations. The operator only watches the succession of machining steps from the
beginning to the end of the operation. Such equipment is considered to be
automatic machinery.
3.
Precision of operation is the most important characteristic of today's
machine- tools. The precision makes it possible to produce hundreds of identical
parts, all so much alike that they may be freely interchanged or substituted in
assembly or repair, without hand-fitting.
The function of a machine-tool is to hold both the work and a cutting-tool
and move them relative to each other to obtain the proper cutting action.
4.Machine-tools are known to serve four main purposes: 1) they hold the
work or part to be cut; 2) they hold the cutting tool (or tools); 3) they impart to the
cutting tool or work the motion required for cutting or forming the part; 4) they
regulate the cutting speed and the movement between the tool and work.
5.The most common machine-tools are lathes, which perform cutting
operations mostly, milling machines, drilling machines and grinders.
II. Выпишите из 4-го абзаца текста предложение, содержащее
субъектный инфинитивный оборот, и переведите его письменно на русский
язык.
III. Прочтите 5-й абзац текста и письменно ответьте на следующий
вопрос:
What machine-tool is used for cutting?
ВАРИАНТ 5
(для студентов энергетических специальностей)
I. Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 4-й абзацы
текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2 и 3-й абзацы.
ELECTRIC MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
1.Studying electric circuits requires an accurate quantitative measurement of
potential or voltage, and current strength or amperage. As the electricity is forced
to move along a conductor, it produces various effects such as: it sets up a
magnetic field around its conductors; it produces heat; and it causes chemical
changes. The magnitude of any of these effects is known to be used as a
quantitative measure of the amount of current.
2.When the current to be detected and measured is very small, one should
use a galvanometer. Nowadays there are some very sensitive galvanometers which
are reported to detect a current as small as 10 of an ampere per 1 mm of the scale.
3.The basic measuring instrument which indicates any value of current
strength is the ammeter. In an ammeter an armature coil rotates between the poles
of a permanent magnet; the coil restrained by a spring is able to turn but through a
small angle. The greater the Current in the coil, the greater the force and, therefore,
the greater the angle of rotation of the armature. The deflection is measured by
means of a pointer attached to the armature, the scale under the pointer reading
directly in amperes.
4. A voltmeter is designed in order to measure the potential difference
between two points in a current. Its action is similar to that of an ammeter, both of
them having armatures that move when an electric current is sent through their
coils.
5. However, in spite of some similarity between a voltmeter and ammeter
there are also important differences. A voltmeter must have very high resistance,
an ammeter, on the other hand, must have a low resistance. In actual use the
ammeter is placed in series with the rest of the circuit, while the voltmeter is
placed in parallel with that part of the circuit where the voltage is to be measured.
II. Выпишите из 4-го абзаца текста предложение, содержащее
независимый причастный оборот, и переведите его письменно на русский
язык.
III.
вопросы:
Прочтите 5-й абзац текста и письменно ответьте на следующие
Which of the meters (a voltmeter or an ammeter)
a) must have a low resistance?
b) must be placed in series with the rest of the circuit?
ВАРИАНТ 6
(для студентов радиотехнических вузов)
I. Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 4-й абзацы
текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2 и 3-й абзацы.
Пояснения к тексту
cryogenics — криогеника, физика низких температур
tantalum — тантал
in. = inch - дюйм
K = Kelvin - по шкале Кельвина
ma = milliampere — миллиампер
printed circuits — печатные схемы
thimble — наперсток
CRYOGENICS AND THE CRYOTRON
1.The invention of electronic devices whose activity is based upon the flow
of free electrons in a vacuum has considerably enlarged the application of
electrical energy for various industrial purposes. Use is made of radio electronics at
every step. Without radio electronics we would not have cybernetics, cosmonautics
and nuclear physics.
2.We know the cryotron to be developed in 1953. In this devise the
superconductor is a piece of tantalum wire 1 in long and 0.009 in. in diameter. It is
kept at a temperature of 4.2°K, which is the boiling point of liquid helium at
atmospheric pressure.
3.Around this wire is a coil. This coil functions as a control winding. A
change in the flow of current through the winding changes the strength of magnetic
field. This controls the resistance of the tantalum wire, causing the wire to shift
back and forth between its superconducting and normally conducting states.
Thus, the current through the coil exceeding 100 ma, the magnetic field
changes the resistance of the tantalum wire from zero ohms to 0.008 ohms. This
behaviour enables the cryotron to function either as an amplifier or as a switch.
Newer types of cryotron are known to employ printed circuits in place of wires.
4.The cryotron is so small that a hundred of them will fit into an ordinary
thimble. It is planned at present to employ this device in computer circuits in place
of transistors and tubes. Among the advantages associated with the use of the
cryotron are simplicity, reliability, economy of electrical power, and compactness.
5.Cryogenics is the science of producing low temperatures. The operation of
the cryotron is based upon the phenomenon of superconductivity. At extremely
low temperatures the resistance of certain metals decreases practically to zero.
II. Выпишите из 4-го абзаца текста предложение, содержащее Participle
II в функции определения, и переведите' его письменно на русский язык.
III. Прочтите 5-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных
вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный
ответ на поставленный вопрос.
What phenomenon is the operation of the cryotron based upon?
1.... upon conductivity.
2.... upon non-conductivity.
3.... upon superconductivity.
ВАРИАНТ 7
(для студентов сельскохозяйственных вузов)
I. Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 4-й абзацы
текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2 и 3-й абзацы.
TECHNICAL RE-EQUIPMENT OF AGRICULTURE
1. Agriculture is known to be the industry supplying people with food, raw
materials for shelter and clothing.
2.To achieve the quick and steady growth of agricultural production it is
important to develop and modernize the material and technical basis of agriculture.
Mechanization and electrification are the most significant factors for the
intensification of agriculture. We know mechanization in agriculture to be
developing with every coming year. Many agricultural processes are being
mechanized now. Modern farm machines are used to make the farmers work easier
and more productive.
3.The application of new machines in agricultural production has been one
of the greatest developments in agriculture during the past few years. The results
car? Be seen in many spheres of life. Further simplification and standardization of
the agricultural equipment was of great importance, labour saving and comfort for
the farmers being increased considerably.
4.Due to comprehensive mechanization and consistent intensification of
agriculture our country is able to satisfy the growing needs of the people in farm
production. Today our agriculture has achieved high efficiency of crop farming
and stock-breeding.
5. All this made it possible to accomplish two basic, closely related tasks: to
build up an abundance of high quality food products for the population and of raw
materials for industry and to eliminate the distinction between town and country.
II. Выпишите из 3-го абзаца текста предложение, содержащее
пассивный инфинитив после модального глагола.
III.
вопрос:
Прочтите 5-й абзац текста и письменно ответьте на следующий
What tasks were accomplished due to comprehensive mechanization of
agriculture?