Download Globalization in World History

Globalisation
Wednesday 8 December 2016
Making of the Modern World Lecture
Julia McClure
[email protected]
What is the face of globalization?
Globalization today?
Fast connections: internet, social media
Institutions: World bank, IMF, WTO, UN
International Collaborations
‘Free Trade’: GATT, NAFTA, TTIP
Migrations of peoples
Human Rights?
Globalization in the Headlines
today
Five Issues for Today’s Lecture
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1. Definition of Globalisation
what is globalisation?
2. Does Globalisation have a history?
when did it begin ? Does it come in waves
of phases?
3. Dimensions of the phenomenon:
economic, social, cultural, legal
4. Typologies of Globalization
5. Questioning Globalization
How we handle globalization as historians
1. Definitions of Globalization
‘the process of transformation of local
phenomena into global ones… a
process by which the people of the
world are unified into a single society
and function together’
Peter N. Stearns, Globalization in World History (Oxford: Routledge,
2010), p. 1.

‘The global did not eliminate the local,
the local and the global ‘cannibalized’
each other’
Arjun Appaduri, Modernity at Large: Cultural
Dimensions of Globalization (Minneapolis, 1996)
1. Definitions of Globalisation
“Globalization constitutes integration of National economies
into the International economy through trade, direct foreign
investment (by corporations and multinationals), short-term
capital flows, international flows of workers and humanity
generally, and flows of technology”
Jagdish Bhagwati, In Defence of Globalization (Oxford, 2006), p. 3.
“[Globalization] is a reality that now affects every part of the
globe and every person on it, even though in widely differing
local contexts.”.
Bruce Mazlish, “Comparing Global History to World History,” Journal of Interdisciplinary
History 28/3 (1998), p. 387.
“A progressive increase in the scale of social processes from a
local or regional to a world level”
C.A. Bayly, ‘“Archaic” and A-Modern Globalization in the Eurasian and African Arena, c.
1750-1850',
in A.G. Hopkins, ed., Globalization in World History (2002), pp. 48-9.
2. When did Globalisation Begin?
1. A Modern Phenomena
Social scientists (esp. sociologists of
globalization) see it as a very recent
phenomenon, something that might
go back to the period following the
major economic crisis of 1973-74,
perhaps to 1945.
2. When did Globalisation Begin?
Phases
1. 1945-2015: Contemporary Globalisation
The key force of globalization after 1945 was
the action of institutions and governments
(Bretton Woods)
And of markets after 1973:
- Liberal economic policies and regimes
- Growth of world trade and financial
transactions
-Advances in Information Technologies
and easier access to information
- Performance of services remotely
-New business organizations:
- A high degree of convergence in
consumer culture
2. When did Globalisation
Begin?
2. Phases in modern history
1750s
1850s
20th century
2. When did Globalisation Begin?
2. In the Early 19th Century: Bayly
Christopher Bayly claims that
globalization started with the collapse of
18th century regimes
This he defines as ‘modern globalisation’
and sees it as a process based on:
-colonialism and imperialism
- and the concept of free trade.
C.A. Bayly, ‘“Archaic” and A-Modern Globalization in the
Eurasian and African Arena, c. 1750-1850', in A.G.
Hopkins, ed., Globalization in World History (2002) [HY
100.G5]
2. When did Globalisation Begin?
2. In the Early 19th Century: Bayly
Type of globalisation
time
features
A. PROTO
15001750
- European exploration
- Role of silver
- importance of slavery
B. MODERN
17501900
C. PRESENT
1950-
- Revolutions (political and
economic)
- colonialisms and imperialism
- free trade
- Business and corporations
- Personal communication
C.A. Bayly, ‘“Archaic” and “Modern “Globalization in the Eurasian and African Arena, c. 1750-1850', in
A.G. Hopkins, ed., Globalization in World History (2002) [HY 100.G5]
2. When did Globalisation Begin?
2. 1820-1913: The Great Phase
Williamson and O’Rourke underline how
the period from 1820 to 1870 in particular
was:
- age of ‘free trade’
- liberalization of the state –
- Increased commodity trade
Critiques:
- issues of power forgotten
- gunboat diplomacy
- colonial control
- Post 1870
- Mass migration
- infrastructure (railroads and
steamships, and cables
Kevin H. O'Rourke and Jeffrey G. Willamson, Globalization and History: the evolution of a nineteenth-century
2. When did Globalisation Begin?
3. In the Sixteenth Century
Dennis Flynn and Arturo Giraldez
claims that globalization begun in 1571
when the Spaniards settled down in
Manila in the Philippines and opened up
trade :
- Manila to Acapulco
- Importance of the Pacific
- Importance of Silver
Flynn, Dennis O., and Arturo
Giráldez, ‘Cycles of Silver: Global
Economic Unity through the MidEighteenth Century’, Journal of
World History, 13, no. 2 (2002), pp.
391-427
2. When did Globalisation
Begin?
1. 13th Century
2. When did Globalisation Begin?
1. 13th Century,
‘Archaic Globalisation'
- C. Bayly
- Up to 1600
- Ideology: underpinned by cosmic
kingship, universal religion, humoural
understandings of the body and land
- Long-range circulation of goods but not
about modern ‘consumption’
- Agents: warriors,
2. When did Globalisation Begin?
1. 13th Century,
European World System Before European
Hegemony (1250-1350)
2. When did Globalisation Begin?
4. 500 Years or 5000?
Andre Gunder Frank, The World System:
Five Hundred Years or Five Thousand?
(1996) and later Re-Orient (1998) argued
that globalization was there well before
1500. This is because:
- Single world economy before 1500
- trade (Silk roads and later European trade
in Asia)
-Centrality of China
Periods of de-globalisation
1914-1945: De-globalisation?
The interwar period saw:
-economic protectionism and autarky
-economic and monetary instability
-stagnation of the economies
-moribund empires, and the confrontation
between the US and the Soviet Union
- lack of innovation
Periods of De-globalisation
Post 2016: A second de-globalisation?
Is it possible that we are going towards deglobalisation once again?
- the 2008 financial crisis
- global alliances not working
- Failure of international bodies (UN)
- revolutionary terrorism – violent
disconnections
- Crisis of European integration and
values
- Rise of Nativism
.
2. When did Globalisation Begin?
Recap
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Post 1945
1850s
1750s
1571
1492
1300s
How far back?
Periods of de-globalization
Are terms such as proto-globalization and
archaic globalization useful?
3. The Dimensions of Globalisation
Movement
Integration
Global issues
People
migration
Communication Population and
cities and
inequality
geographies
Things
Trade and
commodities
transport
Resources and
the environment
Actions
Capitals
Business and
organisations
Economic crises
Values
Ideas and
ideologies
States and
institutions
Human Rights
1500-c.1800
1800-1945
Post 1945
3. The Dimensions of Globalisation
Communication, Technology and Transport
(modern)
•First steamship cross the Atlantic
•Invention of the Telephone
•Edison’s incandescent electric light
•First Car
•First wireless message sent across the Atlantic
•First airplane by the Wright brothers
•First Radio Programme
•First Television broadcasting
•Nuclear Power to produce electricity
•First Videogame console
•First Cd-Rom
•World Wide Web
•DVD
1838
1876
1878
1885
1901
1903
1920
1936
1951
1972
1982
1990
1995
3. The Dimensions of Globalisation
Communication, Technology and Transport (long
view)
Camel Caravans
 Ships
 Merchants, Missionaries, Diplomats
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3. The Dimensions of Globalisation
Economic
 Technological
 Political
 Cultural
 Legal
 Biological
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3. The Dimensions of Globalisation
Biological exchange / global
environment
4. Typologies of Globalisation
Process?
 Condition?
 Form of politics / ideology?
 Explanatory model?
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4. The Typologies of Globalisation
Process
- ‘the process of globalization would be the gradual
thickening of connections across national
boundaries, their increasing penetration into
previously untouched localities and the emergence
of a common set of concerns that define a universal
cosmopolitan community
- The process of globalization would be the state of
complete transnational integration, encompassing all
the people of the world within a single network of
economic and cultural connections informed by a
common global consciousness’.
(David Armitage, The Foundations of Modern
International Thought, 33)
4. The Typologies of Globalisation
Condition
‘Age of Globalization’ Vs ‘Globalized Age’
Global Era?
- Global consciousness
- Global interconnectedness
- Global environment
4. The Typologies of Globalisation
Ideology
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‘The ideologies that were formative of
modern globalization comprise at core
nationalism, capitalism, democracy and
consumerism’
C.A. Bayly, ‘“Archaic” and “Modern “Globalization in the Eurasian and
African Arena, c. 1750-1850', in A.G. Hopkins, ed., Globalization in
World History (2002) [HY 100.G5]
 Liberalization?
Open
Markets? Neoliberalism?
4. Typologies of Globalization
Explanatory device?
“globalization’ is a heuristic device, not a
description of linear social change. It draws
attention to dynamics that transcend the old
units of analysis in different academic fields
and attempts to quantify or to model them’
C.A. Bayly, ‘“Archaic” and “Modern “Globalization in the Eurasian
and African Arena, c. 1750-1850', in A.G. Hopkins, ed.,
Globalization in World History (2002) [HY 100.G5]
Globalization, a discursive turn?
4. Questioning Globalization
Globalization: Connecting a
divided people or creating
inequality?
The World Bank
‘Why has globalization – a force that has
brought so much good – become so
controversial?’ (4)
4. Globalization & Historians
‘Does the concept of globalization offer
anything to historical debates which
have long discussed ‘the expansion of
Europe’, ‘the Atlantic world economy’
and ‘Asia before Europe’?
C. A. Bayly. C.A. Bayly, ‘“Archaic” and A-Modern
Globalization in the Eurasian and African Arena, c.
1750-1850', in A.G. Hopkins, ed., Globalization in
World History(2002).
4. Globalization & Historians
‘Is globalization the new theory
that will reinvigorate history? Or will
it choke off all other possible
contenders, leaving in place only the
inevitability of modernization of the
world on the Western model?’ (1)
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‘Is globalization a new paradigm
for historical explanation that
replaces those criticized by cultural
theories? Or is it a Trojan horse that
threatens to bring back old
paradigms rather than offering a
truly new one?’ (52).
Lynn Hunt, Writing History in the
Global Era
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Conclusion
Multiple Definitions of Globalization
2. Multiple Chronologies & Multiple
Histories of Globalization
3. Typologies of Globalization
4. Questioning Globalization
1.