Download CPY4B02 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 1 – Core Course of Bsc Counselling... – IV semester – CUCBCSS 2014 Admn onwards

CPY4B02 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 1 – Core Course of Bsc Counselling Psychology
– IV semester – CUCBCSS 2014 Admn onwards
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. The Prisoners' Dilemma is an example of:
a)
Free riding
b)
A social dilemma
c)
A solution to a social dilemma
d)
The opposite of a social dilemma
2. What has, according to an eminent social psychologist, been
‘treated like a rude bastard relative at a family gathering’?
a)
Downward comparison
b)
Impression management
c)
Civility
d)
Stereotyping
3. Why is it generally felt that members of some societies might
develop a stronger preference for dispositional explanations?
a)
Many western societies are characterized by a culture of
individualism, and this makes people lean more towards
understanding the actor than the situation
b)
Many western societies are characterized by a culture of
collectivism, and this makes people lean more towards
understanding the situation than the actor
c)
Many non-western societies are characterized by a culture of
individualism, and this makes people lean more towards
understanding the actor than the situation
d)
Many non-western societies are characterized by a culture of
collectivism, and this makes people lean more towards
understanding the situation than the actor
4. In Heider’s (1948) balance theory, which of the following would
represent an unbalanced triad?
a)
Agreeing with someone you like
b)
Agreeing with someone you dislike
c)
Disagreeing with someone you dislike
d)
Agreeing with a friend of a friend
5. Completing a task which requires self-control may make it:
a)
Easier to self-regulate on a following task
b)
Harder to self-regulate on a following task
c)
Impossible to self-regulate on a following task
d)
Neither easier nor harder to self-regulate on a following task
6. You decide to train for a marathon, and for a month you force
yourself to get up at 6am every day to go running. At the end of
the month, you notice that you have also been more successful
recently at resisting the temptation to eat junk food. How would
the strength model explain this:
a)
Succeeding at a goal has increased your self-efficacy
b)
Practicing self-control has increased your self-control
resources
c)
Forming a goal has increased your motivation to overcome
obstacles
d)
Similar goals facilitate each other
7. According to Ajzen and Fishbein (1977), measures of attitude
and behavior need to correspond in four key ways. But which of
the following is NOT one of these?
a)
Action
b)
Content
c)
Target
d)
Time
8. Which of the following would suggest that a person has low
implicit self-esteem?
a)
They associate positive words more quickly than negative
words with the self
b)
They associate negative words more quickly with the self
than with others
c)
They show a greater than average liking for letters that are
in their name
d)
They show a cautious style of self-presentation
9. Which of these statements about conformity is correct?
a)
The more members of the majority there are, the more
dramatically conformity increases
b)
Genuine social support has a stronger influence over
conformity than does broken unanimity
c)
Group size has a greater impact on conformity than any
other moderator of group influence
d)
People in Western cultures find greater acceptance of others'
judgements than those in Eastern cultures
10. According to Moscovici (1976, 1980), what process of
influence do minorities induce?
a)
Validation
b)
Conversion
c)
Compliance
d)
Comparison
11. Below are three strongly-held views over which source
condition (minority or majority) elicits the highest cognitive
scrutiny of a message. But which one have studies shown to be
correct?
a)
"Superior message processing is associated with a minority."
b)
"Superior message processing is associated with a majority."
c)
"Both a majority and minority can lead to superior message
processing under different conditions."
d)
None of these
12. In Gottman and Levenson’s study of married couples’ social
interactions, what was the strongest predictor of divorce?
a)
Criticism
b)
Contempt
c)
Anger
d)
Infidelity
13. At what age do children reach an understanding of pride?
a)
3-4
b)
5-6
c)
7-9
d)
10-12
14. Self-categorisation theory suggests that social category
salience is a function of:
a)
Fit x perceiver readiness
b)
Perceiver readiness x accessibility
c)
Identification x normative fit
d)
Identification x comparative fit
15. A cognitive miser is a person who:
a)
Hoards good ideas that should be shared with others
b)
Gives little time to thinking about personal matters
c)
Is good at disguising thoughts from other people
d)
Uses little effort in making judgments about other people
16. Being in a good mood does not reduce our_______, but reduces
our________.
a)
Motivation to do hard cognitive work, incentive for doing
hard cognitive work
b)
Incentive to do hard cognitive work, motivation for doing
hard cognitive work
c)
Motivation to do hard cognitive work, capacity for doing hard
cognitive work
d)
Capacity to do hard cognitive work, motivation for doing
hard cognitive work
17. Prejudice is:
a)
The affective component of an attitude
b)
A genetically-controlled emotional response to people
c)
A belief usually acquired by contact with the attitude object
d)
A pre-judgement based on a persons’ group membership
18. Which stereotype-participant combination is likely to result in
the weakest rebound effect?
a)
Skinheads stereotype; High prejudice participant
b)
Gay stereotype; Low prejudice participant
c)
Skinheads stereotype; Low prejudice participant
d)
Gay stereotype; High prejudice participant
19. Which of the conditions below is MOST likely to produce
stereotype change following the bookkeeping model?
a)
Disconfirming information is concentrated on a few atypical
group members
b)
Disconfirming information is concentrated on a few typical
group members
c)
Disconfirming information is dispersed across many typical
group members
d)
The stereotype is dramatically disconfirmed
20. According to social identity theory, which of the following
strategies is LEAST likely to improve relations between social
groups in an intergroup contact situation?
a)
Providing information about similarities between groups
b)
Providing information about differences between groups
c)
Acknowledging particpants’ group memberships
d)
Recategorising participants into a common group
21. Many findings suggest that intergroup contact improves
attitudes among the people actually involved, but it does not
generalise to the groups from which they were drawn. This is
likely to follow from the fact that:
a)
Participants are affected by the acquiescent response bias
b)
Most intergroup contact is actually interpersonal contact
c)
Questionnaire measures are mostly used in this research
d)
An insufficient number of cross-cultural studies have been
carried out
22. Which of the following is an example of using a ‘derived etic’
approach to cross cultural research?
a)
Research that examines a single culture in its own terms
b)
Research that compares members of thirty cultures on a
measure that has been well validated in one of the cultures
c)
Research that compares members of two cultures on a task
that was developed jointly by researchers from both cultures
d)
None of the above
23. What is the ‘ecological fallacy’?
a)
Interpreting an individual-level finding as if it were at the
ecological-level
b)
Interpreting an ecological-level finding as if it were at the
individual level
c)
Failing to look after the environment
d)
Disbelief in global warming
24. Sam is negotiating a business contract with two companies,
one in Japan and one in America. She is frustrated by their slow
replies, and wonders whether to express her anger. What does
previous research suggest about the effects of expressing anger
in negotiations in these two cultures?
a)
Expressions of anger induce larger concessions from
negotiators in both Western and East Asian cultures
b)
Expressions of anger induce smaller concessions from
negotiators in Western cultures, but larger concessions from
negotiators in East Asian cultures
c)
Expressions of anger induce smaller concessions from
negotiators in East Asian cultures, but larger concessions
from negotiators in Western cultures
d)
Expressions of anger induce smaller concessions from
negotiators in both Western and East Asian cultures
25. Social psychology is the scientific study of how people
___________________________, ___________________________, and
___________________________ one another.
a) understand, feel about, act toward
b) perceive, think about, act toward
c) think about, influence, relate to
d) observe, influence, conflict with
26. Social psychology began to emerge as the vibrant field it is
today during
a) the depression of the early 1930s when researchers
examined the effects of deprivation on aggression and
altruism
b) world War I when psychologists conducted studies of social
conflict and cooperation
c) World War II when researchers performed studies of
persuasion and soldier morale
d) the Korean War when psychologists examined the effects of
brainwashing on prisoners of War
27. In comparison to the sociologist, the social psychologist
a) is more likely to study the social causes of behavior
b) is more likely to study individuals than groups
c) gives less attention to our internal functioning
d) relies more heavily on correlational research
28. In comparison to personality psychology, social psychology
a) has a shorter history
b) is more concerned with the biological causes of behavior
c) is more likely to use case studies in theory development
d) has greater concern for differences between individuals
29. In comparison to personality psychology, social psychology
a) focuses more on our common humanity
b) has more famous, well-known theorists
c) is an older specialty within the discipline of psychology
d) provides more "grand" or comprehensive theories of human
functioning
30. The text states that as a scientific discipline, social psychology
a) is superior to those disciplines which assume a more
subjective approach to the study of human nature
b) can assist in explaining the meaning of life
c) is one perspective from which we can view and better
understand human nature
d) offers explanations for human nature that often contradict
the claims of other disciplines
31. Most social-psychological research is conducted either in the
field or in the ______________________ and is either correlational or
________________________.
a) clinic; survey
b) laboratory; experimental
c) laboratory; survey
d) clinic; experimental
32. Survey researchers obtain a representative group
a) through random assignment
b) by selecting at least 2000 respondents to be interviewed
c) by taking a random sample
d) either through telephone books or automobile registrations
33. The great strength of _____________________ is that it tends to
occur in real-world settings where it can examine questions
regarding important factors like race, sex, and social status.
a) correlational research
b) field experimentation
c) laboratory experimentation
d) quasi-experimentation
34. Which of the following distinguishes the correlational method
from experimentation?
a) the correlational method uses a smaller group of subjects
b) the correlational method enables researchers to study social
attitudes
no attempt is made to systematically manipulate one or
more factors with the correlational method
d) the findings from the correlational method are more likely to
be contaminated by the experimenter's values
35. To determine whether changing one variable (like education)
will produce changes in another (like income), we need to conduct
_____________________ research.
a) Survey
b) correlational
c) experimental
d) statistical
36. Random assignment means that each person taking part in an
experiment must
a) have an equal chance of being in a given condition in the
experiment
b) be assigned to all the conditions of the experimental
treatment
c) be randomly selected from the larger population
d) be given random responses to the experimenter's questions
37. The experimental factor that the experimenter manipulates is
called the _______________ variable.
a) Dependent
b) control
c) independent
d) experimental
38. In an experiment, the variable being measured is called the
__________________ variable.
a) Control
b) independent
c) experimental
d) dependent
39. The experimental method is used in about
___________________________ of all social-psychological research
studies.
c)
one-fourth
b) one-half
c) three-fourths
d) nine-tenths
40. Random assignment is necessary to
a) insure mundane realism
b) insure informed consent
c) rule out pre-existing differences between subjects in
different experimental conditions
d) avoid the naturalistic fallacy
41. Which of the following is false according to the text?
a) experimenters standardize their instructions to subjects to
minimize demand characteristics
b) major psychological organizations have developed a number
of ethical principles to guide investigators
c) informed consent is an important ethical principle to be
followed in conducting research
d) deception should never be used in conducting research
42. Hypotheses are best characterized as
a) Axioms
b) principles
c) predictions
d) conclusions
43. According to the text, ___________________________ tends to
make people overconfident about the validity of their judgments
and predictions.
a) the fundamental attribution error
b) illusory correlation
c) the naturalistic fallacy
d) the hindsight bias
44. In an experimental study of the effects of failure on selfesteem, self-esteem would be the
a) control condition
b) independent variable
a)
dependent variable
d) experimental condition
45. Widely held ideas and values that we take for granted and
that help us make sense of our world are called
a) pluralistic assumptions
b) cultural traditions
c) social heuristics
d) social representations
46. The text suggests that adjectives such as "self-actualized,"
"mature," and "well-adjusted" demonstrate
a) how psychological concepts have hidden values
b) how psychological concepts are individualistic
c) an inordinate concern with mental health
d) how personality psychologists are more influential than
social psychologists
47. According to the text, the fact that human thinking always
involves interpretation
a) provides a valid reason for dismissing science
b) is precisely why we need scientific analysis
c) is a reason for preferring experimental over correlational
research
d) has been more frequently recognized by those in the
sciences than by those in the humanities
c)
48. The naturalistic fallacy provides an example of
a) the hindsight bias
b) how values penetrate the work of the scientist
c) how commonsense notions are often wrong
d) how naturalistic observation is unable to answer questions
about cause-effect relationships
49. In comparison to North American social psychologists,
European social psychologists tend to give more attention to the
_______________ levels of explanation.
a) intrapersonal and interpersonal
b)
c)
d)
intergroup and societal
interpersonal and intergroup
intrapersonal and societal
50. Who of the following is most likely to study how religious
attitudes develop within the typical individual?
a) a sociologist
b) a social worker
c) a social psychologist
d) a theologian
51. Who of the following would be most likely to study how the
political attitudes of middle-class people differ from those of
lower-class people?
a) a personality psychologist
b) a social psychologist
c) a social biologist
d) a sociologist
52. You would like to know the relationship between the number
of psychology courses people take and their interpersonal
sensitivity. You survey university students to determine how much
psychology they have taken and then have them complete a test
of social sensitivity. Finally you plot the relationship. This is an
example of
a) a laboratory experiment
b) a field experiment
c) a correlational study
d) participant observation
53. The telephone company wants to survey its 100,000
customers. Four proposals for sampling the customers are being
considered. Which would you recommend?
a) interview every 75th person listed in the telephone directory
b) mail a questionnaire to all 100,000 customers and assume at
least 1200 will respond
interview the people in every 50th residence from a postal
listing of all addresses
d) interview those 1000 persons with the highest phone bills
54. A research psychologist manipulates the level of fear in
human subjects in the laboratory and then examines what effect
the different levels of fear have on the subjects' reaction times. In
this study, reaction time is the _______________ variable.
a) Dependent
b) correlational
c) independent
d) experimental
55. Which of the following research methods would be most
effective in demonstrating that the presence of others improves
our performance of a task?
a) an experiment
b) correlational study
c) a survey
d) a field study
56. Which of the following techniques would be the most effective
way of investigating the relationship between the political
preferences and the age of Canadian citizens?
a) an experiment
b) a case study
c) a correlational study
d) participant observation
57. A negative correlation between degree of wealth and the
likelihood of being involved in criminal activity would indicate that
a) poverty makes people more likely to commit a crime
b) the poor are more likely to be involved in criminal activity
than are the wealthy
c) being involved in criminal activity usually prevents people
from accumulating wealth
d) all of the above are necessarily true
c)
58. In a research study investigating the effects of stress on the
desire to affiliate, half of the participants complete an easy test of
mental ability and half complete a difficult test. What technique
should the investigators use to ensure that any posttest
differences in the group's desire to affiliate actually result from
the differences in test difficulty?
a) random sampling
b) random assignment
c) replication
d) none of the above
59. There is a strong relationship between dating frequency and
physical attractiveness
a) for males.
b) for females.
c) for both males and females.
d) beyond the initial stage of attraction.
60. Which is TRUE regarding choosing a mate?
a) People who marry are highly similar in age, education, race,
religion, and ethnic background.
b) The highest correlation between people who marry involves
their temperaments.
c) In the United States kindness and understanding are ranked
as being the least important qualities in a mate.
d) Men rate physical attractiveness as a less important quality
in a mate than women do.
61. The study in which college students attached a bumper
sticker for a militant black organization to their cars and then
received frequent traffic citations demonstrates
a) group prejudice.
b) scapegoating.
c) personal prejudice.
d) discrimination.
62. When we perform well, we typically attribute our success to
__________.
a) internal characteristics
b) our group of colleagues
c) external circumstances
d) our personality type
63. Which is true of social stereotypes?
a) They are always negative.
b) They tend to be rational.
c) Likable members of a rejected group are perceived as an
"exception."
d) University students show more evidence of ethnic
stereotyping now than they did in the past.
64. A __________ group is a group based on social comparison.
a) focus
b) personal identification
c) reference
d) comparison
65. The degree of attraction among group members relates to
the dimension of
a) compatibility.
b) structure.
c) cohesiveness.
d) conformity.
66. According to the theory of cognitive dissonance, attitudes are
changed because
a) emotionally persuasive arguments unfreeze beliefs.
b) logical arguments alter the belief component of an attitude.
c) clashing thoughts cause discomfort.
d) acting contrary to one's beliefs for a large reward causes
dissonance.
67. An example of a superordinate goal is
a) getting good grades.
b) making money.
c) making friends.
d) protecting clean water supplies.
68. You are walking into a store when a man rudely cuts in front
of you, almost shoving you, so that he may enter the store first.
"What a jerk!" you think to yourself. As you enter the store, you
see the same man performing an emergency tracheotomy on a
women with a collapsed windpipe. You have just
a) discounted a person's actions due to situational demands.
b) self-handicapped.
c) overemphasized the object in this action sequence.
d) made the fundamental attribution error.
69. According to evolutionary psychologists,
a) women tend to be concerned with whether mates will devote
time and resources to a relationship.
b) men place less emphasis on physical attractiveness.
c) women place more emphasis on sexual fidelity.
d) men are biologically driven to have multiple partners.
70. In North America, male friendships are __________ based and
female friendships are __________ .
a) activity; based on sharing feelings.
b) attraction; based on activity
c) feeling; based on activity
d) activity; based on attraction
71. Which statement about physical attractiveness is FALSE?
a) Beauty is a factor mainly in initial acquaintances.
b) Looks are less related to dating frequency for men than for
women.
c) For men, there is little relationship between attractiveness
and the achievement of status.
For marriage partners there is a tendency for attractive men
to be paired with highly educated women with high incomes.
72. Moderate self-disclosure typically leads to
a) competence matching.
b) rejection.
c) romantic attraction.
d) reciprocity.
73. Aggression is best defined as
a) hostility.
b) anger.
c) any action carried out with the intent of harming another
person.
d) none of these
74. Attribution theory concerns our tendency to explain our
behavior and that of others
a) by external causes rather than internal causes.
b) by inferring causes on the basis of internal or external
factors.
c) by internal rather than external causes.
d) based on personality factors.
75. The __________ hypothesis states that frustration tends to lead
to aggression.
a) frustration-aggression
b) biological instinct
c) social learning
d) cognitive dissonance
76. Arabs are typically depicted in the media as oil-rich but
ignorant and savage. In a time of war with an Arab country, this
image would be used
a) to make it easier for soldiers to kill the enemy.
b) to educate the population regarding the enemy.
c) to strip away the emotional insulation of our soldiers.
d)
very little, since previous attempts at dehumanizing (during
W.W.II, for example) were ineffective.
77. A compulsion by decision makers to maintain each other's
approval, even at the cost of critical thinking and good judgment,
is called
a) the halo effect.
b) expert power.
c) groupthink.
d) social conformity.
78. For most American adults, an invisible spatial envelope
defining their most intimate space
a) extends four feet from their body.
b) extends an "arm's reach" from their body.
c) is reserved for comfortable interactions with friends.
d) extends about 18 inches out from their body.
79. Prejudice based on displaced aggression represents a form of
a) projection.
b) discrimination.
c) scapegoating.
d) authoritarianism.
80. Social position in a group determines one's
a) competence.
b) autokinetic norms.
c) role.
d) usefulness.
81. With regard to the effects of TV on children, we can conclude
that
a) TV has little effect on the behavior of children.
b) TV only increases aggressive behavior in children.
c) TV only increases prosocial behavior in children.
d) the amount of TV viewing may be related to aggressive
behavior later in life.
d)
82. If everyone leaves five minutes before the game is over to
avoid a traffic jam, the resulting traffic jam would be an example
of
a) social impregnation.
b) a social trap.
c) groupthink.
d) self-handicapping.
83. A student who is unprepared for a final exam complains that
he has a stomach ache and cannot take the exam. If the student's
roommate ignores this complaint, he or she has probably
attributed the student's symptoms to the
a) object.
b) actor.
c) situation.
d) need for affiliation.
84. Physical proximity increases attraction because it
a) increases frequency of contact.
b) enhances social comparisons.
c) establishes common norms.
d) reduces development of incompatible roles.
85. The real danger of "groupthink" is that it
a) is contagious.
b) occurs in cohesive groups.
c) disrupts coordinated efforts at group problem solving.
d) leads to a suspension of critical thinking.
86. The organization of roles, patterns of communication, and
power in a group defines the group's
a) status.
b) structure.
c) cohesiveness.
d) norms.
87. Those roles which one attains voluntarily are called
ascribed roles.
b) achieved roles.
c) positions.
d) social selves.
.
88. A learned disposition to respond to people, objects, or
institutions in a positive or negative way defines
a) cognitive dissonance.
b) socialization.
c) attitudes.
d) stereotypes.
89. In general, helping behavior in emergency situations is
discouraged by
a) the presence of a large number of persons.
b) low costs associated with helping.
c) smaller social distance between the helper and the victim.
d) fear of cognitive dissonance.
90. Frustration probably encourages aggression because it
a) triggers genetic mechanisms.
b) raises arousal levels and sensitivity to cues for aggression.
c) triggers biological cues for aggression.
d) relieves tension.
91. The fact that physically attractive people also tend to be rated
more highly on traits such as intelligence and honesty is an
example of
a) social magnetism.
b) role modeling.
c) social comparisons.
d) the halo effect.
92. Negative attitudes that are tinged with fear, hatred, or
suspicion is a definition of
a) prejudice.
a)
authoritarianism.
c) discrimination.
d) displaced aggression.
93. During his rise to power, Hitler blamed the Jews for Germany's
economic woes. This is an example of
a) personal discrimination.
b) social stereotypes.
c) symbolic prejudice.
d) scapegoating.
b)
94. When you have "clashing thoughts," you are experiencing
a) conformity pressure.
b) obedience pressure.
c) cognitive dissonance.
d) open-ended role conflict.
95. Interpersonal attraction is encouraged by which one of the
following?
a) personal space
b) proxemics
c) competition
d) similarity
96. Desensitization is
a) the imitation of an undesired response.
b) the removal of an inhibition.
c) reduction of emotional sensitivity.
d) an increase in emotional sympathy.
97. People's attitudes about women and rape primarily come from
a) sexual images in X-rated books.
b) sexual images in X-rated movies.
c) violent images in mainstream movies and magazines.
d) sexual images in mainstream movies and magazines.
98.The judge who is caught cheating on his income tax is likely
experiencing
a) role diffusion.
b) attribution failure.
c) role conflict.
d) attribution error.
99. Alcohol
a) is a direct cause of aggression.
b) lowers the threshold for aggression.
c) causes relaxation and raises the threshold for aggression.
d) induces hypoglycemia and frustration.
100. Cognitive dissonance theory is based on the human need for
a) self-actualization.
b) gain-loss.
c) cognitive dissonance.
d) consistency.
101. Discrimination refers to behaviors that
a) allow us to tell one ethnic group from another.
b) occur when members of a racial group threaten an
individual's security.
c) prevent individuals from doing things they should be able to
do.
d) are directed toward a particular group.
102. In an experiment in which a "student" simulated a seizure,
helping was inhibited by
a) conditions employing smaller groups.
b) diffusion of responsibility.
c) group discussion.
d) reference cognitive dissonance.
103. Sharing your own private thoughts and feelings is called
a) self-talk.
b) autonomy.
self-disclosure.
d) introspection.
104.When making the "attribution error," we tend to overestimate
the importance of __________ in judging the behavior of others.
a) personal factors
b) situational factors
c) intelligence
d) motivation
105. People who think their ethnic, national, or religious group is
superior to others are called
a) authoritarian.
b) dogmatic.
c) ethnocentric.
d) rigid.
106. Expected behavior patterns associated with particular social
positions are called
a) roles.
b) culture.
c) stereotypes.
d) mannerisms.
107. After Mrs. Keech's doomsday predictions failed, her followers
suddenly became interested in convincing others they were right.
This turn of events is predicted by __________ theory.
a) social exchange
b) gain-loss
c) cognitive dissonance
d) balance
108. The demonstration by Jane Elliot with blue-eyed and browneyed children suggests that an effective way to generate
conditions of prejudice is to
a) require persons to compete for scarce resources.
b) physically isolate two groups from each other.
c)
c)
d)
produce inequalities in power, prestige, or privileges of group
members.
demand that members of two groups cooperate to achieve a
common goal.
109. Comparing yourself with a person who ranks lower than you
is referred to as
a) social comparison.
b) downward comparison.
c) upward comparison.
d) physical proximity.
110. How individuals are affected by the presence of others is the
focus of study in the field of
a) Sociology.
b) Social psychology.
c) Experimental psychology.
d) Sociobiology
111. Karen smokes two packs of cigarettes a day. However, she is
aware that smoking is harmful to her health; therefore, she holds
two conflicting or dissonant thoughts. If Karen were to reduce her
cognitive dissonance by changing her attitude, she might say to
herself,
a) "Smoking really isn't that dangerous."
b) "Smoking is a habit that I have little control over."
c) "I think that I'll try to give up smoking."
d) "I'll only smoke when I feel stressed out."
112. Which is a method to reduce prejudice?
a) mixed-status contact
b) mutual exclusivity
c) groupthink
d) mutual interdependence
113. An ongoing pattern of life including such things as language,
customs and sex roles is called
a) conformity.
b) norms.
c) group cohesion.
d) culture.
114. A reference group is
a) one with which a person has face-to-face contact.
b) any group in which one plays an active role or has
membership.
c) any group outside one's social distance boundaries.
d) any group whose values and attitudes are seen as relevant
to one's own.
115. Studies of conformity indicate that people are more apt to be
influenced by others if they
a) are concerned about the approval of others.
b) have low needs for certainty and structure.
c) are in temporary rather than established groups.
d) are in very large groups.
ANSWER KEY
1. b
2 .b
3. a
4 .b
5 .b
6. b
7. b
8. b
9. b
10 .a
11. c
12 .b
13. c
14.a
15. d
16. d
17 .d
18 .b
19. c
20 .a
21 .b
22.c
23. b
24 .c
25.c
26.c
27.b
28.a
29.a
30.c
31.b
32.c
33.a
34.c
35.c.
36.a
37.c
38.d
39.c
40.c
41.d
42.c
43.d
44.c
46.d
47.a
48.b
49.b
50.b
51.c
52.d
53.c
54.a
55.a
56.a
57.c
58.b
59.b
60.b
61.a
62.d
63.a
64.c
65.c
66.c
67.c
68.d
69.d
70.a
71.a
72.d
73.d
74.c
75.b
76.a
77.a
78.c
79.d
80.c
81.c
82.d
83.b
84.c
85.a
86.d
87.b
88.b
89.c
90.a
91.b
92.d
93.a
94.d
95.c
96.d
97.c
98.c
99.c
100.b
101.d
102.c
103.b
104.c
105.a
106.a
107.c
108.c
109.b
110.b
111.a
112.d
113.d
114.d
115.a
Prepared by:
Eldhose N.J,
Research Scholar,
Department of Psychology,
University of Calicut