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Sex-linked Genes (Key) Genes located on the X or Y chromosomes Many sex-linked genes are found on the X chromosome. The human Y chromosome is much smaller and appears to contain only few genes. Colorblindness Colorblindness is the inability to Distinguish certain colors. Three human genes associated with colorvision are located on the X chromosomes. Red-green colorblindness is the most common form. In the US, 1 in 10 males and 1 in 100 females have colorblindness. Why the difference? Males have just one X chromosome. Therefore, their genotypes will be XCY or XcY. Females have two X chromosomes. Therefore, their genotypes would be XCXC (normal), XCXc (carrier), and XcXc is colorblind. Hemophilia A sex-linked disorder in which a protein for normal blood clotting is missing. About 1 in 10,000 males has a form of hemophilia. Hemophiliacs can bleed to death from minor cuts; may suffer internal bleeding from bumps or bruises. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy A sex-linked disorder that results in the progressive weakening and loss of skeletal muscle. 1 in 3000 males (US) has the condition. Testcross – A Way to Determine Certain Genotypes A testcross is a genetic cross of an organism showing the recessive phenotype with an organism showing the dominant phenotype. This is done to determine if the organism with the dominant phenotype is homozygous dominant or heterozygous dominant. T T T t t T t Tt t T t tt t T t Tt t T t tt t