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Name: _______________________________________________ P1 Topic 3 Waves and the Universe Date: Time: Total marks available: Total marks achieved: ______ Questions Q1. *b While the origin of stars is well understood, there is still much debate about the origin of the Universe. Two major theories about the origin of the Universe are the Big Bang and the Steady State theories. Some evidence supports both theories. Other evidence supports only one theory. By considering the evidence, discuss why one of these theories is preferred by most scientists. (6) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q2. A long time ago scientists thought that the Universe never changed. Now there is evidence to show that stars progress through various stages and that the Universe is expanding. (a) Our Sun is in its main sequence stage. (i) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. A star of much greater mass than the Sun will eventually become (1) A B C D a black hole a protostar a red dwarf a white dwarf (ii) Describe how the Sun reached its main sequence stage. (3) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. (iii) Scientists can estimate the age of a star. They want to find the age of the oldest star. Suggest why knowing the age of the oldest star is not enough to tell scientists the age of the Universe. (2) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. *(b) Edwin Hubble discovered that the Universe was expanding. He did this by using observations of red-shift. Explain what red-shift is and how it provides evidence that the Universe is expanding. (6) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. (Total for Question = 12 marks) Q3. * For many years scientists have searched for evidence of intelligent life in our Solar System and in the rest of the Universe. Describe the methods scientists have used to help with this search in both our Solar System and the rest of the Universe. (6) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q4. * Scientists believe that the Universe is expanding. Describe how careful observation of electromagnetic radiation from distant galaxies as well as from the whole of space gave evidence supporting the Big Bang Theory. (6) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q5. Scientists have studied stars to discover how stars evolve. They know that stars form in a nebula when clouds of dust and gas are pulled together by gravity. Describe how this process continues for stars much more massive than the Sun. (4) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q6. * A long time ago, astronomers thought that the Earth was the centre of the Universe. This was called the geocentric model. The evidence for this model came from observations of the sky using the naked eye. After the telescope was invented, astronomers quickly gathered evidence which showed that the geocentric model is not correct. Describe the evidence both for the geocentric model and against the geocentric model. (6) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. Q7. (a) Put a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. Which of these is the biggest? (1) A the Solar System B a galaxy C a nebula D the Universe (b) These are four stages in the evolution of a star similar to the Sun. They are not in the correct order. 1. main sequence star 2. white dwarf 3. red giant 4. nebula Write down the stages in the correct order. (2) The first stage has been done for you. . . . . . . . . . nebula . . . . . . . . .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (c) (i) The chart shows the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum. Some parts of the spectrum have been labelled. radio P Q visible light R S gamma rays State the name of part Q. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. (ii) Three telescopes using different parts of the spectrum have been added to the chart. gamma P Q S radio visible light R rays Jodrell Hubble Compton Bank Jodrell Bank is located near Manchester, whereas Hubble and Compton are in space. Explain why some telescopes are located outside the Earth's atmosphere. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. *(d) Describe how modern telescopes have contributed to our understanding of the Universe. (6) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (Total for Question is 12 marks) Q8. Not all electromagnetic radiation coming from space reaches the Earth's surface. The diagram shows how far radiation from each part of the electromagnetic spectrum travels down through the atmosphere. * Scientists are using a variety of methods to search for life beyond Earth. Discuss the problems involved in using these methods. (6) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q9. * Describe how modern telescopes have contributed to our understanding of the Universe. (6) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q10. Observing the Universe (a) The Earth’s atmosphere absorbs electromagnetic radiation. The diagram shows how the amount absorbed changes with wavelength. (i) How much of the visible light from space is absorbed as it passes through our atmosphere? Put a cross ( ) in a box to show your answer. (1) A 0% B 10% C 90% D 100% (ii) Large telescopes which collect visible light to explore the Universe are usually placed near the tops of mountains. Suggest why radio telescopes do not have to be placed high up a mountain. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (iii) One theory of the origin of the Universe predicted that there should be cosmic background radiation with a wavelength of about 1 mm. Explain why scientists had to wait until the development of space flight before they could study this radiation in detail. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (iv) The electromagnetic radiation from most galaxies has a red-shift. Suggest why, when a galaxy has a very large red-shift, some of its visible light is not detected through the Earth’s atmosphere. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. *(b) Scientists believe that the Universe is expanding. Describe how careful observation of electromagnetic radiation from distant galaxies as well as from the whole of space gave evidence supporting the Big Bang Theory. (6) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q11. (a) The Sun is at the centre of our Solar System. (i) Complete the following sentence. (1) Our Solar System is near the edge of a galaxy called the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (ii) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. When the Sun nears the end of its life it will become a (1) A black hole B neutron star C supernova D white dwarf (b) The table gives information about the diameters and distances of the four planets closest to the Sun. (i) Put the information about the diameter of the planets on to the bar chart. The diameter for Earth has been done for you. (2) (ii) The distance of the planets from the Sun has been given in Astronomical Units (AU). 1 AU is 150 000 000 km. Calculate the distance of Mars from the Sun in kilometres. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. *(c) For many years scientists have searched for evidence of intelligent life in our Solar System and in the rest of the Universe. Describe the methods scientists have used to help with this search in both our Solar System and the rest of the Universe. (6) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (Total for Question = 12 marks) Q12. Stars and the Universe (a) The photograph shows a nebula and many stars. (i) A nebula is a cloud of gas and dust from which stars are formed. Describe the energy changes involved when a main sequence star forms from gas and dust. (3) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (ii) Describe how the mass of a main sequence star will affect what the star finally becomes. (3) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. *b While the origin of stars is well understood, there is still much debate about the origin of the Universe. Two major theories about the origin of the Universe are the Big Bang and the Steady State theories. Some evidence supports both theories. Other evidence supports only one theory. By considering the evidence, discuss why one of these theories is preferred by most scientists. (6) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q13. Studying stars (a) The diagram shows a spiral galaxy and an observer, O. The spiral galaxy is rotating as well as moving away from O. The diagram is not drawn to scale. (i) Light from three stars, X, Y and Z, reaches O. The light from star Y shows red shift. Explain why the light received from star Y shows red shift. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (ii) The light received from each of the three stars, X, Y and Z, shows different amounts of red shift. Explain these differences. (4) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. *(b) Compare and contrast the future evolution of our Sun with that of a star with a much larger mass. (6) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q14. * Compare and contrast the future evolution of our Sun with that of a star with a much larger mass. (6) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q15. The diagram shows four moons which orbit Jupiter. The diagram shows the moons Europa (E) and Ganymede (G) in orbit round Jupiter. The radius of Europa's orbit is 671 000 km. The radius of Ganymede's orbit is 1 070 000 km. The positions of the moons on some dates are marked. (i) On which one of the marked dates were the moons closest together? (1) .............................................................................................................................................. (ii) Use information from the diagram to calculate the time for Ganymede to complete one orbit of Jupiter. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. (iii) Calculate the distance from Europa to Ganymede on 12 June. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. *(iv) Describe how the distance between Europa and Ganymede changes during three orbits of Europa. (6) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q16. The diagram shows four moons which orbit Jupiter. (a) (i) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( Jupiter is ) in the box next to your answer. (1) A a comet B a galaxy C a planet D a universe (ii) Galileo used a new invention to observe these moons. .............................................................................................................................................. (1) (b) The diagram shows the moons Europa (E) and Ganymede (G) in orbit round Jupiter. The radius of Europa's orbit is 671 000 km. The radius of Ganymede's orbit is 1 070 000 km. The positions of the moons on some dates are marked. (i) On which one of the marked dates were the moons closest together? (1) .............................................................................................................................................. (ii) Use information from the diagram to calculate the time for Ganymede to complete one orbit of Jupiter. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. (iii) Calculate the distance from Europa to Ganymede on 12 June. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. *(iv) Describe how the distance between Europa and Ganymede changes during three orbits of Europa. (6) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (Total for Question is 12 marks) Q17. Not all electromagnetic radiation coming from space reaches the Earth's surface. The diagram shows how far radiation from each part of the electromagnetic spectrum travels down through the atmosphere. (a) (i) Name one type of radiation that can reach the surface of the Earth from stars. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (ii) Name one type of radiation from stars that cannot be detected at the Earth's surface but can be detected using satellites. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (b) Bode, a scientist, found a rule predicting the distance of objects from the Sun. The chart shows the mean distances from the Sun predicted by Bode's rule. [Me – Mercury; V – Venus; E – Earth; Ma – Mars; A – Asteroid Belt; J – Jupiter; S – Saturn; U – Uranus; N – Neptune; P – Pluto] (i) Read, from the chart, the predicted values for the distance from the Sun to Neptune and from the Sun to Pluto. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (ii) Bode's rule works well for all objects between Mercury and Uranus. From scientific measurements, however, the actual mean distance from the Sun to Neptune is 30 A.U. Some scientists think that Neptune was not part of the original Solar System. Explain how the predicted value for Neptune supports the view of these scientists. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. *(c) Scientists are using a variety of methods to search for life beyond Earth. Discuss the problems involved in using these methods. (6) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (Total for Question is 12 marks) Q18. (a) Which row of the table shows these objects in the correct order of size? Put a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. (1) smallest biggest %%% Milky Way Solar System Universe A Milky Way Universe Solar System B Solar System Universe Milky Way C Solar System Milky Way Universe D (b) Some visible light telescopes are located in space. Other visible light telescopes are located on the Earth's surface. Explain why the images produced by telescopes on Earth are less clear than the images produced by telescopes in space. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (c) This simplified diagram compares spectra of light from the Sun and two galaxies. The light from galaxy 1 and galaxy 2 both show redshift. Explain what these redshifts predict about the position and movement of the two galaxies. (3) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (d) Scientists have studied stars to discover how stars evolve. They know that stars form in a nebula when clouds of dust and gas are pulled together by gravity. Describe how this process continues for stars much more massive than the Sun. (4) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (Total for Question is 10 marks) Mark Scheme Q1. QWC Question Number * Level 1 0 1-2 2 3-4 3 5-6 Indicative Content Mark A discussion linking some of the following points red shift • • linked to movement • both theories have expanding Universe • redshift support both CMB • linked to ageing Universe • Big Bang ageing , SS not • CMB supports Big Bang only • because only Big Bang has single (6) origin No rewardable material • a limited discussion stating both pieces of evidence or limited detail about either red shift or CMB e.g. change in wavelength /red shift shows galaxies / stars moving away • the answer communicates ideas using simple language and uses limited scientific terminology • spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with limited accuracy • a simple discussion including both pieces of evidence and simple detail about either red shift or CMB e.g. a change in wavelength shows galaxies / stars moving away • the answer communicates ideas showing some evidence of clarity and organisation and uses scientific terminology appropriately • spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with some accuracy • a detailed discussion describing both pieces of evidence and drawing a conclusion e.g. a change in wavelength shows galaxies / stars moving away and CMB shows Universe has been changing with time and redshift supports both theories, CMB supports only Big Bang because Steady State has constant Universe • the answer communicates ideas clearly and coherently uses a range of scientific terminology accurately • spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with few errors Q2. Q3. Indicative Content QWC Level 1 * 0 1-2 A description including some of the following points In Solar System Use of telescopes Search for evidence of conditions needed for life e.g. water/oxygen/bacteri a on other planets Manned missions (to the Moon) Unmanned missions/probes to other planets e.g. Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Mercury Landers / robots / rovers sample soil Information transmitted back to Earth Throughout the Universe Search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) Use radio telescopes Search for (regular pattern of) radio signals Search for other planetary systems Discovery of other planetary systems (capable of supporting life) Broadcasting signals/ sending out messages (to extra terrestrial intelligences) No rewardable content Mark (6) A limited description giving a (named) way of searching for evidence e.g. SETI OR using telescopes OR send messages to space OR spacecraft The answer communicates ideas using simple language and uses limited scientific terminology Spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with limited accuracy 2 3-4 A simple description of any TWO of the searches for evidence e.g space probes go to other planets and telescopes are used OR radio telescopes and looking for radio waves from space. The answer communicates ideas showing some evidence of clarity and organisation and uses scientific terminology appropriately Spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with some accuracy 3 5-6 A detailed description of searches for evidence within AND outside the solar system e.g. Unmanned space probes go to other planets and radio telescopes search for radio signals from space. The answer communicates ideas clearly and coherently uses a range of scientific terminology accurately Spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with few errors Q4. Question Number QWC Indicative Content * Level 1 0 1-2 Mark A description to include some of the following facts: • observation of visible light led to discovery of redshift. • galaxies are moving away from each other • CMBR detected in radio telescopes • space telescopes (such as COBE) gave more detail of CMBR • Big Bang and Steady State theories were proposed • distances to galaxies could be determined • Big Bang could explain red-shift • Steady State could explain red-shift The description gives some of the following details: • red-shift means lower frequency / longer wavelength • redshift was greatest for the most distant galaxies • red-shift means universe is expanding • Big Bang / Steady State can explain an expanding universe • only Big Bang could explain CMBR • CMBR is residual radiation from the Big Bang The description gives some of the following reasons for scientists beliefs • observation of increasing red-shift with distance is a reason to believe in (6) expanding universe No rewardable material • a limited description of either red-shift or 2 3-4 3 5 -6 CMBR, e.g. light from galaxies was redshifted OR Red-shift is evidence for Big bang. • the answer communicates ideas using simple language and uses limited scientific terminology • spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with limited accuracy • a description giving full detail of either red-shift or CMBR OR some detail of both red-shift and CMBR, e.g. light was seen to be shifted towards a longer wavelength. This means that the galaxies are moving away from each other. • the answer communicates ideas showing some evidence of clarity and organisation and uses scientific terminology appropriately • spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with some accuracy • a detailed description of how both redshift and CMBR give supporting evidence for the Big Bang theory, e.g. light was seen to be shifted towards a longer wavelength. This means that the galaxies are moving away from each other so the Universe must be expanding. This is evidence for the Big Bang theory. Cosmic Background Radiation coming from all directions provides further evidence for the Big Bang. • the answer communicates ideas clearly and coherently uses a range of scientific terminology accurately • spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with few errors Q5. Answer A description including the following stages (up to 3 marks) Protostar (1) Main sequence star (1) (super) red giant (1) supernova (1) neutron star (1) (even more massive star can become) black hole (1) more massive stars have shorter life (1) Three stages in the correct sequence (1) Q6. Acceptable answers Mark (4) Q7. Answer (a) (b) (c)i (c)ii D the Universe (1) (nebula) main sequence (star) (1) AND red giant white dwarf (1) All three in correct order for 2 marks infrared (radiation)/(rays) (1) An explanation linking any two from above the clouds / no clouds/ no weather (1) image is clearer/more detailed/ not distorted/not blurred (1) no light pollution (1) (some) telescopes use gamma/ Xrays/ultraviolet /infrared/microwaves (1) no absorption (by atmosphere) of gamma/ Xrays/ ultraviolet /infrared/ microwaves (1) QWC *(d) Acceptable answers Mark (1) Red Giant White Dwarf (Main sequence) (1) (2) (1) (2) Credit to be given for stating that all telescopes would be better in space, but size and weight may exclude e.g. Jodrell Bank from space. no air/dust/pollution wider field of view/ can use anytime IGNORE 'see further' IGNORE 'it is closer (to the stars/planets)' IGNORE: references to improving understanding / knowledge of space Indicative Content Mark A description including some of the following points improved QUALITY eg higher or better magnification/ detail/resolution or clearer/brighter image OR MORE INFORMATION (than with naked eye) of image/data eg new planets/stars/nebula e/pulsars (This could (6) Exp Level 1 0 1-2 be extra detail for greater magnification/resoluti on only) detection of (non-visible) electromagnetic WAVES eg Xray / UV / IR/ radio TECHNOLOGY that enable collection of more data eg reflecting telescope/arrays and/or additions eg computer-aided /photographic connections or larger (objective) lens/mirror POSITION of telescopes – eg orbital/outside atmosphere/on top of mountains/away from atmosphere/rays not absorbed/obscured/s cattered by atmosphere. Ignore 'Hubble' or 'Compton'. No rewardable content a limited description e.g. mention of any one example such as "magnifies stars/planets" OR "discovering new planets/stars" the answer communicates ideas using simple language and uses limited scientific terminology spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with limited accuracy 2 3-4 a simple description e.g. mention of either two of the improvements OR extra detail about one of the improvements eg improvement plus example (ie Magnifies planets so that craters/mountains may be seen) the answer communicates ideas showing some evidence of clarity and organisation and uses scientific terminology appropriately spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with some accuracy 3 5-6 a detailed description e.g. mention of three (or more) improvements OR two improvements plus extra detail about one of them (ie Telescopes in space can detect XRays that would be absorbed by the atmosphere) the answer communicates ideas clearly and coherently uses a range of scientific terminology accurately spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with few errors (Suitable extra detail shown in italics in examples above) Total for Question = 12 marks Q8. Indicative Content * Level 1 0 1-2 Mark A discussion including some of the following points Methods space probes soil experiments by landers SETI telescopes robotic machines Problems expense / international collaboration needed large distances involved if problem difficult to correct time to react to problem is long time to respond to any communication would be long complex technology for human visit for robot investigation fuel recognition of alternative life-forms pattern recognition for SETI communication if intelligent life-form possibility of cross-contamination (6) No rewardable content a limited discussion including EITHER two named problems, OR two named methods, OR a named problem + a named method e.g. It would be expensive and the distances are large OR Space probes and SETI can be used OR can listen for communications, life beyond Earth may not be water based. the answer communicates ideas using simple language and uses limited scientific terminology. spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with limited accuracy. 2 3-4 a simple discussion including EITHER a problem with its associated method + some other named problem OR a detailed problem + one other named problem e.g. It is expensive to send a space probe to Mars; the distance to Mars very large OR It is difficult to search through the data from space because there is a huge amount of it. Also, any message would be hard to decode. the answer communicates ideas showing some evidence of clarity and organisation and uses scientific terminology appropriately. spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with some accuracy. 3 5-6 a detailed discussion including EITHER two problems with their associated method(s) + some other named problem OR two detailed problems + one other named problem OR a problem with its associated method + a detailed problem + one other named problem e.g. We can analyse radiowaves from space, but they take so long to arrive that the aliens that sent them could have already died out. It is very expensive to develop the technology needed to go to other planets. Also, we might not recognise alien life-forms there. OR It is difficult to search through the data from space because there is a huge amount of it. Radiowaves in space take a long time to arrive because the distances are so vast. It all costs a lot of money. OR It is very expensive to develop the technology needed to go to other planets. It is difficult to search through the data from space because there is a huge amount of it. Also, we might not recognise alien life-forms there. the answer communicates ideas clearly and coherently uses a range of scientific terminology accurately. spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with few errors. Q9. Indicative Content Level 1 0 1-2 Mark A description including some of the following points improved QUALITY eg higher or better magnification/ detail/resolution or clearer/brighter image OR MORE INFORMATION (than with naked eye) of image/data eg new planets/stars/nebula e/pulsars (This could be extra detail for greater magnification/resoluti on only) detection of (non-visible) electromagnetic (6) WAVES eg Xray / Exp UV / IR/ radio TECHNOLOGY that enable collection of more data eg reflecting telescope/arrays and/or additions eg computer-aided /photographic connections or larger (objective) lens/mirror POSITION of telescopes – eg orbital/outside atmosphere/on top of mountains/away from atmosphere/rays not absorbed/obscured/s cattered by atmosphere. Ignore 'Hubble' or 'Compton'. No rewardable content a limited description e.g. mention of any one example such as "magnifies stars/planets" OR "discovering new planets/stars" the answer communicates ideas using simple language and uses limited scientific terminology spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with limited accuracy 2 3-4 a simple description e.g. mention of either two of the improvements OR extra detail about one of the improvements eg improvement plus example (ie Magnifies planets so that craters/mountains may be seen) the answer communicates ideas showing some evidence of clarity and organisation and uses scientific terminology appropriately spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with some accuracy 3 5-6 a detailed description e.g. mention of three (or more) improvements OR two improvements plus extra detail about one of them (ie Telescopes in space can detect XRays that would be absorbed by the atmosphere) the answer communicates ideas clearly and coherently uses a range of scientific terminology accurately spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with few errors (Suitable extra detail shown in italics in examples above) Q10. Question Number (a)(i) Question Number (a)(ii) Question Number (a)(iii) Question Number (a)(iv) Question Number QWC Answer B Answer Acceptable answers Mark Acceptable answers (1) Mark radio waves are not absorbed by the atmosphere Answer not affected by light pollution / clouds an explanation including two of the following • 1 mm waves are in the microwave region (1) • which is (completely) absorbed by atmosphere (1) • space flight enabled telescopes to be put above atmosphere /in space (1) Answer they are microwaves cannot be (easily) detected on Earth we needed to go above atmosphere / into space Acceptable answers Acceptable answers (2) Mark Indicative Content (2) Mark A description to include some of the following facts: • observation of visible light led to discovery of redshift. • galaxies are moving away from each other • CMBR detected in radio telescopes • space telescopes (such as COBE) gave more detail of CMBR • Big Bang and Steady State theories were proposed • distances to galaxies could be (6) an explanation linking the following • light might be shifted into infrared region (1) • (some) infrared is (strongly) absorbed by atmosphere (1) *(b) (1) Mark Level 1 0 1-2 2 3-4 3 5 -6 determined • Big Bang could explain red-shift • Steady State could explain red-shift The description gives some of the following details: • red-shift means lower frequency / longer wavelength • redshift was greatest for the most distant galaxies • red-shift means universe is expanding • Big Bang / Steady State can explain an expanding universe • only Big Bang could explain CMBR • CMBR is residual radiation from the Big Bang The description gives some of the following reasons for scientists beliefs • observation of increasing red-shift with distance is a reason to believe in expanding universe No rewardable material • a limited description of either red-shift or CMBR, e.g. light from galaxies was redshifted OR Red-shift is evidence for Big bang. • the answer communicates ideas using simple language and uses limited scientific terminology • spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with limited accuracy • a description giving full detail of either red-shift or CMBR OR some detail of both red-shift and CMBR, e.g. light was seen to be shifted towards a longer wavelength. This means that the galaxies are moving away from each other. • the answer communicates ideas showing some evidence of clarity and organisation and uses scientific terminology appropriately • spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with some accuracy • a detailed description of how both redshift and CMBR give supporting evidence for the Big Bang theory, e.g. light was seen to be shifted towards a longer wavelength. This means that the galaxies are moving away from each other so the Universe must be expanding. This is evidence for the Big Bang theory. Cosmic Background Radiation coming from all directions provides further evidence for the Big Bang. • the answer communicates ideas clearly and coherently uses a range of scientific terminology accurately • spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with few errors Q11. Answer (a)(i) (a)(ii) (b)(i) (b)(ii) QWC Milky Way D white dwarf Mercury 4 900 km Venus 12 100 km Mars 6 800 km Three correct (2) One or two correct (1) + or – one square Judge by eye Correct information from table 1.52 (1) Conversion to kilometres (1.52) × 150 000 000 (1) *(c) Acceptable answers Accept any spelling Mark Seen anywhere in the answer Incorrect information shown to be used correctly (1) Correct answer, no working scores full marks 228 000 000 / 2.28 × 108 (km) 228 to any power of 10, allow 1 mark if no other mark awarded. 225 000 000 / 2.25 x 108 (km), allow max 1 mark if no working shown. (2) Indicative Content Mark A description including some of the following points In Solar System Use of telescopes Search for evidence of conditions needed for life e.g. water/oxygen/bacteri a on other planets Manned missions (to the Moon) Unmanned missions/probes to other planets e.g. Mars, Jupiter, (1) (1) (2) (6) Level 1 0 1-2 Saturn, Mercury Landers / robots / rovers sample soil Information transmitted back to Earth Throughout the Universe Search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) Use radio telescopes Search for (regular pattern of) radio signals Search for other planetary systems Discovery of other planetary systems (capable of supporting life) Broadcasting signals/ sending out messages (to extra terrestrial intelligences) No rewardable content A limited description giving a (named) way of searching for evidence e.g. SETI OR using telescopes OR send messages to space OR spacecraft The answer communicates ideas using simple language and uses limited scientific terminology Spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with limited accuracy 2 3-4 A simple description of any TWO of the searches for evidence e.g space probes go to other planets and telescopes are used OR radio telescopes and looking for radio waves from space. The answer communicates ideas showing some evidence of clarity and organisation and uses scientific terminology appropriately Spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with some accuracy 3 5-6 A detailed description of searches for evidence within AND outside the solar system e.g. Unmanned space probes go to other planets and radio telescopes search for radio signals from space. The answer communicates ideas clearly and coherently uses a range of scientific terminology accurately Spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with few errors Q12. Question Number (a)(i) Question Number (a)(ii) Answer Acceptable answers A description including three of the following points • gravitational (potential) energy / GPE of gas and dust (1) • (GPE) changes to kinetic energy (1) • (ke) changes to thermal/heat/light (1) • (hot enough to release) nuclear energy (1) Answer Accept description of the process gas and dust / it / nebula pulled together by gravity (particles) move faster (hot enough for) nuclear fusion/reaction accept description shown as chain gpe → ke → thermal → nuclear A description including the following points • reference to stars of different sizes (1) • Sun/small/medium becoming white / black dwarf (1) • more massive becoming a neutron star / black hole (1) Sun and more massive/bigger star red giant / planetary nebula (red) supergiant / supernova Question Number QWC *(b) Level 1 0 1-2 Acceptable answers Indicative Content Mark (3) Mark (3) Mark A discussion linking some of the following points red shift • • linked to movement • both theories have expanding Universe • redshift support both CMB • linked to ageing Universe • Big Bang ageing , SS not • CMB supports Big Bang only • because only Big Bang has single (6) origin No rewardable material • a limited discussion stating both pieces of evidence or limited detail about either red shift or CMB e.g. change in wavelength /red shift shows galaxies / stars moving away • the answer communicates ideas using simple language and uses limited scientific terminology • spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with limited accuracy 2 3-4 3 5-6 • a simple discussion including both pieces of evidence and simple detail about either red shift or CMB e.g. a change in wavelength shows galaxies / stars moving away • the answer communicates ideas showing some evidence of clarity and organisation and uses scientific terminology appropriately • spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with some accuracy • a detailed discussion describing both pieces of evidence and drawing a conclusion e.g. a change in wavelength shows galaxies / stars moving away and CMB shows Universe has been changing with time and redshift supports both theories, CMB supports only Big Bang because Steady State has constant Universe • the answer communicates ideas clearly and coherently uses a range of scientific terminology accurately • spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with few errors Q13. Question Number (a)(i) Question Number (a)(ii) Question Number QWC Answer Acceptable answers An explanation linking the following points • star moving away • so wavelength (appears) longer Answer frequency (appears) lower An explanation linking the following points • idea of speed differences (1) • correct detail of speed differences (1) • relating (the amount of) red shift to (relative) speed (1) • correct detail of relationship e.g. greater speed means greater red shift (1) e.g. VX > VY VY > VZ Acceptable answers Indicative content *(b) Mark (2) Mark (4) Mark A comparison including some of the following points Some relevant stages• main sequence • red giant • white dwarf • black dwarf • red supergiant • supernova • neutron star • black hole Detailed comments linked• larger mass star leads to red super giant • the Sun will not become a supernova • big stars end up as black holes • both stars become giants • the most massive stars turn into a black hole Accurate comparisons and contrasts• gravity affects larger mass stars more • smaller mass stars live longer • gravity (6) causes collapse of Level 1 0 1-2 2 3-4 3 5-6 stars of any mass • for a black hole the gravity is so big that no light escapes no rewardable material • some basic relevant stages mentioned, no comparisons or contrasts • no reasons for sequence • the answer communicates ideas using simple language and uses limited scientific terminology • spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with limited accuracy • detailed comments linked • e.g. relevance of mass to different stages, either comparisons or contrasts • the answer communicates ideas showing some evidence of clarity and organisation and uses scientific terminology appropriately • spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with some accuracy • accurate comparisons and contrasts • e.g. including the relevance of mass and gravitation to the different sequences • the answer communicates ideas clearly and coherently uses a range of scientific terminology accurately • spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with few errors Q14. Question Number QWC Indicative content * Level 1 0 1-2 2 3-4 3 5-6 Mark A comparison including some of the following points Some relevant stages• main sequence • red giant • white dwarf • black dwarf • red supergiant • supernova • neutron star • black hole Detailed comments linked• larger mass star leads to red super giant • the Sun will not become a supernova • big stars end up as black holes • both stars become giants • the most massive stars turn into a black hole Accurate comparisons and contrasts• gravity affects larger mass stars more • smaller mass stars live longer • gravity causes collapse of stars of any mass • for a black hole the gravity is so big that no light escapes (6) no rewardable material • some basic relevant stages mentioned, no comparisons or contrasts • no reasons for sequence • the answer communicates ideas using simple language and uses limited scientific terminology • spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with limited accuracy • detailed comments linked • e.g. relevance of mass to different stages, either comparisons or contrasts • the answer communicates ideas showing some evidence of clarity and organisation and uses scientific terminology appropriately • spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with some accuracy • accurate comparisons and contrasts • e.g. including the relevance of mass and gravitation to the different sequences • the answer communicates ideas clearly and coherently uses a range of scientific terminology accurately • spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with few errors Q15. Answer (i) 4 (June) (ii) (iii) 16 (days) 1 741 000 (km) (2) OR 1 070 000 + 671 000 (km) (2) OR 399 000 + 2 x 671 000 (km) (2) * (iv) Acceptable answers 4-6; 6-4 (UK/US dates) 20 (June); 20-6; 620 Power of 10 error max 1 mark Use of 1 070 000 and 671 000 (km)/ Use of 399 000 and 2 x 671 000 (km)/ 12 June marked correctly on the orbit for Ganymede/ answer of 399,000 with no working gets 1 mark Indicative Content A description including some of the following points reasons for the distance changing appreciation of a difference in time/speed/size of orbit smallest separation on 4/20th June smallest separation 399 000 km largest separation 1 741 000 km largest separation on 12/28 June moon separation increases after 4th June. distance between moons increases and then decreases as they orbit distance increased after 4 June which was smallest separation of 399 000 km Distance increases from a minimum on 4th June to a maximum on 12th June, back to a minimum on 20th June and maximum Mark (1) (1) (2) Mark (6) Level 1 0 1-2 on 28th June distance change is not linear No rewardable content a limited description giving 1 relevant piece of information taken from the diagram e.g. Europa orbits in a shorter time OR The moons have different sized orbits OR Europa orbits in 8 days the answer communicates ideas using simple language and uses limited scientific terminology spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with limited accuracy 2 3-4 a simple description giving either the size or the date of smallest or largest separation OR giving increase and/or decrease of separation e.g. The moons are closest on the 4th June OR Moon separation increases after 4th June OR the distance between the moons increases then it decreases the answer communicates ideas showing some evidence of clarity and organisation and uses scientific terminology appropriately spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with some accuracy 3 5-6 a detailed description indicating an increase and decrease in separation plus a date or distance OR describes 3 orbits e.g. The distance between the moons increases till 12 June then it decreases OR the distance between the moons increases, then decreases, then increases again the answer communicates ideas clearly and coherently uses a range of scientific terminology accurately spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with few errors Q16. Answer (a)(i) (a)(ii) C telescope (b)(i) 4 (June) (b)(ii) (b)(iii) 16 (days) 1 741 000 (km) (2) OR 1 070 000 + 671 000 (km) (2) OR 399 000 + 2 x 671 000 (km) (2) *(b) (iv) Acceptable answers (astronomical/refracti ng/light) telescope IGNORE any other type of telescope 4-6; 6-4 (UK/US dates) 20 (June); 20-6; 620 Power of 10 error max 1 mark Use of 1 070 000 and 671 000 (km)/ Use of 399 000 and 2 x 671 000 (km)/ 12 June marked correctly on the orbit for Ganymede/ answer of 399,000 with no working gets 1 mark Indicative Content A description including some of the following points reasons for the distance changing appreciation of a difference in time/speed/size of orbit smallest separation on 4/20th June smallest separation 399 000 km largest separation 1 741 000 km largest separation on 12/28 June moon separation increases after 4th June. distance between moons increases and then decreases as they orbit distance increased after 4 June which was smallest separation of 399 000 km Distance increases Mark (1) (1) (1) (1) (2) Mark (6) Level 1 0 1-2 from a minimum on 4th June to a maximum on 12th June, back to a minimum on 20th June and maximum on 28th June distance change is not linear No rewardable content a limited description giving 1 relevant piece of information taken from the diagram e.g. Europa orbits in a shorter time OR The moons have different sized orbits OR Europa orbits in 8 days the answer communicates ideas using simple language and uses limited scientific terminology spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with limited accuracy 2 3-4 a simple description giving either the size or the date of smallest or largest separation OR giving increase and/or decrease of separation e.g. The moons are closest on the 4th June OR Moon separation increases after 4th June OR the distance between the moons increases then it decreases the answer communicates ideas showing some evidence of clarity and organisation and uses scientific terminology appropriately spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with some accuracy 3 5-6 a detailed description indicating an increase and decrease in separation plus a date or distance OR describes 3 orbits e.g. The distance between the moons increases till 12 June then it decreases OR the distance between the moons increases, then decreases, then increases again the answer communicates ideas clearly and coherently uses a range of scientific terminology accurately spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with few errors Q17. Answer (a)(i) (a)(ii) (b)(i) (b)(ii) Any one of radio visible microwave Any one of X-ray gamma ray far infrared N = 39 (A.U.) (1) P = 77 (A.U.) (1) An explanation linking actual value for Neptune is different from / lower than predicted value (1) with one of these (so) the rule does not work (for Neptune) (1) the rule gives too high a value (1) (so) Neptune might have been captured / entered from outside the original Solar System (1) *(c) Acceptable answers infrared / IR ultraviolet / UV infrared / IR ultraviolet / UV range 38 – 39 inclusive range 76-78 inclusive actual value for Neptune put on to chart by cross or dot etc. (no need for label) (1) (Neptune) is an anomaly ignore references to age of Neptune Mark (1) (1) (2) Indicative Content (2) Mark A discussion including some of the following points Methods space probes soil experiments by landers SETI telescopes robotic machines Problems expense / international collaboration needed large distances involved if problem difficult to correct time to react to problem is long time to respond (6) Level 1 0 1-2 to any communication would be long complex technology for human visit for robot investigation fuel recognition of alternative life-forms pattern recognition for SETI communication if intelligent life-form possibility of cross-contamination No rewardable content a limited discussion including EITHER two named problems, OR two named methods, OR a named problem + a named method e.g. It would be expensive and the distances are large OR Space probes and SETI can be used OR can listen for communications, life beyond Earth may not be water based. the answer communicates ideas using simple language and uses limited scientific terminology. spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with limited accuracy. 2 3-4 a simple discussion including EITHER a problem with its associated method + some other named problem OR a detailed problem + one other named problem e.g. It is expensive to send a space probe to Mars; the distance to Mars very large OR It is difficult to search through the data from space because there is a huge amount of it. Also, any message would be hard to decode. the answer communicates ideas showing some evidence of clarity and organisation and uses scientific terminology appropriately. spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with some accuracy. 3 5-6 a detailed discussion including EITHER two problems with their associated method(s) + some other named problem OR two detailed problems + one other named problem OR a problem with its associated method + a detailed problem + one other named problem e.g. We can analyse radiowaves from space, but they take so long to arrive that the aliens that sent them could have already died out. It is very expensive to develop the technology needed to go to other planets. Also, we might not recognise alien life-forms there. OR It is difficult to search through the data from space because there is a huge amount of it. Radiowaves in space take a long time to arrive because the distances are so vast. It all costs a lot of money. OR It is very expensive to develop the technology needed to go to other planets. It is difficult to search through the data from space because there is a huge amount of it. Also, we might not recognise alien life-forms there. the answer communicates ideas clearly and coherently uses a range of scientific terminology accurately. spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with few errors. Q18. Answer (a) (b) (c) (d) D An explanation linking any two of (presence of Earth's ) atmosphere (1) causes light to be absorbed/reduced in intensity (1) causes distortion of the image(1) (more) light pollution (1) (bigger) variations in temperature (1) An explanation linking any three of galaxies moving (1) away from Earth / Sun (1) galaxy 2 (moving away) faster (than galaxy 1) (1) galaxy 2 is (likely to be) most distant galaxy (1) A description including the following stages (up to 3 marks) Protostar (1) Main sequence star (1) (super) red giant (1) supernova (1) neutron star (1) (even more massive star can become) black hole (1) more massive stars have shorter life (1) Three stages in the correct sequence (1) Acceptable answers Mark (1) Accept reverse argument (more) air/ clouds/ pollution/ dust blocked / (more) difficult to see through blurs the image / refracts the light (2) galaxies are (moving) at different speeds / away from each other / universe is expanding (3) (4)
