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Transcript
Cell Structure I. Animal Cells a. Cell Membrane: A double-layered membrane that separates the cell from its environment. It is selectively permeable meaning it can “select” the chemicals it lets in and out of the cell; it regulates the flow of traffic and provides mechanical strength to the cell. b. Cytoplasm: A semi fluid substance inside the cell, surrounded by the cell membrane. It is the contents of the cell except the nucleus. c. Cytosol (protoplasm): The jelly-like substance which makes up cells. d. Organelles: Specialized cell parts that have specific functions. i. Nucleus: The control center of the cell. It contains chemical instructions in the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) for everything the cell does. ii. Chromatin: Strands of genetic material which direct the functions of a cell. iii. Nucleolus: A small round organelle inside the nucleus that is responsible for making ribosomes. iv. Ribosomes: Small round organelles responsible for manufacturing proteins. They are found freefloating in the cytoplasm or attached to endoplasmic reticulum. v. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): A system of membrane enclosed sacs that act as a route by which materials are transferred into and out of the cell. 1. Rough ER: ER with ribosomes attached. 2. Smooth ER: ER without ribosomes attached. vi. Golgi Bodies: A system of stacked pockets that receive, store, modify, and transfer proteins to other parts of the cell. vii. Mitochondria: The powerhouse of the cell. They convert food energy into forms the cell can use. viii. Lysosomes: They break down and dispose of worn out or malfunctioning cell parts. They contain powerful digestive enzymes which digest old cell parts. ix. Vacuoles: Storage organelles x. Cytoskeleton: microfilaments that make up the support system of the cell. Important for cell shape, function, and movement. II. Plant Cells a. Plant cells have everything found in animal cells as well as: i. Cell Wall: A hard outer covering over the cell membrane. It gives rigid support to the cell. It is selectively permeable. ii. Chloroplasts: Disk-shaped organelles that contain the green pigment chlorophyll. They are responsible photosynthesis, the process by which plants make their own food. b. Plant cells usually have bigger vacuoles and fewer mitochondria than animal cells. They usually have a rigid, box-like shape. III. Bacterial Cells: a. Smaller than plant or animal cells b. No nucleus c. Contain ribosomes but few other organelles. IV. Specialized Cells – Cells are structured to carry out specific tasks and functions.