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Musculoskeletal Study Guide Answers #1
1. Cartilage - Firm, smooth tissue at the ends of the bones. Provides a smooth surface between bones. Also
present in areas such as the nose, ears and voice box.
2. Joints - a place where bone meets bone
3. Tendons - Tough, fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone.
4. Ligaments - tough, fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone.
5. Bone Marrow - Soft tissue found in the hollow interior of the bone. Two types: Red and Yellow.
6. Flexors - Muscle that bend a body part by decreasing the angle at the joint
7. Extensors - Muscle that extends, or straightens a body part by increasing the angle at the joint.
8. Muscle Fatigue - Lack of strength, inability to exert force with ones muscles.
9. Homeostasis - Property of open or closed system that regulates its internal environment to maintain a stable
constant condition.
10. What two systems work closely together?
Muscular and Skeletal
11. Joints are oiled by what natural lubricant?
Synovial Fluid
12. How do most skeletal muscles work?
Pairs
13. Where does the body manufacture blood cells?
Marrow
14. What two things should people do to build a good bone bank? At what ages are you growing most of
your bones?
Exercise and Eat a Healthy Diet. Diet should have calcium and vitamin D
15. What are the three types of muscle?
Skeletal, Cardiac and Smooth.
16. Which muscle types are voluntary, and which muscle types are involuntary?
Voluntary – Skeletal
Involuntary – Cardiac and Smooth
17. Explain involuntary and voluntary.
Involuntary – controlled by the brain,
Voluntary – controlled by you; your conscious
18. The drug steroids are made from what?
Hormones
19. List 5 possible side effects of using steroids.
High blood pressure, yellow skin, infertility, depression, road rage, women get facial hair and a deep voice, men
go bald and develop breasts, Children may permanently stop growing.
20. Name five types of joints and give an example of each type.
Plane Joint – Wrist or ankle
Ball and Socket Joint- Hip and Shoulder
Hinge Joint – Elbow or Knee
Pivot Joint – Neck and Lower Arm
Saddle Joint – Thumb
Quarters 1-3
What is reflection? Using the definition of reflection explain why a plant might look pink in color.
When light is bounced off of an object - The plant is pink because the light is being reflected
What is transpiration? Why is it important to plants?
Transpiration is the process by which water is lost through the plants. If plants loss too much water they will die.
Summarize the process of photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis is the process of making food.
What are the two major groups of angiosperms?
Monocots and Dicots
What are the phloem and xylem?
Phloem – Moves Food
Xylem – Moves Water
What is germination? What are the stages of germination?
The sprouting of an embryo. Seed coat splits/Radical emerges, Radical develops root hairs, Seed Coat falls off,
Cotyledons open
What are the male and female structures of a plant?
Pistil – Stigma, style and ovary - Female
Stamen – Anther and Filament - Male
What insect is important to pollination?
Bees
What are the independent and dependent variables of an experiment?
IV – the variable that is changed by the scientist
DV – the variable that is measured
Explain the two types of observations, Qualitative and Quantitative.
Qualitative – Uses your senses
Quantitative – Is an observation with numbers
What would you use to measure distance, temperature and mass with?
Distance – Meters/Meter Stick
Temperature – Celsius/Thermometer
What are the four main steps of the scientific method?
Question, Hypothesis, Experiment, Conclusion
Watching various species of dinosaurs interact with humans is what? An observation or an inference? Explain
why you picked the one did.
Observation
What are renewable and nonrenewable resources?
Renewable – Things that can be re-made again in nature
Nonrenewable – Things that cannot be re-made again in nature
Define Energy
The ability to do work or create change
Explain the three types of heat transfer.
Conduction – two objects that are touching each other to transfer heat
Convection – Gas a or liquid that transfers heat
Radiation – heat transfer through waves the SUN
Explain the three steps of the water cycle. What is the force that drives the water cycle?
Evaporation – Liquid changing to a gas
Condensation – Gas changing into liquid and forms clouds
Precipitation – Water falling to Earth’s surface
How much of Earth is covered in water? How much is fresh, salt? Where is most fresh water found and what
percent?
71% of Earth is water, 97% is salt, and 3% is fresh. 70% is frozen and 30% is free flowing
What are the four layers of the atmosphere? What is unique about each?
Troposphere – The 1st layer, planes, and weather
Stratosphere – 2nd Layer , Ozone and Jet Stream
Mesosphere – 3rd Layer, Meteors
Thermosphere – Last layer, outer space
What happens as you move up in the atmosphere density, air pressure and mass all?
They all decrease
What does the ozone protect us from?
Ultraviolet Radiation
Define
weather and climate. – Weather is a short-term condition of Earth’s atmosphere, Climate is a long term condition of Earth’s
atmosphere
Humidity – The amount of water vapor in the air
Air pressure – The force of air molecules pushing on an area
Cell Membrane – The outside of a cell that controls what enters and exits the cell
Mitochondria – The powerhouse of the cell – releases energy
Nucleus – The control center of the cell