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Chapter 4
On Line Study Guide
Chapter Outline
Early Greece
Minoan Crete
Mycenaean Greeks
Greeks in a Dark Age (c. 1100 - c. 750 B.C.E.)
Homer
Greek City-States (c. 750 - c. 500 B.C.E.)
Polis
Colonization and the Rise of Tyrants
Sparta
Athens
High Point of Greece Civilization: Classical Greece
Challenge of Persia
Growth of an Athenian Empire in the Age of Pericles
Great Peloponnesian War and the Decline of the Greek States
Culture of Classical Greece
Writing of History
Greek Drama
Arts: The Classical Ideal
Greek Love of Wisdom
Greek Religion
Daily Life in Classical Athens
Rise of Macedonia and the Conquests of Alexander
Alexander the Great
Legacy of Alexander
Hellenistic Kingdoms
Economic and Social Trends
Culture in the Hellenistic World
New Directions in Literature and Art
Golden Age of Science
Philosophy: New Schools of Thought
Religion in the Hellenistic World
Conclusion
Chapter Review/Summary
Though often torn by internal conflict that would eventually leave them vulnerable to more militarily
powerful cultures, the small independent Greek city-states laid the foundations for much of Western
civilization. During the height of classical Greece in the fifth century B.C.E., they established the basis of
western literature, drama, poetry, art, philosophy, and politics. They questioned the universe and its nature,
seeking to understand the basis of human reasoning and thought. After conquest by the Macedonians,
Greek culture spread throughout the Middle East under Alexander the Great. Hellenistic culture helped to
shape much of the Mediterranean world and heavily influenced the subsequent Roman Empire.
Terms/Persons to Know
geography
topography
Minoan Crete
Arthur Evans
Knossus
Mycenean Greece
Heinrich Schliemann
Dorians
Dark Age
Ionians
iron
alphabet
Homer
Iliad
Trojan war
Odyssey
arete
polis
acropolis
agora
hoplites
colonization
tyrants
Sparta
Messenia
helots
reforms of Lycurgus
Athens
Solon
Pisistratus
reforms of Cleisthenes
democracy
Classical Greece
Persian War
Darius
Marathon
Xerxes
Thermopylae
Salamis
Plataea
Delian League
Pericles
ostracism
Peloponnesian War
Herodotus
historia
Thucydides
tragedy
Thespis
Aeschylus
Sophocles
Euripides
Aristophanes
temples
Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders
Parthenon
Polyclitus
philosophy
sophists
Socrates
Socratic method
Plato
Forms
The Republic
Aristotle
Olympian religion
Delphi
male citizens
slavery
women
homosexuality
Philip II of Macedonia
Battle of Chaeronea
Alexander the Great
Battle of Issus
Hellenistic
four Hellenistic kingdoms
hellenization
urbanization
commerce
women
Alexandria
Theocritus
Menander
Polybius
architecture
sculpture
Archimedes
Epicurus
Epicureanism
Stoicism
Zeno
mystery religions
Isis
Glossary
Epicureanism
Hellenistic
helots
hoplites
mystery religions
natural rights
phalanx
polis
polytheistic/polytheism
skepticism
Socratic method
Sophists
Stoicism
tyrant/tyranny
Mapwork
Map 4.1. Classical Greece
Which island was the center of Minoan culture? Where was the most important stronghold of
Mycenaean Greece? Where is Troy? What is the importance of that city for our understanding of
Mycenaean culture? Which archaeologist unearthed this city?
In what regions on this map did the Ionian Greeks live? The Aeolians? The Dorians?
What role does Messenia play in Spartan history?
What was the importance of Mt. Olympus for Greek religion? Locate this site, along with the
oracle of Delphi, on this map. Where were the Olympic festivals founded? For what purpose?
Where did the Greeks live in relation to the Persians? Note the location of Marathon,
Thermopylae, Plataea and Salamis. What importance did these sites play in the Persian War?
Regarding the Peloponnesian War, locate Athens and Sparta. Which city-state dominated the
Peloponnesian League? The Delian League? What happened at Aegospotami?
Map
Minoan Crete and Mycenean Greece
How might the fact that Minoan civilization developed on islands have effected its culture?
How much might the two cultures have influenced each other?
Map 4.2. The Conquests of Alexander the Great
Where on this map was Alexander born? What regions had his father, Philip II, already subdued?
Why, when he succeeded to the throne of Macedonia, did Alexander's ambitions lead him east
rather than west?
What city did Alexander designate as the administrative capital of his empire?
Why was Alexander unsuccessful in conquering India?
Looking back at the maps from the first three chapters, do you see any empires as large as
Alexander's? Why was Alexander so successful? How did Homer serve as inspiration to him?
Where did Alexander die?
Map 4.3. The World of the Hellenistic Monarchs
After Alexander's death, how was his empire divided? Was any territory lost between the time of
his death and the formation of the succeeding Hellenistic monarchies? (Refer back to Map 4.2.)
Why is this world called "Hellenistic" rather than "Greek" or "Macedonian" after Alexander?
What united these kingdoms?
Datework
Chronology: The Persian Wars
Against which Persian king did the Ionians unsuccessfully revolt in 499?
Why did the Athenians consider the battle of Marathon so important to their own history?
The Spartans and Athenians cooperated against the Persians. Which of the major battles was won
primarily by Spartan land forces? By Athenian navy?
Which of the Classical Greek historians chronicled this war?
Chronology: The Rise of Macedonia and the Conquests of Alexander
What did Alexander accomplish at the Battles of Issus and Gaugamela?
How old was Alexander when he died?
Chapter timeline: Mycenaean Greece to the Hellenistic Kingdoms
When did the civilization of Minoan Crete flourish? Were the Mycenaeans solely responsible for
their downfall? Why is the period immediately following the Mycenaeans referred to as a Dark
Age?
Which period in Greek history do the Persian Wars initiate? Which of these eras begins with the
empire of Alexander the Great?
It is clear from this timeline that the philosophers Plato and Aristotle belonged to the Classical
Age of Greece. When did the philosophers Epicurus and Zeno live, and with which philosophical
schools are they associated?
After the Lycurgan reforms, when did the reforms of Solon and Cleisthenes occur? Are the three
movements related
Primary Sources
Eighth-Century primary source:
Homer's Ideal of Excellence: Homer, Iliad
What does Hector hope for his son? How do his hopes reflect his status as warrioraristocrat rather than hoplite soldier? With which two periods of Greek history are these
two types of strategy associated?
Do the Iliad and Odyssey describe solely the Mycenaean age? According to the
discoveries of Heinrich Schliemann, when did the Trojan war take place?
What values did later Greeks find in Homer? What about Hector makes him an example
of arete? How does Andromache exemplify arete for women?
Early Spartan primary source:
The Lycurgan Reforms: Plutarch, Lycurgus
What was a Spartan mother's role in bringing up her sons? Were fathers' roles different?
According to legend, for what purpose did a woman bear sons?
Why were the boys raised in a group? How old were they when their serious training
began? How much intellectual training did they receive?
Why were Spartan boys encouraged to steal their food? What skills would such activity
develop?
Why would this whole program have been distasteful to the Athenians?
Would Athenians have agreed with Spartan women's activities?
Classical primary sources:
Athenian Democracy: The Funeral Oration of Pericles: Thucydides, History of the
Peloponnesian War
How does Pericles define democracy? What two ancient Greek words form this English
term?
Is it possible that Thucydides was present at this actual speech? What reporting
techniques did Thucydides use in his search for accuracy in his history?
Why would the Athenian passion for debate described by Pericles have been distasteful
to the Spartans? On the other hand, how does eagerness for discussion perfectly suit
democracy?
According to this document, why did the Athenians feel justified to dominate the Delian
League and to use it for purposes of Athenian imperialism?
What is the meaning of the Greek word historia? How did Herodotus and Thucydides
see this activity differently?
Athenian Comedy: Sex as an Antiwar Instrument: Aristophanes, Lysistrata
How is Lysistrata's name especially appropriate? Why is Kalonike, whose name means
"beautiful victory," having trouble taking this oath?
What other types of play were presented at the yearly festivals for Dionysus in Athens?
How did the genres differ?
What political message did Aristophanes present in Lysistrata? Who did he satirize in
The Clouds?
Household Management and the Role of the Athenian Wife: Xenophon, Oeconomicus
It would not have been unusual for an Athenian husband to be twice the age of his wife.
How do you see age difference reflected in this document?
What evidence does this document provide for romantic love between married couples?
Why do you suppose that is so?
Do you agree with Xenophon's view that women were "less capable of...endurance" than
men? Did men have a smaller portion of "affection for new-born babes"? What about
today?
Hellenistic primary sources:
Alexander Meets An Indian King: Arrian, The Campaigns of Alexander
Why did Alexander treat the defeated King Porus with such deference?
How had Porus’ actions differed from other kings Alexander had defeated?
A New Autonomy for Women: Letter from Isias to Hephaistion, 168 B.C.E., and Letter from
Ktesikles to King Ptolemy, 220 B.C.E.
How has Hephaistion's child been supported in his father's absence?
Why does Ktesikles accuse his daughter of wrongdoing? For what does he blame
Dionysios? What does he ask of Ptolemy and Diophanes?
What arguments might Nike have made on her own behalf?
The Stoic Ideal of Harmony with God: Cleanthes, Hymn to Zeus
What features of this hymn identify it as Stoic?
According to Cleanthes, what defines a "bad mortal"? By implication, what would define
a good one?
How did Stoicism differ from the Hellenistic philosophy of Epicureanism?
Artwork
Minoan Art:
The Minoan Sport of Bull Leaping
Archaeological excavation has indicated that the Palace of Knossus was abandoned in
great haste, and few bodies were found in the ruins. Does this more strongly support
either the tsunami theory or the Mycenaean theory about its destruction?
When the Minoans and the Mycenaeans came into conflict, what military advantages did
each side possess? What types of archaeological evidence give us this picture of each
side?
Do you see evidence in this artwork for a strong cultural tie with Egypt? Geographically
speaking, what is the connection between Crete and Egypt?
Homeric Scene:
The Slaying of Hector
Why were Homer's masterpieces used as standard texts for the education of generations
of Greek males?
Using the primary source on page 99 along with this artwork, describe how both Achilles
and Hector demonstrate arete.
Are the Iliad and the Odyssey fiction or fact? How might an ancient Greek have
answered this question?
What did the amateur archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann believe about Troy?
Seventh-Century Art:
The Hoplite Forces
What is the advantage of hoplite battle over individual aristocratic duels? What are some
disadvantages?
What were the social consequences of the adoption of hoplite warfare? Does this relate
to the rise of democracy within the city-states?
Classical Art:
The Greek Trireme, with a photograph of the Olympias, a modern reconstruction of an ancient
trireme
Describe how the Greeks defeated the Persians at the Battle of Salamis.
Why is understanding the role of the navy in fifth-century Athens crucial for our
understanding of the course of the Peloponnesian War?
Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian Orders
What order of column adorns the Parthenon?
According to legend, one of the orders developed from a stylization of ram's horns,
another from acanthus leaves, and another from a stripped tree trunk. Which developed
from which natural feature?
The Parthenon
Why is the Parthenon frequently cited as a prime example of the classical ideal in
architecture?
Where did the funds originate for the building of this temple?
The Parthenon stands on the acropolis of the city of Athens; beneath it lies the agora.
Review the meaning of these two terms within the classical polis.
Doryphoros
Why is the Doryphoros frequently cited as a prime example of the classical ideal in
sculpture?
Compare this example with the previous bust of Pericles. How do both scrulptures
artistically represent the concept of arete?
How did classical sculpture differ from Hellenistic sculpture?
Women in the Loom Room
What did citizenship for women consist of if they had no rights and were barred from any
political activity?
How does the scene on the vase reflect women's roles in Athens? How were women's
roles in Sparta different?
Compare this scene with the primary source excerpt of Xenophon's Oeconomicus. How
does this artwork support the text?
Hellenistic Art:
Bust of Alexander the Great
Many ancient Greek sculptures, such as this bust of Alexander and the bust of Pericles
above, survive only in Roman copies (the original is no longer extant). Why did the
Romans make so many copies of Greek originals?
Is this what Alexander really looked like? What elements of classical idealism do you
see here? Hellenistic realism?
How would Alexander's identification with the heroes Achilles and Heracles have
promoted his political and military ambitions?
Greek Style Buddha
How did Greek influence affect Indian art? What do you think the effect was in reverse?
Why would Greek art and culture be incorporated into Indian so readily?
Old Market Woman
As Hellenistic sculptors moved away from the classical ideal toward more emotional
concerns, Hellenistic religion and philosophy were also undergoing significant changes.
How do the concerns of the mystery religions, Epicureanism and Stoicism parellel the
transformation of Classical to Hellenistic art?
Compare this statue with the Doryphoros above, and point out specific differences in
style.
Why is the Doryphoros nude, while the Old Market Woman is clothed?
Quiz
Multiple Choice
1.
Which of the following did NOT affect the development of Greece?
a.
The mountainous terrain isolated the various Greek city-states and allowed them to
develop individually.
b.
The independence of the Greek city-states led to much internal warfare.
c.
The small size and population of the city-states created an interdependence and a
willingness to work together.
d.
The long coast line helped forge the Greeks into great sailors.
Ans.
a.
incorrect, p. 91
b.
incorrect, p. 91
c.
correct, p. 91
d.
incorrect, p. 91
2.
The geographic area of Greece that contained Sparta was called
a.
Peloponnesus
b.
Attica
c.
Boeotia
d.
Thrace
Ans.
a.
correct, p. 91
b.
incorrect, p. 91
c.
incorrect, p. 91
d.
incorrect, p. 91
3.
Where was the earliest civilization in the Aegean region located?
a.
Sparta
b.
Crete
c.
Mycenaean
d.
Cyprus
Ans.
a.
incorrect, p. 91
b.
correct, p. 92
c.
incorrect, p. 93
d.
incorrect, p. 92
4.
Who first excavated Mycenae?
a.
Arthur Evans
b.
Pericles
c.
Heinrich Schliemann
d.
Arthur Schliemann
Ans.
a.
incorrect, p. 92
b.
incorrect, p. 93
c.
correct, p. 93
d.
incorrect, p. 93
5.
During the Greek Dark Age, some Greeks moved to settle in the area of Asia Minor known as
a.
Lesbos.
b.
Dorian.
c.
Aeolia,.
d.
Ionia.
Ans.
a.
incorrect, p. 94
b.
incorrect, p. 94
c.
incorrect, p. 94
d.
correct, p.94
6.
The hero of the epic poem Iliad is
a.
Paris.
b.
Achilles.
c.
Troy.
d.
Odysseus.
Ans.
a.
incorrect, p. 94
b.
correct, p. 94
c.
incorrect, p. 94
d.
incorrect, p. 94
7.
Homer’s epic poems gave a universal model of all of the following EXCEPT
a.
honor.
b.
love.
c.
virtue.
d.
nobility.
Ans.
a.
incorrect, pp. 95-96
b.
correct, pp. 95-96
c.
incorrect, pp. 95-96
d.
incorrect, pp. 95-96
8.
Which of the following best describes the Greek term polis?
a.
citizens with political rights
b.
a community of citizens in which all economic, political, social and cultural activities are
focused
c.
d.
Ans.
all citizens who possessed fundamental rights and responsibilities
all of the above
a.
correct, but so are b and c, p. 96
b.
correct, but so are a and c, p. 96
c.
correct, but so are a and b, p. 96
d.
correct, p. 96
9.
Hoplites were
a.
heavily armed infantrymen who carried a short sword and a long spear
b.
aristocratic cavalrymen
c.
a unit of military men formed into eight ranks deep
d.
all of the above.
Ans.
a.
correct, p. 96
b.
incorrect, p. 96
c.
incorrect, p. 96
d.
incorrect, p. 96
10.
The conquered peoples who were forced into serfdom by the Spartans were called
a.
Ionians.
b.
helots.
c.
polis.
d.
kratia
Ans.
a.
incorrect, p. 97
b.
correct, p. 97
c.
incorrect, p. 96
d.
incorrect, p. 99
11.
________ instituted a series of reforms that laid the foundation for Athenian democracy.
a.
Pisistratus
b.
Solon
c.
Cleisthenes
d.
Pericles
Ans.
12.
a.
b.
c.
d.
incorrect, p. 99
incorrect, p. 99
correct, p. 99
incorrect, p. 99
Who led the Greeks to victory on the plains of Marathon?
a.
Leonidas
b.
Pisistratus
c.
Darius
d.
Miltiades
Ans.
a.
incorrect, p. 100
b.
incorrect, p. 99
c.
incorrect, p. 100
d.
correct, p. 100
13.
Who became leader of Athens after the Persian Wars and helped make it the center of Greek
culture?
a.
Pisistratus
b.
Pericles
c.
Leonidas
d.
Miltiades
Ans.
a.
incorrect, p. 99
b.
correct, pp. 101-102
c.
incorrect, p. 100
d.
incorrect, p. 100
14.
What eventually led to the fall of Athens to the Spartans?
a.
the loss of the Athenian navy
b.
plague
c.
defeat at Marathon
d.
none of the above
Ans.
a.
correct, p. 102
b.
incorrect, p. 102
c.
incorrect, p. 100
d.
incorrect, p. 102
15.
Who wrote History of the Persian Wars?
a.
Thucydides
b.
Pericles
c.
Aeschylus
d.
Herodotus
Ans.
a.
incorrect, p. 102
b.
incorrect, p. 101
c.
incorrect, p. 103
d.
correct, p. 102
16.
Which of the following is true of the Sophists?
a.
They were wandering scholars.
b.
They believed understanding of the universe was beyond human capability.
c.
They believed there was no absolute right or wrong.
d.
All of the above.
Ans.
a.
correct, but so are b and c, pp. 104-105
b.
correct, bus so are a and c, pp. 104-105
c.
correct, but so are a and b, pp. 104-105
d.
correct, pp. 104-105
17.
Who believed in rule by the upper classes or philosopher kings as exhibited in his most famous
work, The Republic?
a.
Socrates
b.
Plato
c.
Aristotle
d.
none of the above
Ans.
a.
incorrect, p. 106
b.
correct, p. 106
c.
incorrect, p. 106
d.
incorrect, p. 106
18.
Which Macedonian ruler conquered the Greek city-states and formed the Corinthian League?
a.
Alexander
b.
Socrates
c.
Darius
d.
Philip
Ans.
a.
incorrect, p. 109
b.
incorrect, p. 105
c.
incorrect, p. 109
d.
correct, p. 109
19.
Which is NOT a Hellenistic successor dynasty to the empire of Alexander the Great?
a.
Ptolemies
b.
Aechemenids
c.
Seleucids
d.
Antigonids
Ans.
a.
incorrect, p. 112
b.
correct, p. 112
c.
incorrect, p. 112
d.
incorrect, p. 112
20.
_______was the great Hellenistic scientist who established the constant value of pi.
a.
Epicurus
b.
Archimedes
c.
Zeno
d.
Polybius
Ans.
a.
incorrect, p. 116
b.
correct, pp. 115-116
c.
incorrect, p. 116
d.
incorrect, p. 115
True/False
1.
All of citizens of a polis were equal.
a.
b.
true
false*
a.
b.
incorrect, only some select citizens could actually participate in government, p. 96
correct, p. 66
2.
Both aristocrats and small farmers could be hoplites.
a.
b.
true*
false
a.
b.
correct, p. 96
incorrect, both could serve in the military, p. 96
3.
The first Greek plays were comedies.
a.
b.
true
false*
a.
b.
incorrect, the first plays were tragedies, p. 103
correct, p. 103
4.
Classical Greek artists sought to portray humans in their true form.
a.
b.
true
false*
a.
b.
incorrect, they sought to portray ideal beauty, p. 103
correct, p. 103
5.
Plato believed women were inferior and should be subordinated to men.
a.
b.
true
false*
a.
b.
incorrect, Aristotle believed women were inferior, p. 107
correct, p. 107
Essay
1.
Describe the impact of geography upon the development of ancient Greece.
Ans.
p. 91
 Smaller area than Mesopotamia and Egypt
 Very mountainous and thus isolated Greek peoples from each other
 Has long coastlines which led to development of sailing and seamanship
 Because sailed they expanded trade and spread Greek civilization
 Divided city-states by geography
2.
Compare Sparta and Athens.
Ans. pp. 97-99
 Sparta
o On the Peloponnesus and needed land for food
o Aggressive and militaristic
o Very organized and tightly controlled society, discipline
o Men and women separated until 30
o Men required to do military service
o Service and sacrifice for state was tops
o Women had more rights and power
o Led by two kings
o Turned against outside world
o Did not encourage studying art, philosophy, etc
 Athens
o On Attic peninsula
o Aristocrats controlled originally but after internal problems briefly under tyrant
then democratic reforms under Cleisthenes
o
o
o
Business oriented
More citizen input
Beginnings of democracy
3.
Describe ancient Greek religious beliefs.
Ans. p. 107
 Religion was social and political
 Festivals and temples built to gods
 12 gods
 each polis had a particular guardian deity
 no body of doctrine
 no focus on morality
 no real hope of afterlife
 much ritual
 used oracles to try and know will of gods
4.
What is the legacy of Alexander the Great?
pp. 110-111
 he created the Hellenistic world by spreading Greek ideas and culture throughout his
empire
 he destroyed the Persian empire
 his successors used force to establish their control
 autocracy was his political legacy
 Greek culture came to dominate in Middle East
 Created urban centers like Alexandria that were center of culture
 Also brought back influence from the east
 Created a clash of cultures
5.
Explain the role of women in the Hellenistic world.
Ans. pp. 113-114
 More opportunities opened for upper class women
 Many became involved in business
 Only in Sparta could they control their economic affairs and own land
 Athenian women were restricted
 Some women allowed to pursue education and so more opportunities
 Hellenistic Queens played key roles in developing the successor kingdoms to
Alexander’s empire
 Macedonian mothers and sons played important role
 In Egypt they returned to kings marrying sisters
Internet Exploration
To read Homer’s Iliad, visit
http://classics.mit.edu/Homer/iliad.html
To read the Odyssey online, visit
http://www.uoregon.edu/~joelja/odyssey.html
To learn more about Greek art and architecture,visit
http://harpy.uccs.edu/greek/greek.html
To view images of classical Greek architecture, visit
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/browser?object=Building&field=Period&value=Classical