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BIOLOGY 406 HUMAN AND COMPARATIVE ANATOMY, SPRING 2009
EXAMINATION #1 (PART 1)
Date
MULTIPLE CHOICE.⎯For the following multiple choice questions circle the letter in front of the
response that best answers the question or completes the sentence. (20%, 2% each)
1. Which of the following is derived from
endoderm?
a. digestive tract lining
b. dermis of skin
c. melanocytes (pigment cells)
d. skeletal muscles
e. None of the above.
6. Which of the following stages is where
the germ layers are formed?
a. blastula
b. gastrula
c. morula
d. neurula
e. zygote
2. Which of the following is derived from
ectoderm?
a. digestive tract lining
b. dermis of skin
c. melanocytes (pigment cells)
d. skeletal muscles
e. None of the above.
7. Which of the following is an amniote?
a. lamprey
b. lancelet
c. lungfish
d. salamander
e. shark
f. turtle
3. Which of the following is derived from
lateral plate mesoderm?
a. dermis of skin
b. ganglionic nerves
c. notochord
d. vertebrae
e. None of the above
8. Which of the following vertebrate groups
includes the most species?
a. Actinopterygii
b. Chondrichthys
c. Lissamphibia
d. Mammalia
e. Reptilia
4. Which of the following forms most of the
vertebrae?
a. dermatome
b. myotome
c. neural crest
d. neural tube
e. notochord
f. sclerotome
9. Which of the following secretes the
reticular lamina of an epithelium?
a. apical cells of the epithelium
b. basal cells of epithelium
c. adipocytes of the underlying
connective tissue
d. fibroblasts of the underlying
connective tissue
e. None of the above.
5. Which of the following is the type of cells
depicted below?
10. Which of the following is a place where
the epithelium below would be found?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
cardiac muscle cells
ependymal cells
neurons
skeletal muscle cells
Schwann cells
smooth muscle cells
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
lining of the bladder
lining of the stomach and intestines
lining of Fallopian tubes
lining of kidney tubules
lining of trachea/“windpipe”
surface of skin
FILL-IN-THE-BLANK/LABEL.⎯For the following exercises write the appropriate word or words
in the available space. (10%)
1. Label the following on the diagram
below: aorta, brachiocephalic artery,
inferior vena cava, left ventricle,
pulmonary trunk artery, right atrium,
superior vena cava. (7%)
2. Describe the structure, function, and a
possible location of the epithelium
depicted below. (3%)
DEFINITIONS.⎯For the following words or phrases define them as accurately and concisely as possible.
(20%, 4% each)
1. Basal lamina:
2. Fibroblast:
3. Homology:
4. Monotreme (Monotremata):
5. Secondary Neurulation:
BIOLOGY 406 COMPARATIVE VERTEBRATE ANATOMY, SPRING 2009
EXAMINATION #1 (PART 2)
Date
Name
SHORT ANSWER.⎯Address each question in as concise and lucid a manner as possible. Do NOT exceed
the space provided.
1. Fill in the open columns of data and use the matrix to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships
among the organisms included below. Be certain to show the synapomorphic characteristics on the
tree. Identify any homoplastic characteristics. (10%)
lizard
1
0
2
1
3
0
4
0
5
6
bird
1
1
0
1
2-0 – no true scales; 2-1 – β keratin scales
crocodile
1
1
0
1
3-0 – no hair; 3-1 – hair
rat
0
0
1
0
4-0 – no mam. glands; 4-1 – mammary glands
human
0
0
1
0
salamanderoutgroup
0
0
0
0
5-0 – non-primitive-streak gastrulation;
5-1 – primitive-streak gastrulation
6-0 – no blastocyst; 6-1 – blastocyst
1-0 – no hole in mandible, 1-1 – hole in mandible
2. Generally describe/explain the basic structure of a lancelet and a lamprey larva. (This would be most
easily accomplished via labeled sketches). Then explain the significant differences between them.
(12%)
3. Compare the early development of a lancelet (Cephalochordata), a reptile (such as a chicken), and a
human. Be certain to a. name each major stage of development and indicate what happens and b.
identify any significant differences among these organisms in what occurs at each stage. (Feel free, but
do not feel obliged, to use a table and/or labeled sketches for your answer.) (12%)
4. Explain how the following tissues differ from each other in terms of (a.) cells, (b.) any extracellular
fibers, (c.) ground substance characteristics, and (d.) location/function. areolar connective tissue,
dense regular connective tissue, bone, and blood. (Feel free but do not feel obliged to use a table and/or clearly
labeled sketches for your answer.) (16%)