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Physiology Midterm Study Guide Cell Structure Definitions Endocytosis Exocytosis Concepts Be able to identify the parts of a cell and know their function. Plasma membrane – how do gradients, osmosis, diffusion, and active transport operate across the membrane? Properties of the phospholipid bilayer Membrane proteins – types and functions How does the tonicity of a solution affect a cell Membrane Potentials Definitions Action potential / impulse Stimulus Neurolemma Nodes of Ranvier summation Refractory period Wallerian degeneration Synapse decremental conduction Propagation / conduction Concepts Parts of a neuron – identify and know function Myelination / types of cells that produce myelin How is a resting membrane potential formed Know the types of ion channels Concetration gradient vs. electrochemical gradient Graded potentials vs. action potentials Depolarizing phase (what channels are open) Repolarizing phase (what channels are open) Sodium Potassium pumps (purpose) Threshold / level of stimulus Continuous vs. salutatory conduction Factors that affect the speed of propagation Differences between A, B, and C nerve fibers (size, myelin, speed of conduction, tissues innervated) Electrical vs. chemical synapses How are neurotransmitters removed from the synaptic cleft? Types of neural circuits Muscle Tissue Definitions Sarcolemma Myofibril Sacroplasm Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Myoglobin Concepts 3 Types of muscle tissue – Basic histological differences, where found, voluntary or involuntary Functions of muscle tissue Properties – electrical excitability, contractility, extensibility, elasticity Isometric vs. Isotonic Contraction Concentric vs. eccentric contraction Connective Tissue – layers (epimysium, perimysium [fascicles], endomysium), tendon, aponeurosis Atrophy vs. hypertrophy Understand how the sliding filament mechanism works What causes rigor mortis? Neuromuscular junction – what is it?, what is the neurotransmitter?, what enzyme degrades the neurotransmitter? Aerobic Vs. anaerobic respiration in muscle tissue Muscle fatigue vs. central fatigue Oxygen Debt What is a motor unit? How do we recruit them? Flaccid vs. spastic Types of skeletal muscle fibers (slow oxidative, fast oxidative glycolytic, fast glycolitic) – Size, strength, resitance to fatigue, amount of myoglobin and capillaries, where found) Heart Definitions Reperfusion damage Systole Auscultation Hypoxia Cardiac arrest Autorhythmic fibers Diastole tachycardia Angina pectoris cardiomegaly ectopic pacemaker cardiac cycle bradycardia Arrhythmias cor pulmonale Concepts Pericardium – know the layers and cavities / functions Layers of the heart wall Heart valve disorders Be able to trace the path of a red blood cell through the chambers and valves of the heart / blood vessels Coronary circulation Histology of cardiac muscle tissue – branching, shorter in length, intercalated disc, gap junctions Know the conduction system of the heart – SA node to AV node to bundle branches to purkinje fibers Heart sounds S1-S4 Congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease, ateriosclerosis, atherosclerosis Blood Vessels Definitions Precapillary sphincter Anastomesis Edema vasomotion collateral circulation syncope varicose veins end arteries Concepts Types of blood vessels – arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins, metarterioles, vaso vasorum Tunics of arteries Vasoconstriction / vasodilation – what causes each Elastic arteries / muscular arteries Principles of capillary exchange (diffusion, transcytosis, bulk flow) Skeletal muscle pump, respiratory pump Cardiovascular center / Cardiac accelerator nerves / vagus nerve, vasomotor nerves Baroreceptor reflexes / chemoreceptor reflexes Blood Definitions Hematocrit Erythrocyte Emigration Coagulation polycythemia reticulocyte count chemotaxis fibrinolysis Concepts Functions of blood Plasma proteins RBCs, WBCs, platelets Hormonal regulation of blood cell development RBC anatomy Types of WBCs / functions Intravascular clotting hempoiesis phagocytosis lysozyme