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Area of Study 05: Structure and Form AQA GCSE Music Areas of Study • AoS 01: Rhythm and Metre • AoS 02: Harmony and Tonality • A0S 03: Texture and Melody • AoS 04: Dynamics and Timbre • AoS 05: Structure and Form What is Structure and Form? The way musical ideas are arranged and ordered in a composition Needs to have the right balance of repetition and contrast Binary • Two sections of roughly equal length • First section (A) is then answered by the second section (B) • Each section is usually repeated • There is usually a modulation (Key Change) in Section A which is continued into Section B, where there is another modulation changing the key signature back to the beginning one. A Each Section Usually Repeats B Track 01 Mozart’s Piano Sonata No. 6 (K.284 III) Ternary • Built up in three sections: A, B, A • Section B contains a contrast in some way to Section A • The repeat of Section A can be exactly the same as the first time or it may have added detail to make it more interesting A1 B A2 Track 02 Schubert Piano Sonata No. 13 in A major, D. 664 (Op. 120) I Track 03 Ternary – Example 02 Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star Arch-Shape • This form is completely symmetrical • The plan of the music resembles an arch; A, B, C, B, A A B B A C C Bartók – The 4th and 5th string quartets by Bartók are examples of Arch-Shape being used. A B B A Rondo Form • A main theme (A) keeps on returning between contrasting sections A, B, A, C, A, D, A and so on • The contrasting sections are called episodes (B,C,D etc.) • Remember the Main Section (A) may change slightly each time e.g. may be made shorter A1 (Main Theme) B1 (First Episode) A2 C (Repeat of (Second Main episode) Theme) A3 D (Repeat of (Third Main Episode) Theme) A4 (Repeat of Main Theme) Typical Exam Questions (Structure and Form) Example 01 A1 A2 A1 A2 A1 A2 B A2 A1 A2 A3 B A 1 A2 B C AABAA ABACA ABCAA AABA AABC ABAB Track 04 Example 02 AABBA Track 05 Example 03 Track 06 AABB Theme and Variations • Involves starting a piece with a main theme which is then repeated several times, but changing or ‘varying’ each time • May be changed in; – Tempo – Rhythm – Tonality (e.g. major to minor) – Ornaments/ Adding extra notes Excerpt on next slide Listen to this piece by Mozart. • You should recognise the main theme at the start (Twinkle Twinkle). • At 34 Seconds, it moves to the 1st variation • At 1min 03secs, it moves to the 2nd variation • Listen to (and look if you can) the main and the variations. There are a lot of extra notes added, decoration of notes…anything else? Theme and Variations Video 01 - Theme and Variation - Mozart/ 12 Variations "Ah, vous dirai-je, maman" KV 265 (Clara Haskil) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NO-ecxHEPqI Ground Bass • A melody in the bass (the lowest part) that is repeated throughout the music • Harmony and Melody may keep changing above the ground bass • This is a characteristic common of the Baroque Period Ground Bass Examples • Ground Bass in Classical Music (Baroque); – Used in Baroque music, enabled the composer to achieve unity (togetherness) in the music – The music shows the same bass part/melody being repeated throughout. Pachelbel’s Canon in D Track 08 Pedal • A sustained (held) or repeated note, usually in the bass. The harmony on top of a pedal note must change while the pedal note stays the same or it is not a pedal note. • It may be a Tonic pedal or a Dominant pedal note. Call and Response • A musical phrase is sung by one person or musician and is followed by a responding phrase by one person or a group of musicians. • Common in traditional African Music and AfricanAmerican music like Gospel • Think ‘Oh Happy Day’ • Used in Blues and Jazz too, often found in musical phrases between Vocals and an instrument. Track 07 “Oh Happy Day” • This is a typical example of “Call and Response.” • Listen to the interaction between the soloist and the group. • Sung by an African-American Gospel Group. Minuet and Trio Form • The Minuet is a dance from 17th/ 18th centuries in 3/4 time, at moderate tempo • Often performed in the Royal Courts • The Trio is a ‘thinner textured’ section, often made up of just three instruments A1 B A2 Minuet 1 Trio Minuet 1 Contrasting tune, key and texture A B C D Repeat of minuet, but without internal repeats A B Strophic, Through Composed, Da Capo Aria • All forms used in vocal music; Strophic • When the same tune is repeated throughout for each verse. Think hymn tunes or Adele’s ‘Make you feel my love’ Through-Composed • Opposite of Strophic. When new music occurs for each verse, changing to reflect different moods or situations described in the lyrics Aria • A solo singer sings a melody with orchestral accompaniment. Found frequently through operas. Cyclic Form • Constant repetition of a fixed number of beats or melodic pattern • During each cycle these patterns can be repeated and developed through; – improvisation – changes in texture – dynamics • Common in; • African Drumming music, Indian Classical Music (Think of the Tabla), and Asian Gamelan music – World Music Popular Song Forms • Popular songs are made up of main sections called; – Verse – All verses in popular music are usually the same, repetition of melodies etc. but there may be a change in terms of more instruments, different words etc. – Chorus – Repeated as the main, catchy idea of the song, and is usually repeated throughout with little change – Bridge • Some may also involve; – – – – Intro Outro Fills – Common to use drums or guitar to connect sections Middle 8s – 8 Bars in the middle of the song that is sometimes a contrast to the rest of the song. Popular Song Form 12 – Bar Blues • 12 Bar song structure used in Blues and other music such as Rock n Roll, Swing, Jazz etc. • Based on 3 Chords throughout the whole song • The 12 bars are repeated throughout the song. CHORD I CHORD I CHORD I CHORD I CHORD IV CHORD IV CHORD I CHORD I CHORD V CHORD IV CHORD I CHORD I Sonata Form Large scale musical form in 3 parts: 1)Exposition: Characters are introduced 2)Development: Develops ideas such as melody & rhythm. It’s dramatic, usually with many key changes 3)Recapitulation: Brings back musical ideas from exposition – ‘rounded off’ Sonata Form really is a large musical form, too long to be tested aurally through musical excerpts in the exam….but be aware of the order and names of these 3 parts